Respiratory Anatomy & Disease MICRO Quiz #3

How do epiglottitis and pharyngitis differ from pneumonia and bronchitis? Describe each of these conditions in detail. Which of the "itises" is most dangerous and why?

"Itis" - the word root, means inflammation Pharyngitis = inflammation of the mucous membranes of the throat (sore throat) Epiglottitis = inflammation of the epiglottis. -not common -is the only life- threatening disease of the upper respiratory tract -epiglottis is the flap of cartilage that prevents food from going into your larynx. If infected, it can swell to block the airway, and death can result in a few hours from suffocation. Fortunately, the Hib vaccine has made this condition extremely rare -Haemophilus influenzae type b was the major cause of epiglottitis.

How does the microbe Bordetella pertussis destroy the air passages (be very specific)? What is its common name?

-Bordetella pertussis= Whooping cough -After inhaling bacteria = attaches to the cilia lining upper respiratory= Trachea -Releases a poison/toxin =damages cilia causing airways to swell, breathing difficulties. -it's destruction of cells prevents mucociliary escalator -produces toxins: Tracheal cytotoxin= causes damage to ciliated cells pertussis toxin= enters body systemically through bloodstream -Primarily a childhood diseases

Polysaccharide Vaccines

-Unique type of inactivated subunit vaccine composed of long chains of sugar molecules that make up the surface capsule of certain bacteria. -Pure polysaccharide vaccines are available for three diseases: pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Salmonella Typhi

What is a vaccine? What are common vaccines made of? How do they effect the immune system?

-Vaccine= is suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms used to induce immunity -It prevents targeted disease from ever occurring -A vaccine stimulates your immune system to produce antibodies, exactly like it would if you were exposed to the disease. -common vaccines made of: Live virus vaccines use the weakened (attenuated) form of the virus. The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine are examples. Killed (inactivated) vaccines are made from a protein or other small pieces taken from a virus or bacteria. The whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine is an example. Toxoid vaccines contain a toxin or chemical made by the bacteria or virus. They make you immune to the harmful effects of the infection, instead of to the infection itself. Examples are the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines. Biosynthetic vaccines/Subunit Vaccines contain manmade substances that are very similar to pieces of the virus or bacteria. The Hepatitis B vaccine is an example. see below also for (p.502-503) -Toxoid Vaccines -Virus-like VLP Vaccines -Polysaccharide Vaccines -Conjugated Vaccines -Nucleic Acid 9DNA) Vaccines & Recombinant Vector Vaccines

Describe how cilia differ microscopically in their anatomy and function from microvilli. Where would you find each?

Cilia: slender, tube-like projections that extend from the membrane of eukaryotic cells. -help remove dirt and particles from the air passages -found lining the windpipe, trachea, paranasal sinus cavities in humans Microvilli: -shorter in length and more tightly packed on the surface of cells. -used to increase surface area -Found in lining of the small intestine where microvilli aid in the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

Describe the parts of the lower tract of the respiratory system.

The major passages and structures of the lower respiratory tract include the windpipe (trachea) and within the lungs, the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Deep in the lungs, each bronchus divides into secondary and tertiary bronchi, which continue to branch to smaller airways called the bronchioles. Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Thoracic Cage Lungs Diaphragm Lower Respiratory System = the larynx (voice box), trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, and alveoli (the sacs that facilitate oxygen exchange in the lung).

Why might a person who has Streptococcus pyogenes not necessarily have Scarlet Fever? What's the difference between the two?

Most Streptococcus pyogenes do not produce this toxin (erythrogenic toxin), only those that have been lysogenized by a bacteriophage have it. (ie. bacteriophage has inserted its genome into the bacterium) Strep throat and scarlet fever are different forms of a bacterial disease caused by infection with group A (beta-hemolytic) streptococci. When the bacteria infect the throat, the illness is called strep throat. Streptococci can also produce a toxin which results in a distinctive skin rash. When this occurs, the illness is called scarlet fever. Individuals with strep throat frequently have fever and an inflamed, painful throat with swelling of the tonsils. Patients with scarlet fever may have all of the symptoms associated with strep throat, plus a fine, reddish rash.

bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

Name at least 1 innate defense against pathogenic microorganisms not mentioned in #9 and 10. Describe it in detail. How does it work? What's it made of, etcetera.

Also, there are macrophages in alveoli that phagocytize unwanted microorganisms. as well as our microbiome in the lungs/oral cavity

Explain the anatomy of and the defenses of the alveoli against disease. Define all terms.

Alveoli do not contain ciliated cells or mucus Having the muco-ciliary escalator in alveoli would interfere with the gas exchange process that fills the bloodstream with oxygen One of the only defenses alveoli have, is that the entry way is very small. -large particles that escape the ciliary escalator, are stopped at the alveolar entrance. -Macrophages in alveoli phagocytize unwanted microorganisms rare instance that tiny particle or microorganism survives in the alveoli, consequences may lead to pneumonia

Describe the microbe Bordetella pertussis. what is shape, mode of reproduction, motility, virulence

Caused by the gram-negative, -coccobacillus Bordetella pertussis -Bacteria capsule is the major virulence factor (attribute of a pathogen that allows it to successfully cause infection). -Infects and destroys ciliated cells in the trachea. -Prevents the ciliary escalator from pushing the microbe to the mouth for elimination. -Build-up of mucous cannot be cleared by cilia begins to build up in lower respiratory tract -Leads to violent coughing can break a rib. -In infants, that lack of oxygen during coughing fits can lead to brain damage. -Can produce Pertussis Toxin, which can cause systemic affects if it enters the blood stream.

Toxoid vaccines

Contain inactivated toxins produced by a pathogen -eliciting an Antibody Response against that particular pathogenic component EX: tetanus, diphtheria and Acellular pertussis toxoids = are part of the Standard Childhood immunization series =

Describe symptoms of infection of Corynebacetrium diphtheriae. What type of bacterium is this? What is its shape? Describe its infection with a bacteriophage and the resulting condition.

Corynebacetrium diptheriae= Diphtheria -caused by= Gram-positive -Non-spre forming rod corynebacterium diphtheriae -left untreated= gray membrane forms in throat =can block airways -Symptoms: sore throat, fever, malaise, swelling in neck Further devastation can occur if C. diphtheriae has been lysogenized by a bacteriophage and gained ability to produce diphtheria toxin. -If the toxin gets into the blood stream, it can damage important organs such as the heart and kidneys. If the nerves are affected, paralysis could result. **remember the toxin is not affected by antibiotics= killing the bacteria alone may not relieve all aspects of disease.

Live attenuated vaccines

Deliberate weakening= Attenuation -can lead to production of live attenuated vaccines -long term immunity= -prepared using a living pathogen w/ reduced virulence -Attenuation been created specifically mutating virulence genes in an organism -ex: Ty21a= vaccine protection against Typhoid -produced by modifying a disease-producing ("wild") virus or bacterium in a laboratory. The resulting vaccine organism retains the ability to replicate (grow) and produce immunity, but usually does not cause illness

Explain the Eustachian tube. How does it work? What parts of the body does it connect? How might it become infected? What types of bacterial diseases are known to infect this organ?

Eustachian tube is a canal that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx which= consists of the upper throat back of the nasal cavity -Controls the pressure w/in middle ear, making it equal w/ air pressure outside the body pathogens cause formation of pus, builds up pressure against eardrum and causes it to become inflamed and painful Season allergies and illnesses that create inflammation in the area, such as the flu or cold, are common causes of ETD. Sinus infections can also trigger ETD, as a sinus infection causes the eustachian tubes to become inflamed or filled with mucus most common: S pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, noncapsulated H.infulenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis

Describe Legionella pneumophila. What is it? How is it transmitted? What does it look like? When did it first appear?

Legionella pneumophila aerobic, Gram-negative = family of pathogenic bacteria known as Legionellaceae. -rod-shaped -found in fresh water, lakes, streams. -Legionella pneumophila -1976 series of deaths occurred among members of the American Legion Philadelphia. Typically is not spread from one person to another -one can become infected with Legionella pneumophila via inhalation of small, Legionella-containing water droplets from air conditioners, spas, humidifiers, showers, and fountains.

Explain the disease Otitis media. Who's most likely to get it? Where does the infection occur? What is the infection? Explain the microorganisms involved.

Otis Media= Infection of the Middle Ear -Earache -a complication of a cold/ infection of nose/throat -Pathogenic bacteria cause formation of pus -builds up pressure against eardrum and causes pain/ inflammation -most frequent in kids: auditory tubes smaller/than adults more likely clogged -affects 85% kids 3 and under -cause of 1/2 pediatric visits -8 million causes ech year -commonly treated w/= -Broad-spectrum penicillins, ie: amoxicillin Bacteria involved: -S. pneumoniae = used to be common known cause *conjugated vaccine to prevent this bacterium= reduced instances *bacteria most involved are S. pneumoniae, nonencapsulated H. influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and S. pyogenes

Describe the anatomy of the respiratory system

Respiration the act of breathing Physiology: Inhaling. The act of breathing in oxygen. Exhaling. The act of breathing out carbon dioxide. composed of upper and lower respiratory system Nose Mouth Throat (pharynx) Voice box (larynx) Windpipe (trachea) Large airways (bronchi) Lungs The upper respiratory tract is made up of the: Nose Nasal cavity Sinuses Larynx Trachea The lower respiratory tract is made up of the: Lungs Bronchi and bronchioles Air sacs (alveoli)

Inactivated killed vaccines

Safer than live vaccines Require repeated booster doses Induce mostly humoral immunity use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease. Inactivated vaccines usually don't provide immunity protection -use whole microbes killed by formalin or phenol after being grown in lab. -keeps pathogen intact so immune syst. can recognize it -Destroys pathogens ability to replicate EX: for humans: Rabies, influenza, Salk polio vaccines, pneumococcal pneumonia and Cholera *** compared to LIVE attenuated Vac. = Inactivated requires repeated BOOSTERS because NO replication w/in host

What are the symptoms of Streptococcus pyogenes? How is it treated?

Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes several diseases in humans, including pharyngitis, skin infections, acute rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, a toxic shock-like syndrome, and necrotizing fasciitis. Penicillin or amoxicillin is the antibiotic of choice to treat group A strep pharyngitis. There has never been a report of a clinical isolate of group A strep that is resistant to penicillin. However, resistance to azithromycin and clarithromycin is common in some communities.

What is TB? Explain the TB vaccine

TB= Tuberculosis: Caused by the acid-fast, gram-positive, rod Mycobacterium tuberculosis -growth appears to be mold like, which is where the name MYCO-bacterium comes from -Symptoms don't occur until the infection is far along. -consist of: - blood-tinged cough, fever, and weight-loss -Tuberculosis used to be called "consumption" due to the weight-loss symptom The "TB test" is a common method to detect if a person has tuberculosis before symptoms manifest. The test consists of injected a small amount of Mycobacterium tuberculosis factors into the skin of the forearm. If a T-cell response can cause painful inflammation at the site of injection, you might have pre-symptomatic tuberculosis -Affects 9 million people every year world-wide -leading cause death =HIV infected patients. -Though tuberculosis can be treated with antibiotics, resistance is quickly becoming a concern. New antibiotics are always being sought The tuberculosis vaccine is an avirulent form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. -Avirulent vaccines contain a version of the microorganism that is non-pathogenic. -These types of vaccines are controversial, since there is a risk (small risk) that a person treated with the vaccine actually develops an infection.

What is the difference between atypical and typical pneumonia. Provide examples of each.

Term pneumonia = applied to many pulmonary infections mostly caused by bacteria. -pneumonia caused by= Streptococcus pneumoniae is MOST common 2/3 of cases = Typical pneumonia -pneumonia caused by other microorganisms (fungi, protozoa, viruses or other bacterium) = Atypical pneumonia

Explain the meaning of the term "pneumonia" and the different types of pneumonia. How common is this disease?

The meaning of pneumonia is usually referring to many pulmonary infections that are mostly caused by bacteria. Streptococcus pneumoniae: is the most common pneumonia infection about 2/3 of cases are caused by this pneumonia which is also known as typical pneumonia. Pneumonia is the leading cause of illness and death among children worldwide. Also, the 7th leading cause of death in the United States. There are 6 common types of pneumonia 1-Pneumococcal pneumonia: Symptoms= infected alveoli of the lung; interferes with oxygen uptake. bacteria name: Streptococcus pneumoniae 2-Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia: Symptoms= Similar to Pneumococcal bacteria name: Haemophilus influenzae 3-Mycoplasmal pneumonia: Symptoms= mild respiratory symptoms like Low fever, cough and headache bacteria name: Mycoplama pneumoniae 4-Legionellois pneumonia: Symptoms= Potentially fatal pneumonia bacteria name: Legionella pneumonophila 5-Psittacosis(Ornithosis) pneumonia: Symptoms= If, any fever, headaches, chills bacteria name: 6-Chlamydophila psittaci -Chlamydial pneumonia: Symptoms= mild respiratory illness and resembles Mycoplasmal bacteria name: Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Name at least 1 innate defense against pathogenic microorganisms not mentioned in #10 and #11. Describe it in detail. How does it work? What's it made of etc.

The mucus acts like a sticky trap to capture unwanted debris in the throat. Mucus also contains IgA antibodies as protection.

Describe the bacterium that causes "consumption". Give the Scientific Name. How did this bacteria come to be named?

Tuberculosis used to be called "consumption" due to the weight-loss symptom Caused by the acid-fast, gram-positive, rod Mycobacterium tuberculosis The symptoms don't occur until the infection is very far along. When they do, they usually consist of a blood-tinged cough, fever, and weight-loss. Their growth appears to be mold like, which is where the name MYCO-bacterium comes from

Describe a few features of the anatomy of the lower respiratory system that make it differ from the upper respiratory system in terms of its defense function.

Upper Respiratory System = nose, pharynx (throat), structures associated with them. This includes: middle ear, auditory tubes, ducts from the sinuses, nasolacrimal ducts (drain for tear ducts). Lower Respiratory System = the larynx (voice box), trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, alveoli (the sacs that facilitate oxygen exchange in the lung) Cilia, tiny muscular, hair-like projections on the cells that line the airway, are one of the respiratory system's defense mechanisms. Cilia propel a liquid layer of mucus that covers the airways. The mucus layer traps pathogens (potentially infectious microorganisms) and other particles, preventing them from reaching the lungs.

How is Scarlet Fever caused? What is lysogeny? What is a bacteriophage?

Upper Respiratory infection: When the Streptococcus pyogenes strain causing streptococcal pharyngitis produces an erythrogenic (reddening) toxin, the resulting infection is called scarlet fever. During pharyngitis, the toxin causes the skin to create a distinct red rash in the throat and the mouth. (erythrogenic (reddening) toxin) -Lysongenized/ Lysogeny: genetic info of bacteriophage (bacterial virus) is incorporated into chromosome of bacterium = characteristics of bacterium have been altered Bacteriophage:(phage)- A virus that infects bacteria cells.

What's going on when someone says they have laryngitis?

When someone have Laryngitis his larynx (voice box) and its vocal cords become inflamed, swollen, and irritated. This often causes temporary hoarseness or loss of voice. The causes of laryngitis are overuse, irritation or infection. In some cases of laryngitis your voice can become almost undetectable. Laryngitis may be acute (short) or chronic (long lasting). -larynx infected by microbes. The larynx holds the vocal chords, so when there is laryngitis, the vocal chords become inflamed and are unable to rub together to cause sound. This disease is considered "self-limiting", meaning that the infection will heal without medical intervention. (page 690)

T-cell

a lymphocyte that identifies pathogens and distinguishes one pathogen from another

lysogeny

a state in which phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell without lysis genetic info of bacteriophage (bacterial virus) is incorporated into chromosome of bacterium = characteristics of bacterium have been altered

Name at least 1 innate defense against pathogenic microorganisms not mentioned in #9 and #11. Describe it in detail. How does it work? What's it made of etc.

ciliary escalator (or mucociliary escalator) is the name given to this process, in which cilia move mucous, and items trapped in the mucus, up the throat and to the mouth. Your respiratory tract has multiple innate defenses against pathogenic microorganisms Nose hair::physically filters large particles from entering your body Mucous:: is a sticky trap that can prevent microorganisms from getting deep into your body. The mucous starts in your nose and goes all the way down into your throat. Cilia ::push anything that gets stuck in the mucous back up your throat and into your mouth for elimination.

Describe the parts of the upper respiratory system.

consists of: Nose Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) associated structures: Middle ear Auditory eustachian tubes ducts from the sinuses, and nasolacrimal ducts (drain for tear ducts). All of these organs are involved in conduction or the movement of air into and out of the body. Incoming air is also cleaned, humidified, and warmed as it passes through the upper respiratory tract.

What do we mean when we say that Streptococcus pyogenes are detected by immunoassay? Explain how an immunoassay is carried out and how it would be used as a diagnostic tool.

immunoassay= a procedure for detecting or measuring specific proteins or other substances through their properties as antigens or antibodies. Throat swabs are used to detect this bacteria, in combination with enzyme immunoassays (EIA), which can identify Streptococcus pyogenes very quickly using biomarkers (similar in concept to a disease "finger-print")

pharyngitis

inflammation of the pharynx

Explain the effects of toxins on the human body. What are these "toxins" produced by bacteria. Inform us as to their chemical structure and how they act.

p. 430 text: Toxins are poisonous substances that are produced by certain microorganisms. -Often Primary factor contributing to Pathogenic properties of microbes -Capacity of microbes to Produce toxins called= Toxigenicity -of 220 known bacterial toxins, nearly 40% cause disease by damaging eukaryotic cell membranes -2 general types of toxins: -based on position relative to microbial cell -Exotoxins: Toxic substance released OUTSIDE THE CELL -Proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria most commonly gram-positive= as part of growth and metabolism -then secreted into surrounding medium during log phase -Endotoxins: Toxins composed of lipids part of cell wall -Gram-Negative -Lipid portions of LPS (lipopolyssach.) part of Outer membrane of cell wall= Lipid A= is the endotoxin Endotoxins liberated when bacteria dies and cell wall breaks apart

Describe the anatomy and function of the mucociliary escalator. Include the term "goblet cells", cilia, mucus, antibodies.

p.689 Particles can get trapped in larynx, trachea or bronchial tubes and get pushed up the throat via a self clearing action called the "ciliary escalator." Microbes and other unwanted particles get coughed up, spit out or swallowed. The ciliary escalator (or mucociliary escalator) is the name given to this process, in which cilia move mucous, and items trapped in the mucus, up the throat and to the mouth. The cilia themselves are not sticky, so to trap particles and microorganisms in the airway, cilia rely on mucus. The airway is lined with goblet cells that create mucus in the airway. The mucus acts like a sticky trap to capture unwanted debris in the throat. Mucus also contains IgA antibodies as protection.

Explain how the alveoli protect themselves from disease? What cellular/acellular features are present

p.689 text: Because of the requirements of gas exchange, alveoli are protected by the double layered pleura membrane: ciliated mucous lines the lower respiratory tract, down to smaller bronchial tubes to help prevent microbes from reaching alveoli -alveolar macrophages seek out deposited particles, bind to them, ingest them, kill any that are living, and digest them.

Describe the symptoms and causes of one type of bacteria that can infect both the upper and lower respiratory system.

p.691 Bronchitis: Bronchitis = inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Though not deadly, complications of bronchitis can lead to pneumonia, which is infection of the alveoli sacs. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Bordetella pertussis are most commonly involved.

Provide information on the prevalence of Corynebacetrium diphtheriae in this country. What is meant by prevalence?

prevalence of: Corynebactrium diptheriae: C. diphtheriae is an aerobic, gram-positive bacillus. Toxin production (toxigenicity) occurs only when the bacillus is itself infected (lysogenized) by specific viruses (corynebacteriophages) carrying the genetic information for the toxin (tox gene). Diphtheria toxin causes the local and systemic manifestations of diphtheria. VERY RARE NOW in US: until 1935 it was leading infectious killer of childred -due to DTaP vaccine prevalence has dropped to extremely rare -under 100 cases where reported in the US -India reported highest number of cases = 8,720 Prevalence: of a disease is the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time regardless of when it first appeared -both old and new cases -indicator of how seriously and how long diseases affects population

B-cells

produce antibodies

Provide information about the biology and detection of Streptococcus pyogenes What's a throat swab? What do the bacteria look like microscopically? How do they reproduce?

pyogenes (group A β-hemolytic streptococcus) can be found in the oropharynx of more than 20% of children and a smaller percentage of adults In a group that is classified by their colonial appearance when grown on blood agar= Beta-hemolytic streptococci -principle pathogen is the S. pyogenes -*most important virulence factor is M protein on bacterial surface by which bacteria AVOID phagocytosis p.315 -A throat swab culture, or throat culture, is a test commonly used to diagnose bacterial infections in the throat. These infections can include strep throat, pneumonia, tonsillitis, whooping cough, and meningitis.

Virus-like Particle VLP Vaccines

resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material EX: HPV Human Papilloma Vaccine

subunit vaccines

use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response EX: Hepatitis B = consists of portion of viral protein coat, that is produced genetically modified yeast-