Respiratory Review 2-

How are infant apneas different from adults

In infants and children, the most common cause of cardiac arrest is respiratory arrest. In adults, the opposite usually occurs - cardiac arrest leads to respiratory arrest.

Of the respiratory volumes listed, which one has the largest volume

Total Lung Capacity

The pharynx functions as a ____ whereas the larynx functions as a ______

digestive and respiratory function exclusively respiratory function

Cancer that originated in the lungs is most likely to develop from

emphysema develops to cancer epithelial cells

During an asthma attack a patient finds it most difficult to do what

force air out of the lungs

If a flashlight is placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room it may be possible to illuminate the ______ sinus

frontal

Microorganisms removed from incoming air by sticky mucus are most likely to be destroyed by _____

gastric juices

What causes yawning

a mental alertness reflex

Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may cause

obstruct the airway

Why does oxygen only play a minor role in respiration

peripheral chemo receptors respond primarily to carbon dioxide levels rather than oxygen levels

What are the pneumotaxic center and apneustic center and where are they located

pneumotaxic=pontine respiratory groupThe pneumotaxic center, also known as the pontine respiratory group (PRG), is a network of neurons in the rostral dorsal lateral pons. It consists of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the medial parabrachial nucleus.[1] It is a considered an antagonist to the apneustic center, which produces abnormal inspiratory gasps The apneustic center (or apneustic area) of the lower pons appears to promote inspiration by stimulation of the I neurons in the medulla oblongata providing a constant stimulus.The apneustic center of pons sends signals to the dorsal respiratory center in the medulla to delay the 'switch off' signal of the inspiratory ramp provided by the pneumotaxic center of pons. It controls the intensity of breathing. The apneustic center is inhibited by pulmonary stretch receptors. However, it gives positive impulses to the inspiratory (I) neurons

If someone has the hiccups which group of nerves is most likely to be innervating the major muscles involved

reflexes=central nervous system non voluntary

Which of the following air volumes cannot be measured by a simple spirometer

residual volume

Which of the following is a function of the mucus covered nasal passages

to capture foreign invaders

What are some of the functions of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity

to warm and moisten the air

The walls of the alveoli are composed of what?

two layers of epithelial cells and a basement membrane

What is emphysema

(Irreversible) A build up of mucous in the lungs causing an increase in air retention, making it difficult to expire.

List the steps in order for inspiration

1. impulses are conducted on phrenic nerves to muscle fibers in the diaphragm contracting it. 2. as the dome shapred diaphram moves downward the thoracic cavity expands 3. at the same time external intercostal muscles may contract raising the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity further 4. The intra-alveolar pressure decreases 5. Atmospheric pressure greater than intra-alveolar pressure forces air into the air passages 6. The lung fills with air

Why would the amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increase?

in response to a lowered level of oxygen present in blood or tissue

The most sensitive areas of the passageway are located where

larynx, carina, regions near the branches of the major bronchi

The chemo receptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood______

low oxygen levels

The dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group are found extending throughout which structure

medulla oblongata