Research MT
The research process may best be characterized as: - a way of assigning people to groups. - a set of steps to be carried out one by one in the prescribed order. - a set of rules that must always be followed. - a decision-making process that attempts to answer questions and guard against making false interpretations.
a decision-making process that attempts to answer questions and guard against making false interpretations.
Research that is done to examine findings of another researcher using the same variables, but different subjects is referred to as: - rigor. - empiricism. - exploration. - replication.
Replication
The term _____ is often referred to as a delay in using research findings in practice. - research-practice gap - evidence-based practice - mandated systematic reviews - practice-evidence conflict
research-practice gap
The tendency for participants to respond to an item on a questionnaire in a way that does not reflect the participant's honest response or the accurate situation is called a _____. - contingency question - response set bias - probe - semantic differential
response set bias
A researcher is interested in why some elderly patients are discharged when considered not medically stable. The researcher reviews medical records of patients who have been discharged to explore factors that occurred during the hospitalization and relate these to status at discharge. This study is: - longitudinal. - retrospective. - cross-sectional. - prospective.
retrospective.
As a nurse researcher, you are studying the evolution of nursing and read the English translation of a book written by a Russian nurse. This source is: - primary. - tertiary. - original. - secondary.
secondary
Identify the dependent variable in the following hypothesis: "Exercisers exhibit higher self-efficacy scores compared to nonexercises." - exercisers - nonexercisers - self-efficacy - none of the responses are correct.
self-efficacy
You wish to construct a tool that will measure a subject's perception of a concept using pairs of adjectives reflecting opposite feelings. A good choice would be: - Semantic differential - Guttman - Thurstone - Likert
semantic differential
A nurse practitioner (NP) in a primary care clinic decides to study the health promotion practices of her patients. The NP makes a list of all adult patients seen in the clinic for the past 6 months. There are 475 patients on the list. By assigning a number to each name and using a table of random numbers, the NP selects 100 patients to be invited to participate in the study. What type of sample has been selected? - purposive sample - stratified random sample - simple random sample - convenience sample
simple random sample
You put all the names of the students in a class into a jar, mix them up, and draw out names of your subject. Identify the appropriate sampling design: - simple random sampling - systematic sampling - quota sampling - cluster sampling
simple random sampling
The sampling error is usually _____ when the researcher uses _____ samples and sampling error ____ as the sample _____. - larger, larger, decreases, decreases - larger, larger, decreases, increases - smaller, larger, increases, decreases - smaller, smaller, increases, decreases
smaller, larger, increases, decreases
The basic aim of a phenomenological study is to: - study the nature or meaning of everyday experiences. - study cultural data for the purpose of explaining some phenomenon. - study the cause-and-effect relationships among variables. - study individuals, artifacts, or documents in their natural setting.
study the nature or meaning of everyday experiences.
An example of a specialty journal is: - Western Journal of Nursing Research. - Oncology Nursing Forum. - Research in Nursing and Health. - Nursing Research.
Oncology Nursing Forum.
Nursing research is the key to providing high-quality health care. Through the process of conducting research, nurses:
- develop, refine, and extend nursing science - build a body of knowledge unique to the discipline of nursing - ask and answer questions that come up in daily nursing practice so one improves care * all the responses are correct.
The scientific method incorporates those procedures used by researchers in the pursuit of new knowledge. The first step involved in the scientific method is: - formulating research objectives, questions, or hypotheses - developing a framework - selecting and defining the research problem and purpose - reviewing the literature
- selecting and defining the research problem and purpose
On a seven-point Likert scale, if the participant is "undecided" the selected response would likely be: - 4 - 0 - 1 - 7
4 (The correct response is "4". When the data analyzer is entering points for the purpose of analysis, the data analyzer would likely use a zero to reflect that the participant was undecided.)
Evidence-based practice (EBP) includes which of the following? Select all that apply. 1. Best external evidence. 2. Individual patient preferences. 3. Patient values. 4. Clinician's expertise. - 1 and 4 - 1 only - 2 and 3 - 1, 2, 3, 4
? 1 only
Several different response formats are available when using Likert's scales. Response choices often address issues of: - importance. - agreement. - all of the responses are correct - frequency.
? all responses are correct
The major focus of quality improvement (QI) is on: - Performance measures - Leadership and commitment - Systems and processes - Analysis of data
? performance measures
The nurse-theorist Sr. Callista Roy is associated with what grand theory? (This grand theory was also the theoretical framework for the PSU nursing program prior to changing to the metaparadigm of nursing as the nursing theory guiding the curriculum.) - Health as Expanding Consciousness - Adaptation Model - Theory of Human Becoming - Patient-Centered Approach to Nursing
Adaptation Model
Which of the following is a form of nonrandom sampling? - purposive sampling - snowball sampling - all are forms of nonrandom sampling. - convenience sampling
All are forms of nonrandom sampling.
Instrument reliability and validity are related to each other in which of the following ways? - Reliability and validity are completely independent characteristics - they are not related. - An instrument that is not reliable cannot be valid. - An instrument could be valid even though it is not reliable. - Reliability and validity are completely interdependent; that is, if an instrument is reliable it is also valid.
An instrument that is not reliable cannot be valid.
_______ refers to how well the particular sample of behaviors used to measure a characteristic reflects the entire domain of behaviors that constitutes that characteristic. - Construct validity - Face validity - Criterion-related validity - Content validity
Content validity
Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey who served as the medical officer of the Food and Drug Administration is accredited with which of the following: - Dr. Kelsey delayed approval of thalidomide despite being pressured by the Merrell Company which ultimately helped prevent birth defects in women in the U.S. - Dr. Kelsey fought for approval of a medication to treat nausea during pregnancy. - Dr. Kelsey was essential in establishment of the Belmont Report. - Dr. Kelsey delayed approval of Hexamethonium with helped prevent birth defects in the U.S.
Dr. Kelsey delayed approval of thalidomide despite being pressured by the Merrell Company which ultimately helped prevent birth defects in women in the U.S.
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) has several important features. Which of the following is the best description? - EBP does not support the incorporation of patient preferences and concerns into clinical decisions as decisions must be based totally on the research evidence. - EBP is a problem-solving approach that takes into consideration the nurse's current clinical skills and past experiences. - EBP is best described with all of these statements. - EBP uses the best available expert opinions.
EBP is a problem-solving approach that takes into consideration the nurse's current clinical skills and past experiences.
Which of the following does not apply to qualitative research? - Displays findings as words and pictures. - Involves direct and personal contact with subjects. - Ends with statistical report. - Uses inductive methods.
Ends with statistical report.
A researcher examines the norms, rules, and values of the staff of a large long-term care facility. Which type of research does this represent? - Phenomenology - Grounded theory - Ethnography - Case study
Ethnography
Which of the following types of studies is considered qualitative research? - Survey - Delphi technique - Cross-sectional design - Ethnography
Ethnography
Graduates of practice-focused doctorates in nursing (DNP) come out of school having a stronger emphasis on: - Identifying types of research designs - Identifying appropriate statistical analyses - Evaluating health-care outcomes - Using research methodologies
Evaluating health-care outcomes
Which of the following statements is true? - The clinical nurse leader on the unit is the individual with the responsibility of implementing evidence-based practice. - Nurses are only expected to encourage evidence-based practice if serving in a management role. - Evidence-based practice may be defined as the use of best clinical evidence in making patient care decisions. - Evidence-based practice is not the responsibility of every staff nurse as the admitting nurse has the coordinating responsibility for initiating an evidence-based care plan.
Evidence-based practice may be defined as the use of best clinical evidence in making patient care decisions.
A researcher explores how nurses make decisions about when to discuss end-of-life issues with clients. From this research, a theoretical model is developed to explain the decision-making process. Which type of research does this represent? - Case study - Grounded theory - Ethnography - Phenomenology
Grounded theory
Which of the following is the best example of a problem statement containing all parts of the PICOT format? - Children whose parents stay with them experience less pain. - Hospitalized patients who have a relative with them experience less pain most days. - Hospitalized children ages 3-5 years whose parents stay with them during painful procedures experience less pain than those who do not. - Patients who have a relative with them will experience less anxiety than those who do not.
Hospitalized children ages 3-5 years whose parents stay with them during painful procedures experience less pain than those who do not.
In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced by the: - Extraneous - Dependent - Attribute - Independent
Independent
Investigators interested in the effects of nutrition on wound healing randomly assigned patients recovering from burn injuries to two groups. One group received protein supplements and the second group did not. The supplemental protein in the above example is a(an): - Intervening variable. - Independent variable. - Extraneous variable. - Dependent variable.
Independent variable.
Why is evidence-based practice (EBP) important? - It provides opportunities to incorporate knowledge based on trial and error. - It provides significant limitations in treatment. - It improves patient care by conducting qualitative research. - It improves patient care using a systematic appraisal and synthesis of the best evidence while considering patient preferences.
It improves patient care using a systematic appraisal and synthesis of the best evidence while considering patient preferences.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a Practice Theory? - It provides knowledge or guidelines for nursing practice. - All the responses are correct. - It is a type of global, broad theory that discusses the general attitude toward nursing. - It is more specific than a grand theory, but broader than middle-range theory.
It provides knowledge or guidelines for nursing practice.
Both open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires are used in research. Which of the following statements is true? - Open-ended questions directly provide quantitative data. - Open-ended questions are primarily used to provide qualitative data. - Closed-ended questions are used equally in quantitative and qualitative research. - Closed-ended questions directly provide only qualitative da
Open-ended questions are primarily used to provide qualitative data.
In the PICOT format for developing an evidence-based practice guideline, the P stands for: - Patient / Population - Purpose - Proposed Plan / Procedure - Problem
Patient / Population
When developing a question to drive the compilation of evidence for a specific practice situation, the five components that can be used to focus the investigation based on the PICOT model are: - Practice, evidence, intervention choices, options, and preferences. - Patient, intervention, available choices, options recommended by data, and total evidence. - Patient, intervention, comparison, outcome, and time. - Particular situation, intervention, comparison, obstacles, and time.
Patient, intervention, comparison, outcome, and time.
An example of a directional hypothesis is: - There will be a difference in weight among persons who have attended a nutrition program compared with those who have not attended such a program. - Patients with a hydrocolloid dressing and those with a standard gauze dressing will show differences in the incidence of catheter-related infection and local inflammation at the insertion site of those receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). - There will be no difference in maternal and infant outcomes between women giving birth in a hospital and those giving birth at home while cared for by a midwife. - Persons with dementia who receive an orienting intervention will show less confusion and fewer problem behaviors than those who do not receive the orienting intervention.
Persons with dementia who receive an orienting intervention will show less confusion and fewer problem behaviors than those who do not receive the orienting intervention.
A researcher conducts a study in which participants are asked to describe the lived experience of being a caregiver of a parent with Alzheimer's disease. Which type of qualitative study does this represent? - Phenomenology - Case study - Ethnography - Grounded theory
Phenomenology
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study lasted many years, and none of the human subjects were properly informed about the study's conduct. Many ethical principles were ignored including non-maleficence, beneficence, respect, justice, and autonomy. Of the definitions below, which is the best definition of justice? - The researcher should do good and all subjects must be told of all possible risks as well as benefits of the treatment(s). - The researcher must respect a person's rights, values, and choices. - The researcher should do not harm. - Research participants must be selected fairly and randomly without consideration of economics, social class, or gender.
Research participants must be selected fairly and randomly without consideration of economics, social class, or gender.
The researcher collecting data notices that she is beginning to hear the same things repeatedly and that no new themes are emerging. The researcher recognizes that what has occurred? - Redundancy - Triangulation - Saturation - Quantizing
Saturation
The type of scholarship that generates or expands existing knowledge within a discipline is termed: - Scholarship of integration - Scholarship of discovery - Scholarship of application - Scholarship of teaching
Scholarship of discovery
Quantitative research is often identified with which method of gathering data? - Saturation - Ethnography - Scientific - Triangulation
Scientific
Which of the following statement is in the form of a null hypothesis? - The child has a learning disability. - There is a correlation between smoking and lung function. - There is no difference between males and females on the variable quality of life. - There is a positive relationship between grades and time spent studying.
There is no difference between males and females on the variable quality of life.
A nurse decides to conduct an historical study about the care of chronically ill children in American frontier families between 1800 and 1820. Which of the following would be a primary source on this topic? - A previous historical study, "The Nature of Childhood Among Nebraska Settlers in the 1800s," which was recently completed by a prominent nurse researcher - Jones's History of American West, published in 1930 - A set of three letters written by a pioneer woman in Minnesota from 1811 to 1812 concerning the experiences of her family, which includes one child with asthma - all of the responses are primary sources.
a set of three letters written by a pioneer woman in Minnesota from 1811 to 1812 concerning the experiences of her family, which includes one child with asthma
Hypotheses can be classified as: - research versus statistical. - nondirectional versus directional. - simple or complex. - all of the responses are correct.
all answers are correct
Computer database searchers can be done: - using a CD-ROM. - at the library. - all the options are correct. - online at home.
all correct
A literature review serves several functions. They include: - all of the responses are correct. - helping to establish a theoretical base. - expanding or further defining the problem statement. - identifying relationships between variables.
all of the responses are correct.
A theory may do which of the following: - suggest / explain new relationships and make new predictions. - all of the responses are correct. - provide meaning to a set of observations and facts. - summarize existing knowledge.
all of the responses are correct.
Which of the following potential research participants have diminished autonomy and are incompetent to give informed consent? - children - cognitively impaired older adults - all of these answers are correct. - mentally ill patient
all of these answers are correct.
The feasibility of a study should be considered in light of: - all responses are correct. - skills required of the researcher. - potential ethical concerns. - cost and time required to conduct the study.
all responses are correct.
A nurse with a baccalaureate degree in nursing should be able to: - Read, understand, interpret, and apply research findings from nursing and other disciplines into clinical practice. - Work with others to identify potential nursing research problems that need to be investigated. - All the statements are true. - Understand basic elements of evidence-based nursing practice.
all statements are true
Sources of researchable problems can include: - all the responses are correct. - theory and past research. - practical issues that require solutions. - researcher's own experience.
all the responses are correct.
In some situations, a researcher obtains informed consent without asking the subject to sign his or her name on a written consent form. This may be done to protect the subject's: - anonymity. - human dignity. - right to self-determination. - confidentiality.
anonymity.
The use of mailed questionnaires in research has many advantages. They include all of the following except: - facilitates collecting data from large samples. - associated with good response rates. - considered economical since the expense is typically less than hiring the needed skilled interviewer - generally are easily coded and tabulated.
associated with good response rates.
Randomization helps to eliminate: - confounding data. - too many subjects. - bias. - ethics.
bias.
Which of the following is not one of the four metaparadigm concepts associated with nursing theory? - nursing - health - person - caring
caring
If subjects would prefer to not be very verbal, which type of data collection method is most appropriate? - closed-ended questionnaire - unstructured interview - focus groups - open-ended questionnaire
closed-ended questionnaire
Triangulation refers to the process of: - collecting data at three different times with the same instrument. - reaching agreement among three members of a research team on the identity of the concepts or themes. - collecting data in a study with a combination of research designs or instruments. - asking the participant survey questions that have three possible responses.
collecting data in a study with a combination of research designs or instruments.
"Patients with type 2 diabetes who receive instruction on an individual basis will be more compliant than those who receive instruction in a group setting." Identify the dependent variable in this hypothesis: - compliance - type 2 diabetes - type of instruction - individual versus group setting
compliance
The building blocks of theory are: - models. - concepts. - observations. - hypotheses.
concepts
One of the most common and important characteristics of a quantitative design is: - the dependent variable. - the relationship. - the independent variable. - control.
control.
You are shopping in the mall and are approached by an individual who identifies himself as a researcher for a local food chain. He asks you to participate in a study by answering a few questions. As a study participant, you were selected by which method of sampling? - random - convenience - systematic - network
convenience
A research design that examines relationships between and among variables is referred to as: - correlational. - retrospective. - prospective. - longitudinal.
correlational.
A researcher wants to determine if nurses' levels of empathy for patients change after graduation from nursing school. The following groups are measured: new graduates, nurses who have worked for 2 years, and nurses who have worked for 5 years, on empathy toward patients with a comparison of scores. This study is: - experimental. - cross-sectional. - retrospective. - prospective.
cross-sectional.
Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theory? - empirical model - deductive - scientific inquiry - inductive
deductive
The process of generating theory by beginning with known facts and moving to specifics is known as: - inductive reasoning. - determinism. - logical positivism. - deductive reasoning.
deductive reasoning.
Variables that consist of just two categories are referred to as: - continuous. - alpha. - dichotomous. - linear.
dichotomous.
Non-experimental research is considered to be weaker than experimental research in regards to: - documenting a cause and effect relationship between variables. - being able to maintain ethical standards. - establishing whether a problem exists. - establishing for whom a problem exists.
documenting a cause and effect relationship between variables.
One of the weakest pieces of evidence a researcher can identify when addressing and answering clinical questions is the use of: - expert opinion. - randomized clinical trials. - case studies. - individual case-control studies.
expert opinion.
The selection of a sample for a research study affects the study's: - replicability. - internal validity. - external validity. - interaction effects.
external validity.
Control techniques are introduced to reduce the contaminating effects of: - dependent variables. - independent variables. - null hypotheses. - extraneous variables.
extraneous variables.
When selecting a topic and formulating a clinical question the idea may be triggered by knowledge-focused or problem-focused triggers. All of the following would be considered problem-focused triggers except: - ideas that are triggered when questioning whether the current practices used in the clinical setting are the most effective. - ideas that are triggered by recognizing problems in the clinical setting. - ideas that are triggered when reviewing poor quality improvement data on a clinical unit's performance. - ideas that are triggered by listening to presentations on the most recent research on a topic.
ideas that are triggered by listening to presentations on the most recent research on a topic.
The statement of purpose in a research study should: - identify the intent or objective of the study. - identify the design of the study. - describe the study. - specify the type of people to be recruited in the study.
identify the intent or objective of the study.
What is the first step associated with the practice of evidence-based patient care? - evaluating the change - critiquing the literature - implementing a change - identifying the problem
identifying the problem
What form of reasoning is the process of beginning with specific observations and moving to more general conclusions or hypotheses? - probabilistic - rationalism - inductive - deductive
inductive
Cronbach's alpha is used to determine which of the following instrument attributes? - internal consistency - sensitivity - stability - construct validity
internal consistency
An estimate of reliability based on the average correlation among items within a test is called: - test-retest reliability. - split-half reliability. - alternate forms reliability. - internal consistency reliability.
internal consistency reliability.
Research rigor: - is striving for efficiency or timeliness in research. - requires the simultaneous use of quantitative and qualitative research methods. - involves highly conscientious attention to detail and strict accuracy throughout the research process. - refers to research on the intensity of an activity and the effect on the human body.
involves highly conscientious attention to detail and strict accuracy throughout the research process.
A high level of reliability: - has no effect on validity. - is necessary, but not sufficient for validity. - has a slight effect on validity. - ensures high validity.
is necessary, but not sufficient for validity.
A study that follows a cohort of subjects and collects over time is referred to as: - longitudinal. - experimental. - retrospective. - observational.
longitudinal.
What threat to internal validity is controlled when a researcher completes an experiment in a relatively short period to minimize developmental changes? - history - testing - instrumentation - maturation
maturation
Which of the following statements accurately describes test-retest reliability? - measure of consistency with which a test measures a single construct/concept - measure of consistency of scores obtained from two equivalent halves of the same examination - measure of consistency of scores over time - measure of degree of agreement between two or more scores
measure of consistency of scores over time
A statistical method that synthesizes findings from several studies is often referred to as: - multivariate analysis. - inferential analysis. - descriptive analysis. - meta analysis.
meta analysis.
The Theory of Chronic Sorrow is an example of what type of theory? - practice - borrowed - middle-range - grand
middle-range
Which of the following measurements is at the ratio level? - self-rating on the following scale: nonsmoker, light smoker, heavy smoker - religious affiliation - age defined as: individuals younger than 25 years old and those older than 26 years old - minutes from onset of cardiopulmonary resuscitation until first spontaneous heart beat
minutes from onset of cardiopulmonary resuscitation until first spontaneous heart beat
Hypotheses that do not specify a particular direction in relation to variables under study are called: - extraneous hypotheses. - null hypotheses. - directional hypotheses. - nondirectional hypotheses.
nondirectional hypotheses.
Which of the following is a method of data collection that is typically associated with qualitative research? - observation - survey using visual analogue scales - biophysical instruments - closed-ended questionnaires
observation
The best name of an experimental design in which a single group of participants is pre-tested on a dependent variable and then post-tested after the treatment has been administered is which of the following? - randomized posttest control group. - one-group pretest-posttest. - nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group. - before-and-after.
one-group pretest-posttest.
Explanations of concepts or variables in terms of how they are defined in a particular study are referred to as: - scientific literature. - secondary sources. - operational definitions. - primary sources.
operational definitions.
As a nurse, you rate a patient's pain on a scale from severe to low. This results in which type of scale? - nominal - ordinal - interval - ratio
ordinal
The charge nurse of an Intensive Care Unit is doing a patient satisfaction survey to determine if bedside reporting has increased patients' perceptions of care. The nurse uses a scale asking the patient to designate that one is very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied. Which level of scale has been described? - nominal - ordinal - interval - ratio
ordinal
Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis: "Adults in an overweight group will have lower health responsibility scores compared to those in a normal weight group.": - health responsibility - adults - overweight group versus normal weight group - none of the responses are correct.
overweight group versus normal weight group
Quantitative research may use all of the following methods of data collection except: - participant observation - questionnaires - physical measurements - surveys
participant observation
Theories that are more specific than middle-range theories and identify specific guidelines for practice are called: - borrowed theories. - grand theories. - nursing theories. - practice theories.
practice theories.
A research hypothesis always: - none of the responses are correct. - asks a question. - predicts a relationship. - is based on expert opinion rather than prior research data.
predicts a relationship.
In meta-analysis, the sample that is analyzed consists of: - research instruments. - previous studies. - human subjects. - incidents occurring to a single subject.
previous studies.
A question during an interview such as, "Why do you feel that way," is called a _____. - response set bias - contingency question - probe - semantic differential
probe
A statement that clearly describes the problem, makes a case for why it needs to be investigated, and often culminates by having the researcher articulate the problem in question form is found in what section of a research proposal? - definition of terms - problem statement - theoretical rationale - methods
problem statement
Sampling in phenomenological research is: - quota. - purposive. - random. - stratified.
purposive.
A type of research method emphasizing the meaning of an experience is termed: - scientific integrity - quantitative - qualitative - scientific method
qualitative
Based on the characteristics of the population, you decide to select a sample of 100 subjects of whom 10% will be African American, 10% Hispanic, and 80% white. Identify the appropriate sampling design: - systematic sampling - simple random sampling - cluster sampling - quota sampling
quota sampling
Another name for probability sampling is: - quota - random - purposive - accidental
random
Which sampling method is the best way to select a group of subjects if you are interested in making statements or generalizations about the larger population? - convenience - random - stratified - cluster
random
One of the strongest pieces of evidence a researcher can identify when addressing and answering clinical questions is the use of: - expert opinion. - case studies. - individual case-control studies. - randomized clinical trials.
randomized clinical trials.
Journals that determine acceptance of manuscripts based on peer review are referred to as a: - electronic journal. - referred journal. - scientific journal. - theoretical journal.
referred journal.
A correlational study looks at the: - effect of two or more variables. - causes of two or more variables. - relationship between two or more variables. - frequency of two or more variables.
relationship between two or more variables.
Ethnographic research can be characterized as a means of: - all the responses are correct. - studying the psychological problems present within human interactions. - studying events, ideas, institutions, or people to assess historical meaning. - studying the life, ways, or patterns of groups of individuals.
studying the life, ways, or patterns of groups of individuals.
Likert scales are sometimes referred to as: - Guttman scales - semantic differential scales - summative scales - visual analogue scales
summative scales
Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number between 1 and k, and including each kth element in your sample are steps for which type of sampling method? - stratified - cluster - systematic - simple random
systematic
You are concerned that subjects presenting to the emergency room with nonemergency problems are not following through on recommended referrals. You believe that you can influence compliance by incorporating systematic patient teaching into the visit, so you design a teaching intervention. Persons who present to the emergency room with a urinary tract infection are randomly assigned to receive or not receive the teaching intervention; those not receiving the intervention are given a short written handout containing instructions to follow through on referral. The independent variable is: - teaching intervention. - urinary tract infections. - follow-through on referral. - emergency room.
teaching intervention.
Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study is known as: - systematic analysis. - triangulation. - systematic collection. - prospective design.
triangulation.
In choosing a quasi-experimental design over a true experimental design, the researcher realizes that quasi experimental designs: - are not as strong as descriptive studies, - usually have no control group. - are rarely used due to cost. - require manipulation of the dependent variable.
usually have no control group.
