Research Test 1

As a staff nurse, what steps can you take to advance EBP as part of your team or unit

Participate in QI initiatives Participate in implementing practice changes based on evidence. Participate as a member of an EBP project team.

Once an idea is generated for a research problem, what is the next step?

Perform a review of the literature

Which of the following is an example of secondary sources

Reviews Commentaries or interpretations Summaries of primary sources

Which of the following summarize the results and implications of large quantities of research and include articles addressing the same clinical problem?

Systematic reviews

When extraneous variables influence and distort the relationship between the independent variable (IV) and the dependent variable (DV) so that the findings do not reflect a true relationship between the IV and the DV, the result is

bias

Trial and error is not a preferred approach for delivering nursing care because

it is not based on systematic scientific approaches.

When outcomes have many causes, the situation is known as

multicausality

What national organizations can nurses use to locate EBP resources and EBP-based clinical guidelines?

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Nursing Practice Network, and specialty nursing organizations.

The following statement: "There will be no difference in practice of nurses after completion of an EBP program as compared to before the mentorship program," is an example of a

null hypothesis.

In the United States during the 1970s, nursing practice included the use of granulated sugar to pack stage III and IV wounds based on the rationale that bacteria would be less invasive of new tissue formation. Over time, this method did not result in statistically significant increase in wound healing time as compared to use of normal saline wet packing. Research was begun to determine what packing method led to best wound healing. The 1970s practices provides an example of

nursing practice based on untested theory

What type of scholarly material can indicate upcoming "hot" topics and includes unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals?

Grey literature

What is one step a staff nurse can take to advance EBP at the point of care

Identify clinical questions related to current nursing practice.

Which section of a research article identifies the problem being studied and includes a purpose statement and background information on the topic?

Introduction

Why would a researcher need to be concerned about the administration of a pretest and posttest in a research study?

It is a threat to internal validity.

A researcher interested in studying the effect of hearing loss on self-esteem in adolescents in grades 6 through 12 would need to be aware of what type of threat to internal validity?

Maturation

A relationship between variables so that when one variable changes, the other variable changes is a(n)

associative relationship.

In health-related experimental designs, the group of subjects receiving the standard of care but not the intervention is the

control group.

Which type of design would be used by researchers interested in establishing relationships between two or more variables, for example, the type of coping used by caregivers of older adults having cognitive changes and the occurrence of elder abuse?

correlational

There will be a change in nursing practice after completion of an EBP mentorship program as compared to before the mentorship program." In the preceding statement, "completion of an EBP mentorship program" represents the

dependent variable

In research studies using nonexperimental designs, the purpose is to

describe a phenomenon in detail. predict relationships and differences among variables. explain relationships and differences among variables

Simple Hypothesis

describes the associative or causal relationship between two variables

In conducting a keyword search of a literature database, including the Boolean operator "AND" to connect two words has what effect on the search results?

Narrows the search to include only articles that contain both words

Which of the following best describes a primary source

Original information Journal Article

A widely used EBP model consisting of four components for identifying clinical questions for specific patient problems is known as the ____________ model.

PICO

Which of the following is the best definition of research?

Planned and systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and/or the discovery of solutions to problems or questions.

Which design type is similar to experimental design but does not meet one of the other essential components of experimental design, lacking either randomization or a control group?

Quasi-experimental

What is an effective way to control extraneous variables?

Randomization

As a staff nurse, how can you further educate yourself about EBP?

Read evidence related to your area of practice on a regular basis.

Which design type is considered to be the "classic" experimental design in which subjects are randomized into either the intervention group or the control group and measured before and after the intervention is implemented?

Two group pretest-posttest

Which of the following is the best definition of evidence-based practice (EBP)?

Use of theory-derived, research-based information in making decisions about health care delivery, with consideration of individual needs and preferences and the clinical expertise of the provider.

How can a nurse manager advance EBP as part of evaluating his or her staff

Use performance criteria related to EBP.

The advanced practice nurse can work to implement EBP by

Uses evidence to writes and modify practice standards. Locates relevant evidence and synthesizes evidence for practice. Serving as a coach and mentor in EBP.

Study validity refers to

the ability to accept that the research results are logical, reasonable, and justifiable based on the evidence presented.

External validity refers to

the degree to which the findings can be generalized to other subjects, settings, and times

External validity refers to

the degree to which the findings can be generalized to other subjects, settings, and times.

The advantage of using a quasi-experimental design in nursing is

the design is more adaptable to real-world settings.

A ____________ is a set of concepts linked through propositions to explain a phenomenon.

theory

The three major categories of quantitative research designs are

experimental, quasi-experimental, nonexperimental

In searching database subject headings, you would use the ____________ technique to broaden the search by locating all records indexed to your search term plus any that include the term in a related, narrower category

exploding

Variables that confuse the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, so that the research results do not really reflect a true relationship between the independent and dependent variables are

extraneous variables

Researchers perform a literature review for the purpose of

highlighting areas of needed change. helping to sharpen and focus a research question. identifying gaps in current research.

A type of quantitative study is the ____________, which examines outcomes across a number of studies.

meta-analysis

The concepts that are core to nursing are person, environment, health, and nurse; these are known as the nursing

metaparadigm

Explicit statements of how a variable will be measured, such as using a rating scale to collect quantitative data regarding pain, are called

operational definitions

Creating an EBP culture is an example of contribution at the

organizational level.

There is a study being conducted of adults over the age of 65 to investigate the effect of caregiver education on calming communication techniques in comparison to sedative medications on the agitation level of clients experiencing stage 2 dementia. In this study, the clients' level of agitation would be the measured

outcome

An example of a ____________ is: "The use of alcohol by freshman at XYZ State University contributes to alcohol-related injuries and increasing numbers of visits to the local emergency room

problem statement

A ____________ is a statement about the relationship between two or more concepts.

proposition

An example of a ____________ is: "To determine if brief screening for alcohol use and nursing intervention during orientation reduces self-reported alcohol use, alcohol-related injuries, and visits to the emergency room by college students during their freshman year."

purpose statement

In searching a literature database, you would use the ____________ technique to designate which fields (e.g., author, title, subject, publication date) are to be included in the search.

qualification

A method of sampling in which all people in the population of interest have an equal chance of being selected to be included in the study is

random sampling.

Causality is the ____________ that exists between a cause and its effect.

relationship

An area of concern due to a gap in knowledge that requires a solution that can be described, explained, or predicted to improve practice is a

research problem.

The major difference between experimental and nonexperimental designs is the role of the

researchers

The ____________ section of a research article outlines the methods used to analyze the data and notes the findings

results

Federal regulations mandate the establishment of institutional review boards whose purpose is to

review and approve research studies

In which situation does the use of key words provide better results than a controlled vocabulary search

searching full text or citation records

Researchers formulated hypotheses based on clear definitions of

concepts and variables

According to Florence Nightingale, health is defined as the absence of disease. This is an example of a(n

conceptual definition

Which section of a research article provides an overview of the study?

Abstract

Of the situations listed, which is the best example of collaboration between the levels described in the model of EBP collaboration?

A staff nurse uses findings from the Joanna Briggs Institute to support an EBP project, evaluates outcomes, and reports the findings at an international conference

Verify that all material has been subjected to the peer-review process.

Appraise the materials to ensure their integrity and applicability

A nurse conducting a keyword search of a literature database enters the search terms "anorexia NOT bulimia" to obtain what result?

Articles that discuss anorexia only

You are a new nurse working at XYZ hospital. Your preceptor tells you to dangle Ms. Jones' legs on the side of the bed before you attempt to assist her to a chair. You ask your preceptor why this is done and she answers, "Because I said so." This is an example of which type of evidence?

Authority

What compels nurses to continue learning throughout their careers to avoid becoming laggards

Changes over time regarding knowledge of effective practices

A major portion of a research article is the methods section, which includes a discussion of the study design, the sample, and the ____________ collected.

Data

Which international code for ethical conduct by physicians conducting biomedical research followed the Nuremberg Code and provides more specific guidelines

Declaration of Helsinki

Which section of a research article provides an interpretation of the study's results?

Discussion

In which type of designs do neither subjects nor individuals administering the treatments know if subjects are receiving experimental interventions or the standard of care?

Double-blind experimental

Which type of IRB review is required for research involving vulnerable populations or when there are substantial risks to participants?

Full review

After completing a database search, if you have any doubts or concerns regarding the validity of articles you've located, what options do you have to resolve the issue?

Exclude any materials for which you have doubts about their integrity. Verify questionable material elsewhere using a reputable source. Ask a nursing faculty member or a librarian for assistance.

Which design type allows researchers to manipulate more than one intervention during the same experiment?

Factorial

A nurse researcher wants to interview parents and their autistic children regarding the children's sleep patterns. This study would require which type of IRB review?

Full review

The ____________ occurs when changes noted in the dependent variable can be a result of subject reactivity and not a result of the independent variable.

Hawthorne effect

What are the five EBP levels of collaboration

Individual, organizational, regional, national, and international

What type of research, usually based on qualitative methods, is used to develop theory

Inductive

A nurse has agreed to assist in collecting data from clients in a long-term-care setting. The nurse becomes concerned upon realizing that many of the clients participating in the study have documented cognitive impairments. Which ethical responsibility is being violated?

Informed consent

Which one of the following could form the basis for a potential research study?

The majority of patient falls occur on the evening shift.

What provides an essential foundation for nursing practice

Theories and research

In what way can evidence from disciplines other than nursing be helpful?

Theory based non-nursing evidence can provide a basis on which to build new evidence.

Which type of bias occurs when the dependent variable is influenced by changes made in the way variables are measured?

Threat of instrumentation

What is the purpose of the peer-review process

To ensure confidence in the quality of published works

What is the purpose of formulating a hypothesis or hypotheses?

To provide direction for the research study by identifying possible outcomes

You are a new nurse working at XYZ hospital. Your preceptor tells you to dangle Ms. Jones' legs on the side of the bed before you attempt to assist her to a chair. You ask your preceptor why this is done and she answers, "This is what we have always done, so go do it." This is an example of which type of evidence?

Tradition

Which of the following is the best definition of research utilization

Which of the following is the best definition of research utilization

Which of the following statements should be cited if used in a research paper

Zithromax has shown statistically significant results in the treatment of URIs.

In searching a database, a controlled vocabulary is

a standardized, hierarchical list of terms that represent major subjects and conditions

The Belmont Report, issued in 1979, identified the following three ethical principles

beneficence, respect for persons, and justice

Many nurses in clinical settings base nursing interventions on information obtained from

colleagues

A theory has credence until

evidence comes forward to refute it.

Ethical research involves citation of previous researchers and their findings to assist in the

evolution of nursing knowledge and practice.

The researcher actively manipulates the independent (causal) variable to determine its effect on the dependent (outcome) variable when using a(n)

experimental design

As an undergraduate student, which of the following should be the focus of your literature review?

gathering information

A ____________ is a special type of proposition that has a theoretical basis and can be tested empirically.

hypothesis

Probability is how likely it is that the effect of the dependent variable was caused by the ____________ variable.

independent

The degree to which one can conclude that the independent variable, rather than extraneous variables, produced the change in the dependent variable is known as

internal validity.

Manipulation is the ____________, or treatment, that is being tested in an experimental study.

intervention

Research proposals may be eligible for an expedited review by the IRB if they involve minimal risk to participants. This means that:

there is a very low risk of harm or discomfort to study participants, no more than that involved in daily life or routine physical or psychological exams.

Researchers use nonexperimental, descriptive designs for a variety of purposes, including

to assess current practice for early stages of theory development.

In research, a(n) ____________ is an observation that can be measured by assigning a number to each dimension.

variable