Review the Quiz Questions for RMS Exam 1

Using a z-score transformation ______ the scores according to the population they come from to allow us to compare the scores by giving us the location of the scores in their distribution. a. normalizes b. randomizes c. standardizes d. redistributes

c. standardizes

A researcher conducts a hypothesis test using α = .05 and finds a p-value associated with the sample mean of 0.01. The researcher would a. Reject the Null Hypothesis b. Fail to Reject the Null Hypothesis c. Reject the Alternative Hypothesis d. Accept the Null Hypothesis

a.Reject the Null Hypothesis

A health psychologist is interested in knowing whether the people in the local community exercise on a regular basis. She collects data from 100 local residents and classifies them as regular exercisers and nonregular exercisers. What type of graphical would be appropriate to use to display the results? a. a bar graph b. a boxplot c. a scatterplot d. None of the above.

a.a bar graph

The hourly salary rate for accountants at the "We are the Best Accounting Firm" follows a normal distribution, with a mean of $27 and a standard deviation of $4. Tom earns $22.50 an hour. His z score is a. -1.125 b. -4.50 c. 22.50 d. 1.125

a.-1.125

How would you describe the following distribution: a. A positively skewed distribution. b. A negatively skewed distribution. c. A flat distribution. d. A normal distribution.

a.A positively skewed distribution

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? Select one: a.Both involve subjective judgments. b.Both involve asking participants for their opinions about the measurement. c.Both are preferred by psychologists as ideal measures of validity. d.Both are very difficult to establish.

a.Both involve subjective judgments.

The boxplot below displays ratings for TV shows during a particular week. 50% of the shows have a rating greater than (line in middle of box is at 14): a. Impossible to tell from data. b. 15.5 c. 14 d. 11 e. 20

c. 14

Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? Select one: a.a ratio scale of measurement b.a qualitative variable c.an other-report measure d.a categorical variable

a.a ratio scale of measurement

A larger p-value indicates less evidence in support of the a. alternative hypothesis b. research design c. effect size d. null hypothesis

a.alternative hypothesis

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? Select one: a.an ordinal scale of measurement b.a self-report measurement c.a categorical measurement d.an interval scale of measurement

a.an ordinal scale of measurement

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? Select one: a.self-report measurement b.observational measurement c.physiological measurement d.archival measurement

a.self-report measurement

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? Select one: a.validity b.reliability c.conceptualization d.operationalization

a.validity

Teresa and Charlie both collect data on the number of times people eat out each week. Teresa reports her sample has a standard deviation of 4.73 and Charlie reports their sample has a standard deviation of 6.71; whose set of scores would tend to fall farther away from the mean? a. Both sets of data would have equal spread around the mean. b. Charlie's c. Teresa's d. This cannot be determined without knowing the sample size.

b. Charlie's

Except for ______, the standard normal distribution is similar to other normal distributions. a. the shape of the distribution b. the unit of measurement of the distribution c. the total number of scores of the distribution d. the symmetry of the distribution

b. the unit of measurement of the distribution

What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? Select one: a.If a measure is reliable, it is also valid. b.If a measure is valid, it is also reliable. c.Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts. d.Reliability and validity are the same concept.

b.If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

If Callie scores 10 points above average on a measure of life satisfaction and 20 points above average on a measure of gratitude, then on which measure is Callie more extreme? a. gratitude b. The comparison cannot be made without knowing s. c. Callie is equally extreme on both measures. d. life satisfaction

b.The comparison cannot be made without knowing s.

Which of the following hypotheses would be the Null Hypothesis? a. Young adults' fear of crime levels will be higher than older adults' levels. b. There is no difference between young adults' and older adults' levels of fear of crime. c. Older adults' fear of crime levels will be higher than younger adults' levels. d. There is a difference between young adults' and older adults' levels of fear of crime.

b.There is no difference between young adults' and older adults' levels of fear of crime.

In previous studies, Dr. Hamid has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. Dr. Hamid likely designed his study so that neither he nor his students knew which group they were in to address which of the following? a. maturation b. demand characteristics c. attrition d. placebo effects

b.demand characteristics

For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement? Select one: a.self-report measurement b.observational measurement c.physiological measurement d.archival measurement

b.observational measurement

A ______ region of rejection makes it _________ to reject the null hypothesis. a. smaller; easier b. smaller; harder c. larger; harder d. None of the above are true.

b.smaller; harder **null hypothesis is rejected at the critical region (a.k.a., the region of rejection)

When using data from a sample to make inferences about a population, why does the sample formula for standard deviation subtract one from N? a. The original formula consistently overestimated the population value. b. The correction makes the denominator larger, which makes the sample standard deviation larger. c. The original formula consistently underestimated the population value. d. The correction makes the numerator small, which makes the sample standard deviation larger.

c. The original formula consistently underestimated the population value.

A standard score tells researchers: a. the score that separates scores into the top and bottom halves. b. the average score in a sample. c. an individual score's distance from the mean, in standard deviation units. d. the amount of variability within a given set of scores.

c. an individual score's distance from the mean, in standard deviation units.

Hannah has developed a scale for assessing social interaction among children with moderate to severe developmental disabilities. Because it is in the early stages, she trains two research assistants in how to use the scale, has them both observe the same children, and compares the scores they give the children. Hannah is assessing ____ reliability.​ a. internal consistency b. test-retest c. inter-rater d. parallel-form

c. inter-rater

A fellow student in a stats class asks you for advice on the study he is conducting on dreaming. He has asked eight people who live in his dormitory to record the number of dreams they had in a week. The numbers of dreams experienced by the eight residents are 4, 7, 3, 0, 1, 42, 7, and 9. Which measure of central tendency should not be recommended for the report? a. range b. median c. mean d. All of the above are OK to use with this dataset.

c.mean

A health psychologist is interested in knowing whether the people in the local community exercise on a regular basis. She collects data from 100 local residents and classifies them as regular exercisers and nonregular exercisers. Which measure of central tendency would be appropriate to report? a. mean b. median c. mode d. None of the above are OK to use in this study.

c.mode

A recent study examined differences in mobile phone usage in teenage boys and girls. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. a. Ho: µBoys = 0 and HA: µGirls ≠ 0 b. Ho: µGirls = 0 and HA: µBoys≠0 c. Ho: µBoys = µGirls and HA: µBoys ≠ µGirls d. Ho: µBoys ≠ µGirls and HA: µBoys = µGirls

c.Ho: µBoys = µGirls and HA: µBoys ≠ µGirls

Annie was recently tested on both her creativity and language ability. Annie's creativity score was a 7.00 and her language ability was a 23.00. The means and standard deviations for creativity and language ability are M = 5.00 (s = 1.50) and M = 17.00 (s = 5.00), respectively. On which measure is Annie more gifted? a. language ability b. Annie is equally gifted on both measures. c. creativity d. Annie is below average on both measures.

c.creativity

If some outside event (such as a change in weather) influences most of the people in a study between the time of the pretest and the posttest, this would be a(n) a. repeated testing effect b. selection threat c. placebo effect d. history effect

d.history effect

Leslie is studying test anxiety and administers a test to his research participants that asks them to rate their anxiety in various situations on a scale of 0 (no anxiety) to 10 (the worst anxiety imaginable). He then uses the scores to divide his participants into high, medium, and low anxiety groups. Leslie's "high-medium-low" scale is best described as an example of a(n) ____ scale. a. interval b. nominal c. ordinal d. ratio

c.ordinal

Morgan is analyzing her data and notices that the value of her mean is quite a bit smaller than the value of her median. She asks for your help in interpreting these results. What would you tell her? a. These results cannot tell us anything about the shape of the distribution. b. These results indicate a normal distribution. c. These results may indicate a positively skewed distribution. d. These results may indicate a negatively skewed distribution

d. These results may indicate a negatively skewed distribution

Hannah has developed a scale for assessing social interaction among children with moderate to severe developmental disabilities. Because it is in the early stages, she decides to rate the same children on two different occasions. Hannah is assessing ____ reliability. a. inter-rater b. parallel form c. internal consistency d. test-retest

d. test-retest

A researcher finds that when 40 people take a five-item measure of extroversion, their answers to each of the five items are correlated. This is an illustration of a. internal validity b. test-retest reliability c. interrater reliability d. internal reliability

d.internal reliability

A researcher conducts a hypothesis test using α = .05 and finds a p-value associated with the sample mean of 0.08. The researcher would a. Reject the Alternative Hypothesis b. Accept the Null Hypothesis c. Reject the Null Hypothesis d. Fail to Reject the Null Hypothesis

d.Fail to Reject the Null Hypothesis

When a researcher is claiming that their research hypothesis is true when it really is not true, this is an example of a ______ . a. correct decision b. significant decision c. Type II error d. Type I error

d.Type I error (false positive)

A professor gives a class a self-report measure of conscientiousness and finds that people who score high on the measure are more likely to be on time to class. This is evidence for the measure's a. face validity. b. external validity. c. content validity. d. criterion validity.

d.criterion validity.

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? Select one: a.the number of cups of coffee consumed in a day b.the number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study c.the frequency of buying energy drinks d.whether the participant drank coffee in the 24 hours prior to the study

d.whether the participant drank coffee in the 24 hours prior to the study