Review for Exam 1 chapters 1-3
In the city of Birthville, an elderly midwife who has been working at the community center for several years noticed that there were no deliveries in the month of May in a particular year. In her discussion with the matron of the clinic, she said, "There were no deliveries in May of that year." In scientific process, her response can be classified as:
Inductive reasoning scientific reasoning deductive reasoning Answer: deductive reasoning
Living things can be organized into levels from small to large as follows: organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere. Which of the following would you choose if asked to give an example of the population level of organization?
a. A giraffe b. A liver c. A group of 350 deer living in the same forest. d. A pond that contains fish, frogs, snake, snails and other organisms that interact with one another. Answer: A group of 350 deer living in the same forest.
What discipline of biology is focused on life's history?
neurobiology forensic botany paleontology Answer:paleontology
List and give examples of the defining characteristics of life
order-Organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells. Even very simple, single-celled organisms are remarkably complex: inside each cell, atoms make up molecules; these in turn make up cell organelles and other cellular inclusions. In multicellular organisms (Figure 1), similar cells form tissues. Tissues, in turn, collaborate to create organs (body structures with a distinct function). Organs work together to form organ systems. sensitivity or response to environment/stimuli Organisms respond to diverse stimuli. For example, plants can bend toward a source of light, climb on fences and walls, or respond to touch .Movement toward a stimulus is considered a positive response, while movement away from a stimulus is considered a negative response. reproduction Single-celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, and then dividing it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells. Multicellular organisms often produce specialized reproductive germline cells that will form new individuals. When reproduction occurs, genes containing DNA are passed along to an organism's offspring. These genes ensure that the offspring will belong to the same species and will have similar characteristics, such as size and shape. adaptation All living organisms exhibit a "fit" to their environment. Biologists refer to this fit as adaptation, and it is a consequence of evolution by natural selection, which operates in every lineage of reproducing organisms. Examples of adaptations are diverse and unique, from heat-resistant Archaea that live in boiling hot springs to the tongue length of a nectar-feeding moth that matches the size of the flower from which it feeds. All adaptations enhance the reproductive potential of the individuals exhibiting them, including their ability to survive to reproduce. Adaptations are not constant. As an environment changes, natural selection causes the characteristics of the individuals in a population to track those changes. growth & development Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their genes. These genes provide instructions that will direct cellular growth and development, ensuring that a species' young (Figure 3) will grow up to exhibit many of the same characteristics as its parents. regulation Even the smallest organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with environmental stresses. Two examples of internal functions regulated in an organism are nutrient transport and blood flow. Organs (groups of tissues working together) perform specific functions, such as carrying oxygen throughout the body, removing wastes, delivering nutrients to every cell, and cooling the body. homeostasis In order to function properly, cells need to have appropriate conditions such as proper temperature, pH, and appropriate concentration of diverse chemicals. These conditions may, however, change from one moment to the next. Organisms are able to maintain internal conditions within a narrow range almost constantly, despite environmental changes, through homeostasis (literally, "steady state")—the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions. For example, an organism needs to regulate body temperature through a process known as thermoregulation. Organisms that live in cold climates, such as the polar bear (Figure 4), have body structures that help them withstand low temperatures and conserve body heat. Structures that aid in this type of insulation include fur, feathers, blubber, and fat. In hot climates, organisms have methods (such as perspiration in humans or panting in dogs) that help them to shed excess body heat. energy processing All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities. Some organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in food (photosynthesis); others use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food (cellular respiration). evolution The diversity of life on Earth is a result of mutations, or random changes in hereditary material over time. These mutations allow the possibility for organisms to adapt to a changing environment. An organism that evolves characteristics fit for the environment will have greater reproductive success, subject to the forces of natural selection.
6. What is the difference between:
organ and organelle organ- collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function. organelle- small structures that exist within the cells
List the organization of living Things. Be able to identify the order from smallest to largest and visa versa. -organelle -cells -tissues -organ & organ systems -organism, population, communities -ecosystem -biosphere
(Atom) is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons Two or more atoms are joined together by one or more chemical bonds to form (molecule) Many molecules that are biologically important are (macromolecules,) large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization (a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules) (Organelles) are small structures that exist within cells examples: mitochondria produce energy to power the cell, while chloroplasts enable green plants to utilize the energy in sunlight to make sugars All living things are made of (cells;) the cell itself is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms Cells are classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Prokaryotes are single-celled or colonial organisms that do not have membrane-bound nuclei or organelles; in contrast, the cells of eukaryotes do have membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus. cells combine to make (tissues,) which are groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions. (Organs) are collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function. Organs are present not only in animals but also in plants. Organ system higher level of organization that consists of functionally relate organs Organisms are individual living entities. For example, each tree in a forest is an organism. Single-celled prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes are also considered organisms and are typically referred to as microorganisms. All the individuals of a species living within a specific area are collectively called a population. For example, a forest may include many pine trees. All of these pine trees represent the population of pine trees in this forest. A community is the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area. For instance, all of the trees, flowers, insects, and other populations in a forest form the forest's community. An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, non-living parts of that environment such as nitrogen in the soil or rain water At the highest level of organization (Figure 2), the biosphere is the collection of all ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on earth. It includes land, water, and even the atmosphere to a certain extent.
List and give examples of the defining characteristics of life
1. order 2. sensitivity or response to the environment/ stimulus 3. reproduction 4. adaptation 5. growth and development 6. regulation 7. homeostasis 8. energy processing 9. evolution
Suzie has a homework assignment to pick an organism and give examples of how it exhibits all the properties of life. Suzie has picked a chimpanzee as her organism. Which of the following is an example of a way a chimpanzee exhibits homeostasis?
A chimpanzee may shiver when it gets cold to generate heat.
What is the difference between Population & Community?
Population- species living within a specific area Community-is the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Tissues exist within organs, which exist within organ systems. b. Communities exist within populations, which exist within ecosystems. c. Organelles exist within cells, which exist within tissues. d. Communities exist within ecosystems, which exist in the biosphere. Answer b. Communities exist within populations, which exist within ecosystems.
A/n ________ can represent the simplest living thing.
cell atom organelle Answer: cell
Scientific inquiry has profoundly changed the way ________ is practiced.
dream interpretations medicine folk traditions Answer: medicine
Shanti is a lab assistant. Her main focus is to develop a treatment for HIV/AIDS. Shanti is a(n) ________
geneticist basic research scientist applied research scientist Answer: applied research scientist
All of the following are characteristics of life except for the ability to ________.
grow maintain homeostasis move Answer: move
Carl Woese's work in phylogenetics was unique in that it used ________ to form a new phylogenetic tree.
habitat preferences genetic characteristics physical traits Answer: genetic characteristics
Binomial nomenclature facilitates ________.
rapid but general categorization of organisms region-specific common names for organisms international discussion about a given organism Answer: international discussion about given organism
1. Biology is the study of?
science that studies life
What is homeostasis?
the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
