Respiratory System
The typical volume of air involved in alveolar ventilation is _______ ml.
350
Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to _______ molecule(s) of O2.
4
_______ is caused by a transpulmonary pressure greater than zero.
A pneumothorax
Why is it possible to deliver more O2 to vigorously working cells without increasing respiration rate or cardiac output?
Because between a PO2 of zero and a PO2 of 40, hemoglobin saturation changes very rapidly and a greater degree of unloading will occur with even small changes in PO2.
The most violent coughing is initiated when foreign objects contact the _______ of the trachea
Carina
Loss of lung elasticity and destruction of alveolar walls is termed:
Emphysema
Occasionally food or liquids will "go down the wrong pipe," initiating a cough reflex. Which structural barrier has been breached if this happens?
Epiglottis
This structure prevents food from entering the airway.
Epiglottis
_______ is produced by the _______ in response to low blood oxygen levels.
Erythropoietin; kidneys
Divers developing the "bends" is a clinical application of which gas law?
Henry's
Breathing air through the nose provides multiple functions. What function would be most impacted while breathing dry air?
Humidifying the air
In the tissues, hemoglobin will release some oxygen and bind to __________ .
Hydrogen ions
A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate?
Increase
Air passing from the pharynx to the trachea must pass through the __________ .
Larynx
The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor?
Mechanoreceptors
Which is NOT one of the three main factors that influences external respiration?
Temperature of the respiratory membrane
How is it possible to remove a section of lung without damaging neighboring sections?
The bronchopulmonary segments are separated from each other by connective tissue septa.
Which of the following statements is FALSE in regard to inspiration?
The diaphragm is relaxed.
If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs.
The lungs would immediately collapse
Which of the following will increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
The presence of some O2 already bound to the hemoglobin
The "Adam's apple" is located on which cartilage?
Thyroid Cartilage
Which of the following is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing?
Transpulmonary pressure
The _______ is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing.
VRG
The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration is termed the __________ .
inspiratory reserve volume
Red blood cells contain the enzyme _______, which catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid.
carbonic anhydrase
The pressure in the alveoli is known as _______.
intrapulmonary pressure
The rate of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membrane depends upon all of the following EXCEPT __________ .
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
People who have their adenoids removed to cut down on snoring are having their _______ removed.
pharyngeal tonsils
Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs; this is called the ______ and is needed to _______.
residual volume; keep alveoli patent
The _______ zone includes the alveoli, while the _______ zone includes the trachea.
respiratory; conducting
Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs because premature infants lack the ability to produce _______, which _______.
surfactant; lowers surface tension
The respiratory membrane is composed of:
the alveolar membrane, the capillary wall, and their fused basement membrane.
Which of the following is not part of the conducting zone?
Alveolar ducts
Hemoglobin has the highest affinity for which of the following?
CO
_______ is the most potent chemical influencing respiration.
CO2
Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient?
CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2.
The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is proportional to its percentage. This is _______.
Dalton's law of partial pressures
An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the pressure of the container?
Decrease in the pressure
Bacteria or other particulate debris contained within inspired air are removed or destroyed by _______.
Mucus, vibrissae, and conchae
Two gases contribute to 99% of the total atmospheric pressure. They are ______.
N2 and O2
Which of the following has the greatest effect on respiration rate?
PCO2
Which respiratory control center is NOT located in the medulla oblongata?
PRG
The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a gas mixture is the __________ of that gas.
Partial pressure
Apneustic breathing occurs as a result of damage to which respiratory center?
Pontine respiratory group
Which of the following is true?
RV increases with obstructive diseases.
All of the following are part of the conduction zone except the __________ .
Respiratory Bronchioles
Which of the following delivers air to the lobes of the lungs?
Secondary Bronchi
Surfactant decreases the __________ in the alveoli.
Surface tension
The Bohr effect describes _______.
a shift to the right in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
When holding our breath for a long time we get the urge to breathe because of __________ .
an increase of CO2
Men tend to have deeper voices than women because their vocal cords _______.
are longer and thicker
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported __________ .
as bicarbonate ions
Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to the force of _______.
atmospheric pressure
The chloride shift refers to __________ .
chloride ions moving into or out of the red blood cell
Surface area in the nasal cavity is increased by the presence of _______.
conchae
During an asthma attack, bronchioles become severely _______. Taking epinephrine causes them to _______.
constricted; dilate
Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause __________ .
constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles
The chloride shift occurs in red blood cells to:
counterbalance the exodus of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells.
