Review Test: Quiz 2 (Chapter 6-10)

Which of the following is true with regard to development?

Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two.

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as

Individual psychology

Which of the following was proposed by Kubler-Ross?

She proposed a stage model of confronting death, in which the dying individual progresses from denial to acceptance.

The _____ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

Social Cognitive

_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer experiences.

Traits/States

By about age 7, those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language. This illustrates the importance of ________ for language acquisition.

a critical period

Spearman's g factor refers to

a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.

If a test is standardized, this means that

a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group.

According to drive-reduction theory, a need refers to

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

An IQ of approximately 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the normal demands of life is most clearly an indication of

an intellectual disability.

Achievement tests are designed to

assess learned knowledge or skills.

Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by ________ needs.

belongingness

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of

chunking.

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)

concept.

Self-report personality tests

directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings.

embryonic

Although Nicole scored well above average on an academic aptitude test, she frequently loses her temper and needlessly antagonizes even her best friends. Her behavior best illustrates a low level of

emotional intelligence.

The basic components of emotion are

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.

Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing

flashbulb memories.

Trait theories of personality

focus on lasting personality characteristics.

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for

food and water.

A(n) _____ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture.

gender schema

The process of encoding refers to

getting information into memory.

Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.

implicit

As young Javier gets off his school bus, he runs to his mother and proudly shows her the book he read at school today. Which of the following Erikson's childhood stages is Javier demonstrating?

industry vs. inferiority

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n)

instinct.

People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize

interference.

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

long-term memory

A mnemonic is a

memory aid.

Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.

nature

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

need; drive

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who lacks the concept of

object permanence

Your best friend Kia is liberal and tolerant. Which trait is she likely high on?

openness

Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?

parasympathetic

John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

projection

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious?

psychodynamic perspectives

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

save time in arriving at solutions to problems.

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Shalome was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. The new class members' names were briefly stored in her ________ memory.

short-term memory

The strange situation test is used to assess an infant's

style of attachment

If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, supporters of Freud's psychoanalytic theory would most likely argue that her _____ is making her feel this way.

superego

A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect.

teratogen

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

Instead of calculating an intelligence quotient, most current intelligence tests represent the test-taker's performance relative to

the average performance of others the same age as the test-taker.

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as

the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state.

Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

the spacing effect.

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.

Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem-strategy best illustrates

trial and error.

Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was anxious. Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Harley concluded that he was falling in love. The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by the

two-factor theory.

According to Rogers, an individual's need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of his or her behavior is called

unconditional positive regard.