RHETORIC

Eye Rhymes - words that don't rhyme but are spelled similarly so they create a pleasing effect.

"Alone - gone" "Blood - brood" "Wind - behind" "Eye - symmetry"

Archetype/Eponym - a specific character who acts as a universal symbol, substitutes a name for a historical or fictional character that represents a particular attribute.

"Gandalf, Yoda, Merlin - wise man" "Mother Goose, Mother Teresa, Mary - mother" "It's not a masterpiece Rembrandt" "Uncle Sam isn't Santa Clause" "The earthworm is Hercules of the soil" "With a bow and arrow, Kathy is a real Dianna" [god of the moon and hunt] "Possessed the wisdom of Solomon" "The Hero - He or she is a character who predominantly exhibits goodness, and struggles against evil in order to restore harmony and justice to society. Beowulf, in the book Beowulf Hercules, in the book Hercules d'Artagnan, from The Three Musketeers. "The Mother Figure - Such a character may be represented as a Fairy God Mother, who guides and directs a child, Mother Earth, who contacts people and offers spiritual and emotional nourishment, or a Stepmother who treats their stepchildren poorly. Lucy and Madame Defarge, from Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities Disely, from William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury Gladriel, from J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings Glinda, from the Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The wicked stepmother in Charles Perrault's Cinderella The fairy godmothers in Charles Perrault's Sleeping Beauty Mother Goose The grandmother in Charles Perrault's Little Red Riding Hood The mythological figures of Persephone, Demeter, Hecate, Gorgon, Medusa "The Innocent Youth - He or she is inexperienced, with many weaknesses, and seeks safety with others. Others like him or her because of the trust he or she shows in other people. Usually, the experience of coming of age comes in the later parts of the narratives. Pip in Charles Dickens' Great Expectations Nicholas in Charles Dickens' The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby Joseph from Henry Fielding's The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews "The Mentor - His or her task is to protect the main character. It is through the wise advice and training of a mentor that the main character achieves success in the world. Gandalf in J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings Parson Adams in Henry Fielding's Joseph Andrews Senex in Madeleine L'Engle's A Wind in the Door "The Doppelganger - It is a duplicate or shadow of a character, which represents the evil side of his personality. Enkidu from the Epic of Gilgamesh William Shakespeare's Hamlet Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Edgar Allen Poe's William Wilson Robert Louis Stevenson's Jekyll and Mr. Hyde "The Scapegoat - A character that takes the blame for everything bad that happens. Snowball, in George Orwell's Animal Farm "The Villain - A character whose main function is to go to any extent to oppose the hero, or whom the hero must annihilate in order to bring justice. Shere Khan, from Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book stories Long John Silver, from Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island "The Journey - The main character takes a journey, which may be physical or emotional, to understand his or her personality, and the nature of the world. Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy Henry Fielding's The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his Friend Mr. Abraham Adams Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels "The Initiation - The main character undergoes experiences that lead him towards maturity. Henry Fielding's History of Tom Jones, a Foundling Laurence Sterne's The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman Voltaire's Candide "Good Versus Evil - It represents the clash of forces that represent goodness with those that represent evil. William Shakespeare's King Lear Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness The Fall: The main character falls from grace in consequence of his or her own actions: Oedipus, from Sophocles' Oedipus Rex Lear, from William Shakespeare's King Lear

Comparatives - using more than, about the same as, or less than to compare two things.

"He plays more beautifully now that he is grown." "Today the shops are more crowded than yesterday. "She is taller than her sister."

Metabasis - a brief statement of what has been said and what will follow Words placed after the summary include: now, next, additionally, further, besides, equally important, also interesting, also important, similarly, by contrast, not to mention, it remains.

"I have discussed cars and factories, and how these relate to global warming, but we have still to look at long—term atmospheric trends." "I have hitherto made mention of his noble enterprises in France, and now I will rehearse his worthy acts done near to Rome."

Dactyl - a pentameter where the first syllable is stressed and the next two are unstressed.

"Just for a handful of silver he left us, Just for a riband to stick in his coat" "THIS is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks, Bearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight"

Antanagoge - placing positive quality next to fault or criticism to reduce its significance.

"Many are the pains and perils to be passed, But great is the gain and glory at the last."

Kenning - two word phrases that describes something with metaphor

"Ocean-deafened sounds" "A small ship-burial up hill"

Catachresis - an implied metaphor using a Verb(action) instead of Noun(person,place,thing,animal) Noun instead of Verb Noun instead of Adverb (describes verb) Noun instead of Adjective (describes noun)

"The old lady turtled along" "She spoke daggers to him" "I do not ask much: I beg cold comfort ..." "Mow the beard, Shave the grass, Pin the plank, Nail my sleeve ..." "A man that studies revenge keeps his own wounds green..." "What a churchly house" "The voice of your eyes is deeper than all roses, nobody, not even the rain, has such small hands ..."

Vignette - which literally means 'little vine' is a short description of character/setting/mood/object/event without plot. Often packed with imagery and symbolism.

"Then Uncle Nacho is pulling and pulling my arm and it doesn't matter how new the dress Mama bought is because my feet are ugly until my uncle who is a liar says, "You are the prettiest girl here, will you dance ... My uncle and me bow and he walks me back in my thick shoes to my mother who is proud to be my mother"

Abstract Object - a type of metaphor that treat an abstract idea as an object, entity/animal or thing that can be seen externally.

"There's grace, there's style, keep your faith because they will try you" "Neglect the ones you love the most trying to grasp at glory" "Give them my best wishes"

Diacope - repetition of word after intervening words or phrase

"We give thanks to Thee, oh god, we give thanks" "You held me down, but I got up. You hear my voice, you hear that sound. You held me down, but I got up. Get ready 'cause I've had enough. I see it all, I see it now" "I can picture in my mind a world without war, a world without hate. And I can picture us attacking that world, because they'd never expect it." "Life is not lost by dying! Life is lost. Minute by minute, day by dragging day, In all the thousand, small uncaring ways."

Approximate - take something from another artist and rephrase it, add to it, or reinterpret it in your way, similar to a parody but still honors the thing it's approximating.

"We laughing all the way to where they print the money at" "I hang my hat and let you know I'm home" "I'm fly like UFOs over Roswell" "Life is like a dice game, one roll could land you in jail or blowing kisses in the rice rain"

Archaism/Diction - a type of style where a phrase word or syntax is in a very old style. Formal diction - formal words. Informal diction - uses conversational tone such as writing or talking to friends. Colloquial diction - uses words common in everyday speech, which may be different in different regions or communities. Slang - is the use of words that are newly coined, or even impolite.

"Wherefore", "thy", "nary", "quoth", "thou", "hast", "quoth", "unhand", "befoul", "dost", "thee", "dost", "thus" "henceforth", "thusly", "spake"

Stressing - stressing words in the beginning and end of sentence

"Yes, he sat alone" "Time is up" "Such is Life" "Love means love" "Life is the purpose of life"

Analogy - used to make complex ideas simple, more for reasoning than a simile but sometimes both.

"You may criticize a story but you cannot write one, you may scold a carpenter who has made you a table, though you cannot make one." "He who hides the truth is responsible for all the mayhem which ignorance produces, just as a one who extinguished the tapers of a light house might be imputed the calamities of shipwrecks." "For answers successfully arrived at are solutions to difficulties previously discussed. One cannot untie the knot if he is ignorant to it" "All evil temptation is too little trust in God, for a ship without a guide is driven hither and thither with every storm, so to is an unstable man" "They say it is ill of a mason to refuse any stone because skillful hands can make great use of them."

Perspective - point of view of story

1st View: "It was times like these when I thought my father, who hated guns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived." 2nd View (rare but connects to audience to most): "You are a sculptor. You climb a great ladder; you pour grease all over a growing longleaf pine. Next, you build a hollow cylinder like a cofferdam around the entire pine, and grease its inside walls." 3rd View: "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen." Third View Objective - An impersonal recorder or neutral observer narrates the facts or details to the readers. Third View Omniscient - An omniscient narrator reports the facts, as well as interpreting and relating the thoughts of a character. It is a very popular technique of storytelling. Third View Limited - In this type of perspective, a narrator reports and interprets the facts and events from a single character's perspective.

Rhyme Scheme There are a number of rhyme schemes used in poetry; some of the most popular of which include

Alternate rhyme: It is also known as ABAB rhyme scheme, it rhymes as "ABAB CDCD EFEF GHGH." Ballade: It contains three stanzas with the rhyme scheme of "ABABBCBC" followed by "BCBC." Monorhyme: It is a poem in which every line uses the same rhyme scheme. Couplet: It contains two-line stanzas with the "AA" rhyme scheme, which often appears as "AA BB CC and DD..." Triplet: It often repeats like a couplet, uses rhyme scheme of "AAA." Enclosed rhyme: It uses rhyme scheme of "ABBA" Terza rima rhyme scheme: It uses tercets, three lines stanzas. Its interlocking pattern on end words follows: ABA BCB CDC DED and so on. Keats Odes rhyme scheme: In his famous odes, Keats has used a specific rhyme scheme, which is "ABABCDECDE." Limerick: A poem uses five lines with a rhyme scheme of "AABBA." "Hickory dickory dock The mouse ran up the clock. The clock struck one, And down he run. Hickory dickory dock" Villanelle: A nineteen-line poem consisting of five tercets and a final quatrain. It uses a rhyme scheme of "A1bA2, abA1, abA2, abA1, abA2, abA1A2." "I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead; (A1) I lift my lids and all is born again. (a) (I think I made you up inside my head.) (A2) The stars go waltzing out in blue and red, (a) And arbitrary blackness gallops in: (b) I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead. (A1) I dreamed that you bewitched me into bed (a) And sung me moon-struck, kissed me quite insane. (b) (I think I made you up inside my head.) (A2) God topples from the sky, hell's fires fade: (a) Exit seraphim and Satan's men: (b) I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead. (A1) I fancied you'd return the way you said, (a) But I grow old and I forget your name. (b) (I think I made you up inside my head.) (A2) I should have loved a thunderbird instead; (a) At least when spring comes they roar back again. (b) I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead. (A1) (I think I made you up inside my head.)" (A2)

Autobiography - a story about the authors life

Condensed personal story as a testament to truth)

Quadrant

Envelope Stanza - Its rhyme scheme is abba with iambic tetrameter. (Four iambs per line) "When leaves are falling from the forest trees I'll be going away to school alone But I can always call home on the phone New adventures coming on autumn's breeze." Goethe Stanza - Its rhyme scheme is abab but no meter. "My neighbour, none can e'er deny, Is a most beauteous maid; Her shop is ever in mine eye, When working at my trade. To ring and chain I hammer then The wire of gold assay'd, And think the while: "For Kate, oh when Will such a ring be made?" Italian Quatrain - Its rhyme scheme is abba with iambic pentameter. "Old Petrarch introduced Italian styles; his sonnets and quatrains inspired Will- whose poetry in turn, caused hearts to thrill. Each line runs on five iambic feet- beguiles." Hymnal Quatrain - This multi stanza contains three alternating rhymes with iambic trimester and iambic tetrameter. Rhyme scheme is a4 b3 c4 b3. "O, my luve's like a red, red rose, That's newly sprung in June: O, my luve's like the melodie That's sweetly played in tune." Memoriam Stanza - This uses abba rhyme scheme with iambic tetrameter. "I held it truth, with him who sings To one clear harp in divers tones, That men may rise on stepping-stones Of their dead selves to higher things." Heroic Stanza or Elegiac Stanza: This type of quatrain is written in iambic pentameter and has the rhyme scheme of either ABAB or AABB. "I walked into the empty house Once filled with love now out Empty now save for memories Of the ghosts of you and me." Ruba'i: The ruba'i, or rubaiyat in plural form, is a Persian quatrain. The rhyme scheme and meter that are used in the four lines of a ruba'i quatrain are very specific. In English, the rhyme scheme usually used to qualify as a ruba'i is AABA. This comes from the English language poet Edward Fitzgerald, who translated the book The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. "Whose woods these are, I think I know. His house is in the village, though. He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow." Ballad Meter: Ballad stanzas are quatrains that alternate between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. The rhyme scheme of the ballad meter is generally ABCB. Shairi or Rustavelian Quatrain: This quatrain has a rhyme scheme of AAAA, also known as monorhymed. It comes from the country of Georgia, and has four lines of sixteen syllables each. The name Rustavelian comes from the Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli. "There lived a wife at Usher's Well, And a wealthy wife was she; She had three stout and stalwarts son. And sent them o'er the sea." Shichigon-zekku (Japanese) or Qiyan jueju (Chinese): This example of quatrain comes from Classical Chinese and Japanese poetry. There are seven characters in each of four lines, and rhyme and meter are important aspects of this poetic form. In addition, each line provides a specific role in the development of the poem, as we will see below in. "This great peak above the clouds, where hermit-wizards came for sport The deep pools of whose caverns holy dragons have inhabited from old The snow is like white silk, the rising smoke like a handle A great white fan inverted, in the heavens above the eastern sea" "All night I could not sleep Because of the moonlight on my bed. I kept on hearing a voice calling: Out of Nowhere, Nothing answered yes." Decasyllabic quatrain: This type of quatrain has four lines, each of which has ten syllables with a rhyme scheme of either AABB or ABAB. If written in iambic pentameter, a decasyllabic quatrain would also qualify as the heroic or elegiac stanza. "Some forty years back in my interview, Panel member asked last question to know What is the aim one should pursue in life? My response was to lead a peaceful life."

Transitions - words and phrases that connect ideas, sentences and paragraphs. It keeps writing in a continuity of flow and digest ability for the reader. Some clues that a writer needs to use transitions include: The written work is choppy, abrupt and jumpy. The writer has moved from one point to the next abruptly and quickly, without a visible connection between the two ideas. The readers have trouble following the writer's train of thought, or organization of ideas.

See Transitions Notes

Aporia - expressing doubts by posing a question to the listener/reader

"Where do I go from here? Tell me, what's it all for?" "And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep; Than fly to others that we know not of?" "I was young and had to choose between you and what the rest of the world might offer me, what would you do?"

Homophone/Homographic/Homonymic - words that sound the same, are written the same, or written similarly with different meanings

"I'll explain why these city banks watch over ya(Walkvoia)" Ad Add Aerie Airy Ail Ale Air Heir Aisle Isle All Awl Allowed Aloud Altar Alter Arc Ark Ascent Assent Ate Eight Attendance Attendants Aural Oral Axes Axis Aye Eye Bail Bale Baited Bated Bald Bawled Ball Bawl Band Banned Bard Barred Bare Bear Baron Barren Base Bass Based Baste Be Bee Beach Beech Beat Beet Beau Bow Beer Bier Bell Belle Berry Bury Berth Birth Billed Build Blew Blue Bloc Block Boar Bore Board Bored Boarder Border Bold Bowled Bolder Boulder Bootie Booty Born Borne Burro Burrow Bough Bow Braid Brayed Brake Break Bread Bred Brewed Brood Brews Bruise Bridal Bridle Broach Brooch Brows Browse But Butt Buy Bye Caddie Caddy Callous Callus Canon Cannon Canter Cantor Canvas Canvass Capital Capitol Carat Carrot Carol Carrel Cast Caste Cede Seed Ceiling Sealing Cell Sell Cellar Seller Censor Sensor Cent Scent Cereal Serial Cession Session Chance Chants Chased Chaste Cheap Cheep Chews Choose Chic Sheik Chilli Chilly Choir Quire Choral Coral Chord Cored Chute Shoot Cite Sight Clause Claws Close Clothes Coarse Course Colonel Kernel Complement Compliment Council Counsel Coward Cowered Creak Creek Crewel Cruel Crews Cruise Cue Queue Currant Current Cygnet Signet Cymbal Symbol Dam Damn Days Daze Dear Deer Dense Dents Desert Dessert Dew Due Die Dye Disburse Disperse Discreet Discrete Doe Dough Does Doze Done Dun Dual Duel Dyeing Dying Earn Urn Eave Eve Eek Eke Eight Ate Ewe You Ewes Yews Eye Aye Eyelet Islet Faint Feint Fair Fare Faun Fawn Faze Phase Feat Feet Fined Find Fir Fur Fisher Fissure Flair Flare Flea Flee Flew Flue Floe Flow Flour Flower Foaled Fold For Four Foreword Forward Forth Fourth Foul Fowl Franc Frank Frays Phrase Freeze Frieze Friar Fryer Gaff Gaffe Gait Gate Gamble Gambol Genes Jeans Gibe Jibe Gild Guild Gilt Guilt Knew New Gofer Gopher Gorilla Guerrilla Gourd Gored Grate Great Grill Grille Grisly Grizzly Groan Grown Guessed Guest Guise Guys Hail Hale Hair Hare Hall Haul Hangar Hanger Hart Heart Hay Hey Heal Heel Hear Here Heard Herd Heir Air Heroin Heroine Hew Hue Hi High Him Hymn Ho Hoe Hoard Horde Hoarse Horse Hoes Hose Hole Whole Holy Wholly Hostel Hostile Hour Our Idle Idol In Inn Incidence Incidents Intense Intents Isle Aisle Islet Eyelet Jam Jamb Jeans Genes Jibe Gibe Kernel Colonel Knave Nave Knead Need Knew New Knight Night Knit Nit Knot Not Know No Knows Nose Lacks Lax Lain Lane Lama Llama Laps Lapse Lay Lei Leach Leech Lead Led Leak Leek Lean Lien Leased Least Lessen Lesson Levee Levy Lie Lye Links Lynx Lo Low Load Lode Loan Lone Locks Lox Loot Lute Made Maid Mail Male Main Mane Maize Maze Mall Maul Manner Manor Mantel Mantle Marshal Martial Mask Masque Massed Mast Meat Meet Medal Meddle Metal Mettle Mewl Mule Mews Muse Might Mite Mince Mints Mind Mined Miner Minor Missal Missile Missed Mist Moan Mown Moose Mousse Morning Mourning Muscle Mussel Mustard Mustered Naval Navel Nave Knave Nay Neigh Need Knead New Gnu Nicks Nix Night Knight Nit Knit No Know None Nun Nose Knows Not Knot Oar Ore Ode Owed Oh Owe One Won Oral Aural Our Hour Paced Paste Packed Pact Pail Pale Pain Pane Pair Pear Palette Pallet Passed Past Patience Patients Pause Paws Peace Piece Peak Peek Peal Peel Pearl Purl Pedal Peddle Peer Pier Phase Faze Phrase Frays Plain Plane Plait Plate Pleas Please Plum Plumb Pole Poll Pore Pour Praise Prays Presence Presents Pride Pried Pries Prize Primer Primmer Prince Prints Principal Principle Profit Prophet Quarts Quartz Queue Cue Quire Choir Rabbet Rabbit Rain Reign Raise Rays Rap Wrap Rapt Wrapped Real Reel Red Read Read Reed Reek Wreak Residence Residents Rest Wrest Retch Wretch Review Revue Right Write Ring Wring Road Rowed Roe Row Role Roll Roomer Rumour Root Route Rose Rows Rote Wrote Rouse Rows Rude Rued Rung Wrung Rye Wry Sac Sack Sail Sale Sane Seine Saver Savour Scene Seen Scent Sent Scull Skull Sea See Sealing Ceiling Seam Seem Seas Seize Seed Cede Sell Cell Seller Cellar Sensor Censor Serf Surf Serge Surge Serial Cereal Session Cession Sew Sow Shearn Sheer Sheik Chic Shoe Shoo Shone Shown Shoot Chute Sic Sick Side Sighed Sighs Size Sight Cite Signet Cygnet Slay Sleigh Sleight Slight Soar Sore Soared Sword Sole Soul Soled Sold Some Sum Son Sun Staid Stayed Stairs Stares Stake Steak Stationary Stationery Steal Steel Step Steppe Stile Style Straight Strait Succour Sucker Suite Sweet Symbol Cymbal Tacked Tact Tacks Tax Tail Tale Taper Tapir Taught Taut Tea Tee Team Teem Tear Tier Teas Tease Tense Tents Tern Turn Their There Threw Through Throes Throws Throne Thrown Thyme Time Tic Tick Tide Tied Too Two Toad Towed Toe Tow Told Tolled Tracked Tract Troop Troupe Trussed Trust Undo Undue Urn Earn Use Yews Vain Vein Vale Veil Vice Vise Wade Weighed Waist Waste Wait Weight Waive Wave Wares Wears Warn Worn Way Weigh We Wee Weak Week Whole Hole Wholly Holy Won One Wood Would Wrap Rap Wrapped Rapped Wreak Reek Wrest Rest Wretch Retch Wring Ring Write Right Wrote Rote Wrung Rung Wry Rye Yew You Yews Use Yoke Yolk Accept - Take In Except - Other Than Ad - Advertisement Add - Join, Combine Advice - Guidance Advise - Recommend Aid - Assist, Assistance Aide - One Who Gives Assistance Ail - To Suffer Poor Health Ale - A Beverage Air - Atmosphere Ere - Before Heir - One Who Inherits Property Aisle - A Passage I'll - Contraction Of I Will Isle - Island Allusion - An Indirect Reference Illusion - False Appearance Altar - Table In A Church Alter - To Change Ate - Past Tense Of Eat Eight - The Number 8 Bail - To Clear Water Bail - Release Of A Prisoner Bale - A Large Bundle Band - A Ring, Something That Binds Band - A Group Banned - Prohibited Bare - Uncovered Bear - Large Animal Bear - Support, Yield Bases - Starting Points Bases - Four Stations On A Baseball Field Basis - A Basic Principle Beat - To Strike, Overcome Beat - Exhausted Beet - A Plant With Red Roots Blew - Past Tense Of Blow Blue - The Color Bread - Baked Food Item Bred - Produced Buy - Purchase By - Near, Through Bye - Goodbye Capital - Punishable By Death Capital - Chief City Capitol - Building Where Legislature Meets Ceiling - Top Of A Room Sealing - Setting, Fastening Cell - Compartment Sell - Vend Cent - Penny Coin Scent - An Odor Sent - Past Tense Of Send Cereal - Breakfast Food Serial - Sequential Chews - Gnaws With Teeth Choose - To Select Chile- Country In South America Chili - Bean Stew Chilly - Frosty Chord - Musical Tone Cord - Rope Cite - Quote Site - Location Sight - View Close - Opposite Of Open Clothes - Clothing Coarse - Rough Course - Path, Procedure Complement - Enhance; Go Together Compliment - Praise Conduct - Behavior Conduct - To Lead Council - Committee Counsel - Guidance Creak - Squeak Creek - Stream Of Water Crews - Gangs Cruise - Ride On A Boat Days - Plural Of Day Daze - Stun Dear - Darling Deer- Woodland Animal Desert - To Abandon Desert - Dry Land Dessert - After-dinner Treat Dew - Morning Mist Do - Operate Due - Payable Die - Cease To Exist Dye - Color Discreet - Tactful Discrete - Distinct Doe - Female Dear Dough - Uncooked Bread Dual - Double Duel - Battle Elicit - Draw Out Illicit - Illegal Eminent - Distinguished Imminent - Soon Ewe - Female Sheep You - Second-person Personal Pronoun Eye - Sight Organ I - First-person Personal Pronoun Facts - True Things Fax - A Document Transmitted Via Telephone Fair - Equal Fare - Price Fairy - Elflike Creature With Wings Ferry - Boat Faze - Impact Phase - Stage Feat - Achievement Feet - Plural Of Foot Find - To Discover Fined - Charged A Penalty Fir - Type Of Tree Fur - Animal Hair Flea - Small Biting Insect Flee - Run Flew - Did Fly Flu - Illness Flour - Powdery, Ground Up Grain Flower - Blooming Plant For - On Behalf Of Fore - Front Four - Three Plus One Forth - Onward Fourth - Number Four Foreword - Introduction To A Book Forward - Advancing Gene - A Chromosome Jean - Fabric; Pants Gorilla - Big Ape Guerrilla - Warrior Grease - Fat Greece - Country In Europe Groan - Moan Grown - Form Of Grow Hair - Head Covering Hare - Rabbit-like Animal Hall - Passageway Haul - Tow Halve - Cut In Two Parts Have - Possess Hay - Animal Food Hey - Interjection To Get Attention Heal - Mend Heel - Back Of Foot Hear - To Listen Here - At This Place Hi - Hello High - Up Far Hoarse - Croaky Horse - Riding Animal Hole - Opening Whole - Entire Holey - Full Of Holes Holy - Divine Wholly - Entirely Hoarse - Rough Voice Horse - Animal Hour - Sixty Minutes Our - Belonging To Us Knead - Massage Need - Desire Knew - Did Know New - Not Old Knight - Feudal Horseman Night - Evening Knot - Tied Rope Not - Negative Know - Have Knowledge No - Opposite Of Yes Lead - Metal Led - Was The Leader Leased - Past Tense Of Lease Least - The Minimum Lessen - Make Smaller Lesson - Class Loan - Lend Lone - Solitary Made - Did Make Maid - Servant Mail - Postage Male - Opposite Of Female Marry - To Wed Material Merry - Very Happy Materiel Meat - Animal Protein Meet - Encounter Mince - To Chop Finely Mints - Type Of Sweet Morning - A.m. Mourning - Remember The Dead None - Not Any Nun - Woman Who Takes Special Vows Oar - Boat Paddle Or - Otherwise Ore - Mineral Oh - Expression Of Surprise Or Awe Owe - Be Obligated One - Single Won - Did Win Overdo - Do Too Much Overdue - Past Due Date Pail - Bucket Pale - Not Bright Pain - Hurt Pane - Window Glass Peace - Calm Piece - Segment Peak - Highest Point Peek - Glance Patience - Being Willing To Wait Patients - Person Treated In A Hospital Or By A Doctor Pear - A Type Of Fruit Pair - Two (usually Matching) Plain - Ordinary Plane - Flight Machine Plane; Flat Surface Pole - Post Poll - Survey Poor - Not Rich Pour - Make Flow Pray - Implore God Prey - Quarry Principal - Most Important Principle - Belief Rain - Water From Sky Rein - Bridle Rap - Tap Wrap - Drape Around Read - Past Tense Of The Verb To Read Red - Color Real - Factual Reel - Roll Right - Correct; Not Left Write - Scribble Ring - Encircle Wring - Squeeze Road - Street Rode - Past Tense Of Ride Role - Function Roll - Rotate Rose - Flower Rows - Lines Sail - Move By Wind Power Sale - Bargain Price Scene - Landscape Seen - Viewed Sea - Ocean Segment See - Observe With Eyes Seam - Joining Edge Seem - Appear Sew - Connect With Thread So - As A Result Sow - Plant Soar - Ascend Sore - Hurt Place Sole - Single Soul - Essence Son - Male Child Sun - The Star That Lights The Solar System Some - A Few Sum - Amount Stair - Step Stare - To Look At Steadily Steal - Swipe Steel - Alloy Suite - Large Room In A Hotel Sweet - The Opposite Of Sour Tail - Animal's Appendage Tale - Story Their - Belonging To Them There - At That Place They're - They Are Threw - Past Tense Of Throw Through - Passing From One Place To Another To - Toward Too - Also Two - The Number 2 Toe - Foot Appendage Tow - Pull Along Vary - Differ Very - Wail - Howl Wail - Howl Whale - Huge Sea Mammal Waist - Area Below Ribs Waste - Squander Wait - Kill Time Weight - Measurable Load War - Battle Wore - Did Wear Warn - Caution Worn - Used Way - Path Weigh - Measure Mass We - Us Wee - Tiny Weak - Not Strong Week - Seven Days Wear - To Don Attire Where - Question Word Weather - Climate Whether - If Which - That Witch - Sorcerer Wood - Material Coming From Trees Would - Conditional Auxiliary Your - Belonging To You You're - You Are

Ellipsis/Aposiopesis/Anacoluthon - leaving sentence unfinished or stopping leaving it unfinished, or structure mid sentence. Using (...) often to let reader fill in blank.

"Lacy does something to him, I don't know what." "I've got to make the team or I'll-" "It began to shake the structure of the— no one knew what to do" "Be careful with this device, improper use can— well, I've warned you enough"

Hyperbaton - A delayed description

"As I sit in the house and peer behind windows; foggy." "The vibe of the room; sad" "A story; amazing"

Denotation - a type of metaphor that relies on connotative meaning of word rather than dictionary definition of a word.

"Dog - suggests shamelessness or an ugly face." "Dove - suggests peace or gentility." "Home - suggests family, comfort, and security." "Politician - suggests negative connotation of wickedness and insincerity" "Wall/fence - barrier"

Hyperbole/Adynaton/Overstatement- to over exaggerate something for dramatic or impossible effect.

"He cried all night, and the sun found him still there, though his tears had dried hard, dry sobs shook his wooden frame. But these were so loud that they could be heard by the hills ..." "It was not a mere man he was holding, but a giant; or a block of granite. The pull was infinite. The pain infinite." "The skin on her face was as thin and drawn as tight as the skin of onion and her eyes were gray and sharp like the points of two picks." "Would you have me never speak, hunch over, and act meek and every time someone disagrees just secede?" "How is't with me when every noise appals me? What hands are here? ha! They pluck out mine eyes. Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No."

Parody - is an imitation of a particular writer, artist, or genre, exaggerating it deliberately or inverting it to produce a comic effect or break mold.

"My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damasked, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks..."

Anacoluthon/Stream of Consciousness - makes sentence out of grammatical order to builds mystery/interest and make the listener stop and think about it. It mimics stream of consciousness/everyday speech.

"Now I understand why you used to cry sometimes we ride down Claybourne; You just missed your, you just missed your mama" "... it is nothing joined; it flows. A 'river' or a 'stream' is the metaphors by which it is most naturally described. In talking of it hereafter, let's call it the stream of thought, consciousness, or subjective life." "he plucked me open his doublet and offered them his throat to cut."

Implied Metaphor - metamorphizes a specific thing without mentioning the original object of metaphor leaving the reading be invested in the mystery first.

"Some say the world will end in fire, some say in ice. From what I've tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate. To say that for destruction ice Is also great and would suffice." "But a bird that stalks. Down his narrow cage. Can seldom see through. His bars of rage. His wings are clipped and His feet are tied. So he opens his throat to sing."

Parataxis - independent clauses with or without conjunctions for snapshot effect:

"The Heavens were Created, the Earth was without form and void, darkness was upon the face of the deep and the spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters" "and sound from above, something falling, the brick. God looks up but it's too late, he never saw it coming, it hit him so hard his brains shoot out his nose." "We walked to the top of the hill, and we sat down"

Irony/Antiphrasis - saying what one does not mean

"The doctor is as kind hearted as a wolf." "His friend's hand was as soft as a rock." "About as discrete as a stripper pole in a mosque" "Pretty isn't it" "I was awakened by the delicate sounds of the police knocking at my door"

Anaphora - repetition of the same word in the beginning

"The wrong person was selected for the wrong job, at the wrong time, for the wrong purpose." "All the people were moving in the same direction; all the people were thinking about the same thing; and all the people were discussing the same topic." "Tell them to be good, tell them to follow their elders, and tell them to mind their manners." "This blessed plot this earth, this realm, this England" "Tell me, will man ever learn? Will truth ever be restored, will life ever change?"

Epistrophe/Epiphora/Antistrophe - repetition at the end of phrase, an optional turn at the end of the phrase (antistrophe)

"There reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand evil, forever are subdued." "Many men spend their lives pursuing power, consolidating power, and enjoying power" "When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things..." "Hourly joys be still upon you! Juno sings her blessings on you ... Scarcity and want shall shun you, Ceres' blessing so is on you."

Dirimens Copulatio - mentioning opposing views or facts to qualify your point

"but we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles but to those who are called both Jews and Greek.."

Acrostic - the first letter of every line spells a word or message

Used with alliteration like Pharoahe Monch's "What's Love" "R: Rugged and rough that's how I do it. A: Allah who I praise to the fullest. K: Keep it moving. I, Stand alone. M: It's my crown, my world, my throne" "NAS, N.A.S. mean *****s Against Society. Noisy I aim, not silently, noose all surroundin' me"

Aside - to talk directly to the audience

"A little more than kin, and less than kind." "They bought it" -Ferris

Assonance - similar vowel sound repeated in succession

"A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid" "Purple curtains"

Free-Verse - poems without rhythm and rhyme schemes, do not follow regular rhyme scheme rules. In this way, the poet can give his own shape to a poem however he or she desires. However, it still allows poets to use alliteration, rhyme, cadences, and rhythms to get the linking effect.

"A noiseless patient spider. I mark'd where on a little promontory it stood isolated. Mark'd how to explore the vacant vast surrounding. It launch'd forth filament, filament, filament, out of itself. Ever unreeling them, ever tirelessly speeding them."

Secession Onomation - emphasize an idea by a string of synonymous words or phrases.

"A sinful nation, a people laden with inequity, a seed of evildoers, children that deal corruptly" "Such a scheme would be extremely costly, horrendously expensive, require vast quantities of money" "She lays there, in a motionless slumber, very still in the arms of her sleep"

Metaphor - morphs two different things by stating one the other giving full attention to the metaphor vehicle.

"Affliction is ours. We are the trees whom shaking fastens more." "I am the bread of life" "I am the corner stone, I am the stone that the builder refused" "The mind is a barren soil which will produce no crops unless continually fertilized and tended to" "The harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few" "Your eye is the lamp of your body; when your eye is sound, your whole body is full of light; but when it is not sound, your body is full of darkness" "Their eyes were fireflies in the dark" "The moon is paper thin"

Cataphora - referring to something then describe it.

"After she was assigned a polite and respectful writer, the girl became less nervous about buying an essay." "Once it landed safely, the helicopter opened its doors." "This is what he believed: that all men were created equal."

Extended Metaphor - Extended metaphor does this for more than a sentence, sometimes a paragraph or a whole poem.

"All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts." "Life is like eating a grapefruit. First, one breaks its skin; then one takes a few bites to get used to its taste, and finally one starts enjoying its flavor."

Isocolon/Parallel Structure - sentence with parallel structure for easy digestion of ideas Examples of isocolon may fall under any of the following types: Bicolon - Bicolon has two grammatically equal structures. Tricolon - If there are three grammatically equal structures, it is called a tricolon.

"American by Birth. Rebel by Choice." "That government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth." "Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies.." "I had been short, and now I was tall. I had been skinny and quiet and religious, and now I was good-looking and muscular." "Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider." "A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars... and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin."

Asyndeton - Lacking conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words, ending in conjunctions like 'and, but, or' to feel finalized and you can also make it climatic or anticlimactic in importance

"Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, shrunk to this little measure?" "He was childish, rude, mean spirited but a good humorist" "Call up her father. Rouse him. Make after him. Poison his delight. Proclaim him in the streets. Incense her kinsmen. And, though he in a fertile climate dwell..." "All men will get life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" "...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the Earth." "...that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." "Joona walks through the Christmas market in Bollnäs Square. Fires are burning, horses are snorting, chestnuts are roasting. Children race through a stone maze, others drink hot chocolate." "The concert was applauded, praised highly at court, considered by Mozart to be the highlight of his career" "He was a winner, a hero" "I love her eyes, her hair, her nose, her cheeks, her lips" "Packed my bags, headed for grey hound, it was a Monday" "Without looking, without making a sound, without talking"

Synesthesia/Sensory Language - writing things in a way that appeals more to one sense than the others. Imagery is a literary device that appeals to senses while sense language is more syntax that appeals to senses.

"Back to the region where the sun is silent." "The word would fill her mind for a few minutes with a single color: not an unpleasant sensation but still an intrusion... Patriarch: Brown, she thought, a temple of a word, a shiny red brown, like the surface of a chestnut." "When shall we three meet again In thunder, lightning, or in rain? That will be ere the set of sun. Hover through the fog and filthy air."

Sestet/Sestina - contains six lines, usually only strictly followed in Sonnets. They can have some of the following rhymes schemes CDCDEE, AABCCD, CDCDCD, CDECDE, ABABCB

"Behind Me - dips Eternity - Before Me - Immortality - Myself - the Term between - ... Before the West begin -" (AABCCD) "At six o'clock we were waiting for coffee, waiting for coffee and the charitable crumb that was going to be served from a certain balcony —like kings of old, or like a miracle. It was still dark. One foot of the sun steadied itself on a long ripple in the river ..."

Spondee - follows stressed stressed in a (búm búm)

"Break, break, break, cold grey stones, Sea!" "By the shore of Gitche Gumee, By the shining Big-Sea-Water" "If I do prove her haggard, Though that her jesses were my dear heart-strings ..."

Metalepsis - a type of metaphor that substitutes the name for a thing with something only vaguely related to it

"But now my oat (oat stalk made instrument) proceeds, And listens to the herald of the sea" "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships and burnt the topless towers of Ilium? " "I'm mighty glad Georgia waited till after Christmas before it secedes or it would have ruined the Christmas parties."

Epanalepsis - repeats word in beginning clause at the end giving a sense of completion.

"From dust we were formed and in death we return to that same dust" "Water carved the canyon, just water" "Our eyes saw it but we could not believe our eyes" "The theory sounded all wrong but if the machine works, we can't get hung up on theory" "In the world you have tribulation, but take courage, I have overcome the world"

Feminine Rhyme - a rhyme word that is unstressed. Very useful for making endings of phrases more interesting than following iambic pentameter exactly.

"But yet in vain thou hast my ruin sought. In vain thou mad'st me to vain things aspire. In vain thou kindlist all thy smoky fire. For virtue hath this better lesson taught. Within myself to seek my only hire. Desiring naught but how to kill desire." "Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee: she is a fen. Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen. Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower."

Dialogue - inner dialogue can be stream of consciousness or monologue revealing inner thoughts and motives. Or putter dialogue which is conversation and speech. This places reader in present moment.

"Cal. "Have you no visions that you cannot name?" Ar. "A picture should extend beyond its frame. There being no limitation. To bright reality: For all their declaration. And complexity, Words cannot see." "But who did he tell it to? You and me? And Porfiry." "What does it matter? And, by the way, do you have any influence over them, his mother and sister?"

Dysphemism/Diatribe - use harsh words to shock and offend.

"Cancer stick", "egg head" "Oh, that this too, too sullied flesh" "When he was down they turned on him to betray him and rend him like rats in a sewer. Low-lived dogs!" "Anyone who thinks this water is safe to drink is either stupid or foolish" "Drink windex on ice" "Sullied flesh, temporary dust sack" "The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or who have slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing..."

Surrealism - art or writing attempting to merge imagination and this experience. To mix up the conscious and unconscious thought through by using irrational juxtaposition of images. It's function is to make this reality feel more dream-like and bizarre.

"Dark Poet, a maid's breast Haunts you, Embittered poet, life seethes And life burns, And the sky reabsorbs itself in rain, Your pen scratches at the heart of life." "Then an unheard-of being, unheard-of beings, will be seen to rise, their brains compressed by sonorous helmets, their temples pierced by the whistling of air waves, their bodies naked, turned yellow by fever"

Anagram - a form of word play where the letters are rearranged to mean something else

"Debit Card = Bad Credit" "Jim Morrison - Mr. Mojo Risin" "O, Draconian devil! = Leonardo Da Vinci" "Oh, lame saint! = The Mona Lisa" "Monch is a monarch minus the A&R" "Real G's move in silence like lasagna"

Circumlocution/Periphrasis ambiguously express harsh things in a pleasing way so to not offend or to express challenging things in a non-explicit way.

"Divorce me, untie or break that knot again; Take me to you, imprison me, for I, Except you enthrall me, never shall be free, Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me." "The edge of a colossal jungle, so dark green as to be almost black, fringed with white surf, ran straight, like a ruled line, far, far away along a blue sea whose glitter was blurred by a creeping mist. The sun was fierce, the land seemed to glisten and drip with steam..." "I was within a hair's breadth of the last opportunity for pronouncement, and I found with humiliation that probably I would have nothing to say..." "When that fell arrest. Without all bail shall carry me away."

Refrain - a verse line or set repeated at the end of a stanza/verse or beginning of sections of a song to make it memorable. Can often change words as well while maintaining a theme.

"Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light..." "I'm the biggest hypocrite of Two-thousand-Sixteen" "The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep."

Alliteration - the reoccurrence of initial consonant sounds for artistic effect

"Every flowing flower, and busy buzzing bee, all seem to attest to the pure presence of peace" "Persuaded the purely profound persons" "The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea." "From forth the fatal loins of these two foes; A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life."

Chiasmus/Antimetabole - mirrored scented structure

"For the LORD protects the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked leads to destruction" "He labors without complaining and without bragging rests" "Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You." "Do I love you because you're beautiful or are you beautiful because I love you?" "She disappeared for just a moment. In just a second she'll reemerge." "They see real girls ain't never perfect, perfect girls ain't real"

Tmesis - breaking word apart into sections, sometimes adding words in between

"For-giving-ness; forgiveness" "How-heinous-ever it be" "This is not Romeo, he's some other where." "I-magi-nation" "Know-the-ledge"

Ode - odes often praise people, natural scenes, and abstract ideas. Ode is derived from a Greek word aeidein, which means to chant or sing.

"Fragmented drops of rainbow. Retract, reflect light through clear prisms. Bend spectrum delights. Silver shot moon. Hangs high in the sky. Radiating light to be reflected." "Row after row with strict impunity. The headstones yield their names to the element, The wind whirrs without recollection" "The untaught harmony of spring. Still is the toiling hand of Care. The panting herds repose. Yet hark, how thro' the peopled air the busy murmur glows!"

Juxtaposition - two characters, sentences, poems, events, narratives placed side by side to draw a comparison to create vividness of imagery and ideas.

"Freedom or jail; clips inserted, a baby's being born, same time a man is murdered the beginning and end" "While you was blowing X amount of dollars on a bracelet- the sovereign nation of France was opening up their files on the ufo phenomenon I.e. spaceships." "If I use the word nova I'll be talking bout a star, but the average rapper you know will just be talking about his car."

Argument - stating your purpose, goal, or overview.

"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears! I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him!" "I entered this world to render judgment—to give sight to the blind and to show those who think they see that they are blind." "Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show."

Catalog - giving a list of things for poetic effect, bringing together images in a string. Can even be done for comedy by grouping un favorable things to allude to similarities.

"Glory be to God for dappled things - For skies of couple-colour as a brinded cow; For rose-moles all in stipple upon trout that swim; Fresh-firecoal chestnut-falls; finches' wings; Landscape plotted and pieced - fold, fallow, and plough; And áll trádes, their gear and tackle and trim." "My blurring eyes, my deafened ears— O careless sadism of the years! Sun-loving and sun-ravaged skin— One-sided love has done you in. My teeth—less said, less missed!—my heart— My runaway, my telltale heart— Heart whose misfirings can defeat. The pulse of this iambic beat!" "DEA, FBI ...department of sanitation"

Contrast/Dichotomy - dividing town things into equal but contradictory parts

"Good Angel: "O Faustus! lay that damned book aside, And gaze not upon it lest it tempt thy soul. Evil Angel: "Go forward, Faustus, in that famous art, Wherein all Nature's treasure is contain'd ..." "Unlike most babies, Stuart could walk as soon as he was born." "Freedom or jail, clips inserted, a baby's being born. Same time my man is murdered, the beginning and end"

Synecdoche - a metaphor in which the part stand for the whole and the whole stands for the part.

"Grey beard = old man, suit = business man, boot - soldiers" "The army includes 200 cattle and 300 feet." "I'm just burning up gasoline" "Talk someone off the edge" "Life is more than cars and television sets" "This is for the old lady in Brooklyn who can't afford her heating bill" "Name one who can hold the pen that I write with" "And I have known the arms already. Arms that lie along a table, or wrap about a shawl." "To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet ..."

Thesis - a statement that a writer intends to support or prove

"Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen." "Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendía was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice."

Imperative/Jussive/Directive - gives a instructions, command(s), order(s), request

"Have a nice day" "You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed." "Let it go" "Take, if you must, this little bag of dreams; Unloose the cord, and they will wrap you round."

Zeugma - usually when a verb or adjective applies to one noun; grouping two things together

"He carried a bag full of books and dreams" "John lost his coat and his temper" "And all the people saw the thundering, and the lightning, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking: and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off." "Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend." "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." "Covered in dust and glory" "She nurtured her son and his dreams" "She went straight home, in a flood of tears and a sedan-chair."

Consonance - repetition of consonant sounds anywhere in the word, not necessarily the stressed part.

"He sees black boats pass" "Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage, against the dying of the light. Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight" "Poetry is old, ancient, goes back far. It is among the oldest of living things. So old it is that no man knows how and why the first poems came."

Metanoia - a statement (or part of one) followed by a phrase that adds detail or corrects it in some way. Can be used for dramatic and then fleshing it out more accurately.

"He was watching a guy walking, or rather, he was watching him when he was under a street light but ceased to be able to see him when he was in the shadows" "The chief looked for hardness, no, not so much hardness but resistance to shock and shattering" "And if I stray far from my goal, the fault is my own for not heeding the reminders, nay, virtual directions from above." "These books will improve the lives of children, or rather all who read them" "They had rebuked our every cry for help, or rather were unresponsive to our pleas"

Epithet - adding descriptions to things that usually wouldn't be together for vivid imagery effect.

"Holding up the hand, half in appeal, but half as if to keep the life from spilling" "Hurt dug so deep in my fathers chest" "At length I heard raged noise; the mirth of thieves and murderers" "My love and I would lie, and see the colored counties, with laughing eyes" "Prude lips and judging eyes"

Ad Hominem - a device of attacking the person not the point which is a fallacy and an error.

"How can you argue your case for vegetarianism when you are enjoying that steak?" Circumstantial: "There could be aliens: Didn't you get a D in Astronomy?" Circumstantial: "This food is overpriced: Not my fault you're broke" You Too: "This is over priced: You didn't seem to mind charging me twenty bucks for those earrings you made!" Prejudice: "Do you just want a big hippie party, instead of a real reception?"

Parrhesia - to speak boldly and freely with bombastic bluntness

"How deaf and stupid have I been!" he thought, walking swiftly along. "When someone reads a text, wants to discover its meaning, he will not scorn the symbols and letters and call them deceptions"

Reductio ad Absurdum/Solecism - to take a persons premises and deduce something absurd in them it find a contradiction "Assume P is true. From this assumption, deduce that Q is true. Also, deduce that Q is false. Thus, P implies both Q and not Q (a contradiction, which is necessarily false). Therefore, P itself must be false."

"I am going into surgery tomorrow so please pray for me. If enough people pray for me, God will protect me from harm and see to it that I have a successful surgery and speedy recovery. Explanation: We first assume the premise is true: if "enough" people prayed to God for the patient's successful surgery and speedy recovery, then God would make it so. From this, we can deduce that God responds to popular opinion. However, if God simply granted prayers based on popularity contests, that would be both unjust and absurd. Since God cannot be unjust, then he cannot both respond to popularity and not respond to popularity, the claim is absurd, and thus false."

Enthymeme/Syllogism - states cause/effect relationship or truth/conclusion, if/then statement/conclusion(can be in reverse order)

"I felt the power of death over life (I shot him) I orphaned his children, I widowed his wife" "Senator, I served with Jack Kennedy. I knew Jack Kennedy. Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy." "Because I am eternal, I do not fear guns." "You can tell this tape recorder is a piece of junk, its made in Japan" "Have you forgot me, sir? Why dost ask that? I have forgot all men; Then, if thou grant'st thou'rt a man, I have forgot thee."

Parallelism/Antithesis/Antuthesis - any part or parts of the sentence (verbs, adverbs, objects, subjects) are structured contrastingly or paralleled for clarity and balance

"I have always sought but seldom obtained a parking space" "he walked down the aisle, through the door, and into the cockpit" "we must live as brothers or die as strangers" "To err is human; to forgive divine." "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness" "they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." "I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors." "Joyful is the person who finds wisdom, the one who gains understanding. For her proceeds are better than the profits of silver, And her gains finer than gold." "Success makes men proud, failure makes men wise" "If you want me to speak the truth then you should be ready to hear it"

Simile - drawing comparison between two things without attention fully on the imagery compared like metaphor does. Can be negative as well. Y is not X but similarly, X is like Y, X is the same as Y, X is more than Y, X is less than Y, X does Y and so does Z, X resembles Y, X is as Y as Z, X is Y like Z, X is more Y than Z, X is less Y than Z (or the simile can be totally implied) like the 'supa dupa flow'

"I see men but they look like trees walking" "Attentive to their goals like a sunflower aims to the sun" "The grass bends with every wind, so does Harvey" "As wax melts before a fire may the wicked perish before God" "And money is like muck, not good but can be spread" "I've had enough of this pretzel-like logic" "The mistresses eyes were nothing like the sun" "The truth is more obvious than the Sun" "Cleaner than Doris Days Greatest Hits" "When I think of school, I think of dungeons and chains" "She spoke with the voice of an Angel" "We not Illuminati but our eyes on the money" "My purpose catching bodies like safety nets at the circus" "Me and your chick we go back like cro magnon" "Electrify the internet like a screen door in a hurricane" "Leave them in shock, physical therapy not included" "Either I get a strike or I strike out; gutterball" "That's like saying your the tallest midget ever"

Tetracolon - where four parallel grammatical structures are written in succession. Tetracolon is also known as quatrains.

"I'll give my jewels for a set of beads, /My gorgeous palace for a hermitage, /My gay apparel for an almsman's gown, My figured goblets for a dish of wood..." "Good we must love, and must hate ill, For ill is ill, and good good still"

Personification/Anthropomorphism/Zoomorphism/Pathetic Fallacy - metaphorically giving animal, place, object, or idea character-like attributes, thoughts, feelings or behaviors. Charges what could be overly mechanical events with emotion and interest. Or vise Versace, giving human animal-like qualities.

"I'm mighty glad Georgia waited till after Christmas before it secedes" "Your brothers blood cries out to me from the ground, wisdom cries aloud in the streets" "The ship began to protest as it struggled against the rising sea" "The woods are getting ready to sleep — they are disrobing and are having all sorts of little bed-time whisperings of good-nights." "I wander lonely as a cloud that floats on high o'er vales and hills" "Because I could not stop for Death, he kindly stopped for me" "I the flower, will now give you, the yogi, a bit of helpful advice" "For you have been my help. I will rejoice in the shadow of your wings." "The night has been unruly. Where we lay, the day walked on slow"

Antanaclasis - a word is repeated but it's meaning changes in the second context

"I'm not a business man, I'm a business, man." "I live by the church, but also my house overlooks a steeple; I live by the church" "You don't want a criminal lawyer, you want a criminal lawyer"

Paralipsis - to deliberately suggest through a brief mention

"I'm not saying I'm responsible for this country's longest run of uninterrupted peace in 35 years! I'm not saying that from the ashes of captivity, never has a Phoenix metaphor been more personified! I'm not saying Uncle Sam can kick back on a lawn chair, sipping on an iced tea, because I haven't come across any one man enough to go toe to toe with me on my best day!" "The music, the service at the feast, The noble gifts for the great and small, The rich adornment of Theseus's palace All these things I do not mention now."

Aporia - express doubt about an idea or conclusion suggesting an alternative without committing to it.

"I'm not sure weather to side with those who say the higher taxes reduce inflation or with those who say higher taxes increase inflation..." "I don't know that this legislation will work the miracles the backers claim, but I do know..." "I'm not sure about the other theories but I do know..." "Yes, I am aware that there are twenty pounds of gold per ore, and I don't know what to say to that except..." "I'm not sure I can accept that reasoning..." "Weather to heal them or remove them I cannot say" "I have often wondered if those same clothes are available for half the price somewhere else"

Paraprosdokian - the final phrase of the sentence or phrase is unexpected

"If all the girls who attended the Yale prom were laid end to end, I wouldn't be a bit surprised." "You can always count on the Americans to do the right thing—after they have tried everything else" "If everything seems under control, you're just not going fast enough." "He taught me housekeeping; when I divorce I keep the house." "Nice whip' 'nice chain'; closet of skulls"

Digression - A interruption from main story to provide character context and background. Useful for adding suspense.

"If it did not come strictly within the scope and bearing of my long-considered intentions and plans regarding this prose epic ... to leave the two old gentlemen sitting with the watch between them long after it grew too dark to see it ... I shall not enter into any such digression in this place: and, if this be not a sufficient reason for this determination, I have a better, and indeed, a wholly unanswerable on, already stated; which is, that it forms no part of my original intention to do so."

Role Play - a kind of extended metaphor thats situational or idiomatic and then approximating additional information while keeping the theme of that metaphor vehicle

"If you from the new school I'll say check you're tone and watch your mouth, if they're teaching how to doggie, I'm condoning dropping out." "I like a bank with very good ass-ests" (flirting with bank teller)" "If knowledge is the key then just show me the lock"

Cause and Effect/If Then/This or That - displaying root of problem by cause and effect relationship, usually using words like: if, when, after, as soon as, may, might, or possible. Using reasoning. Displaying ultimatum.

"If you look for truth, you may find comfort in the end; if you look for comfort you will not get either comfort or truth" "So what does it mean if I'm a Muslim and your a Jew then because of that alone we don't get along?" "If you can't find Christ in the beggar in front of the Burch door- you'll never find him in the chalice" "If not me then who? If not now then when?" "You either die a hero or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain"

Anecdote/Allegory/Exemplum/Parable - using a short story (fictitious or historical) to illustrate point. Parables often using symbolism and metaphor.

"It being my purpose to write the lives of Alexander the king, and of Cesar, by whom Pompey was destroyed, the multitude of their great actions affords so large a field that I were to blame ... When once Alexander had given way to fears of super natural influence, his mind grew so disturbed and so easily alarmed ... But a diseased habit of body, caused by drugs which Olympias gave him, had ruined not only his health, but his understanding." "group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them, and give names to these shadows. The shadows are the prisoners' reality."

Concession - where one acknowledges previous points made

"It is true that issues may sometimes become polarized and debated heatedly. Certainly, there is a need for matters of public concern to be discussed rationally. But that does not mean that such concerns should not be expressed and investigated. After all, improper interference with academic freedom was found to have taken place. And the allegations raised by doctors are ones which deserve further inquiry." "I said earlier that the decadence of our language is probably curable. Those who deny this would argue, if they produced an argument at all, that language merely reflects existing social conditions, and that we cannot influence its development by any direct tinkering with words or constructions. So far as the general tone or spirit of language goes, this may be true, but it is not true in detail."

Hook - opening lines or paragraphs or pages that are either dramatic, mysterious, engaging characters, or thematically interesting.

"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness ..." "My holidays are hollow days" "I said I love you baby" "well you ain't act like it, squeeze my feet, kiss my neck, rub my back like it"

Expletive - is a grammatical construction that starts with words like it, here, and there, so, had

"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times..." "There passed a weary time. Each throat was parched, and glazed each eye." "There are four seasons in the mind of man: He has his lusty Spring, when fancy clear. Takes in all beauty with an easy span..."

Procatalepsis - by presenting an objection and answering it, permits an argument to continue moving forward.

"It's usually argued at this point that if the government gets out of hand..." "But someone might say this battle had no effect on history, however..." "Yet this is the prime service one would think..." "You might object that if what I said were actually true why don't..." "I know what you're going to say: that if they look at it properly they'll see that it wasn't our fault. But will they look at it properly?" "Someone will say: yes, Socrates, but cannot you hold your tongue, and then you may go into a foreign city, and no one will interfere with you? Now I have great difficulty in making you understand my answer to this ... and that the life which is unexamined is not worth living - that you are still less likely to believe. And yet what I say is true."

Palindrome - something that can be read forwards and backwards

"Lewd did I live & evil I did dwel." "Norma is as selfless as I am, Ron." "Open floodgates, once restrained tightly, suddenly form rippled waters, expressive thoughts flowing freely, by frightful heart attending faithfully INSPIRATION faithfully attending heart frightful by freely flowing expressive thoughts, waters rippled form suddenly, tightly restrained once, floodgates open." "Robert Trebor"

Pleonasm/Tautology - using more words than necessary for emphasis. Extended use gives a almost slow motion effect:

"Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger through. See what a rent the envious Casca made. Through this the well-belovèd Brutus stabbed. And as he plucked his cursèd steel away, Mark how the blood of Caesar followed it, As rushing out of doors, to be resolved If Brutus so unkindly knocked, or no. For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel. Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him! This was the most unkindest cut of all." "And lifting up there eyes, they saw no one, expect Jesus, himself, alone" "Repeat that again," and "reiterate again." "If I perish, I perish." "If I be bereaved (of my children), I am bereaved."

Polysyndeton - Conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words adds to intensity or idea of enumeration, use of "nor" or "or" emphasizes alternatives, "and" is additions, "but" or "yet" stresses qualifications:

"Luster came away from the flower tree and we went along the fence and they stopped and we stopped and I looked through the fence and the Luster was hunting in the grass." "The water, like a witches oils, burnt green, and blue, and whites." "We have not power, nor influence, nor money, nor authority; but a willingness to persevere" "The vending machines had orange juice instead of coke, and apples instead of Cheetos"

Prosody - when poetic elements are used to enhance the effect or tone of poem like meter, rhythm, tempo, pitch, and loudness, lyrics.

"Making pitch go up when singing about going higher or lower when talking about being in the pit of despair" "La-la-la-last ye-ye-year they hired me. And this-s-s-s we-we-we-we-week the-the-they fired me. And I g-g-g-got all these b-b-b-b-bills to pay. And what the f-f-f-f-fu-f-f-**** am I supposed to say"

Epigram - a short pity statement that contains insight

"Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put and end to mankind." - John F. Kennedy "If we don't end war, war will end us." - G. Wells "It is better to light a candle than curse the darkness." - Eleanor Roosevelt "A word to the wise ain't necessary; it's the stupid ones who need all the advice." - Bill Cosby "Live simply, so that others may simply live." - Mother Teresa "I'm starting with the man in the mirror." - Michael Jackson "Let us resolve that we will not leave our children a world where the oceans rise and famine spreads and terrible storms devastate our lands." - Barack Obama "Blessed are the peacemakers." - Jesus Christ

Anadiplosis - repeating a word twice in close succession giving a sense of logic

"My conscience hath a thousand several tongues, And every tongue brings in a several tale, And every tale condemns me for a villain." "How much hope can we put in people when people have elected..." "In the beginning was the word, and the word was with God, and the word was God." "When you give, you give to yourself."

Enumeration/Ordinary Numbers/Process Essay - using numbers, usually in an order but not always.

"No question; Jay-Z got too many answers. I been around this block too many times. Rocked too many rhymes, cocked too many nines, too. To all my brothers it ain't too late to come together cause too much black and too much love, equal forever. I don't follow any guidelines 'cause too many *****s ride mine so I change styles every two rhymes" "I got seven Mac-11's, about eight .38's. Nine 9's, ten Mac-10's the shits never end. You can't touch my riches." "1 for Charlie Hustle, 2 for Steady Rock. 3 for the forth-coming live future shock. It's 5 dimensions, 6 senses. 7 firmaments of heaven and hell. 8 million stories to tell. 9 planets faithfully keepin' orbit, with the probable 10th. The universe expands length." "Ten crack commandments" "A third time pass'd they by, and, passing, turn'd Each one the face a moment whiles to me; Then faded, and to follow them I burn'd And ached for wings, because I knew the three; The first was a fair Maid, and Love her name; The second was Ambition, pale of cheek" "1st, The man-mountain shall not depart from our dominions, without our license under our great seal. 2d, He shall not presume to come into our metropolis, without our express order; at which time, the inhabitants shall have two hours warning to keep within doors. 4th, As he walks the said roads, he shall take the utmost care not to trample upon the bodies of any of our loving subjects, their horses, or carriages, nor take any of our subjects into his hands without their own consent ..."

Apostrophe/Monologue - addressing directly either a person or personified thing used to convey emotions that can no longer be held back. When addressing a person it's a monologue.

"O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the city that kills the prophets and stones those sent to her! How often I want to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her brood under her wings, but you will not have it!" "Ma, I'm sorry for who I am" "Twinkle tinkle little star, how I wonder what you are" "Do you know what it feels like to..."

Sententia - quoting a maxim, wise saying, and applying it to the current situation

"Of course to know him is to love him" "Naturally to understand all is to forgive all" "A house divided against itself cannot stand"

Prosthesis and Syncope - adding extra sound or syllable to a word and Syncope which is taking away sounds or syllables from a word

"Old fond eyes, beweep this cause again...." "I have bedimm'd the noontide sun ..." "Thus much let me avow-" "Tearing of papers, breaking rings a-twain" "Yet first to those ychain'd in sleep" "So trembled from afar-" "For talking age and whisp'ring lovers made! Ill fares the land, to hast'ning ills a prey, And his last falt'ring accents whisper'd praise." "thou grew'st unto the shores o' the haven, And question'dst every sail"

Redefinition - redefining a common phrase to fit your usage/point usually using rhyming words.

"Public pretender" "Land of the free home of the slaves" "Phantom of the Chakras"

Appositive - two nouns for the same subject close to each other

"She looked like a mechanical woman, a machine with flashing, glassy circles for eyes." "The Koeberg Nuclear Power Station, Africa's only nuclear power plant" "My father, a fat, funny man with beautiful eyes and a subversive wit"

Blank Verse - un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter. Often used in descriptive and reflective poems and dramatic monologues. Can be Iamb pentameter blank verse, Trochee blank verse, Anapest blank verse, Dactyl blank verse

"Something there is that doesn't love a wall. That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it, And spills the upper boulders in the sun;" "You stars that reign'd at my nativity, Whose influence hath allotted death and hell, Now draw up Faustus like a foggy mist. Into entrails of yon labouring clouds"

Dissonance & Cacophony & Euphony - Euphony uses words which having pleasant and harmonious effects. Generally, the long vowel sounds (A, E, I, O, U), the semi-vowels (w, s, y, and 'th' or 'wh'), and the harmonious and semi vowel consonants (l, m, n, r, and soft f and v sounds) are considered to be euphonious. Cacophony, on the other hand, uses consonants in combinations that require explosive delivery (e.g., p, b, d, g, k, ch-, sh- etc.). The unpleasantness of cacophony is utilized by writers to present dreadful or distasteful situations.

"St, there's Vespers! Plena gratia. Ave, Virgo! Gr-r-r-you swine!" "Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun. The frumious Bandersnatch!" "Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless. With fruit the vines that round the thatch -eves run; To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core; To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells. With a sweet kernel; to set budding more, And still more, later flowers for the bees..."

Sesquipedalian - to use long multi syllable word for humor or effect

"Supercalifragalisticexpealidocious" "honorificabilitudinitatibus"

Sibilance - strongly stressed consonants are created deliberately by producing air from vocal tracts through the use of lips and tongue. Mostly 's' sounds but also sh, ch, and th, including three others such as z, x, f and soft c sounds.

"Sweet dreams of pleasant streams. By happy silent moony beams. Sweet sleep with soft down." "surveying vantage, With furbished arms and new supplies of men... till seven at night. To make society" "Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless"

Oxymoron/Paradox - contradictory phrase or statements

"Symphonic silence" "Brilliant darkness" "Wise fool" "I am nobody" "The enemy of my enemy is my friend" "His honour rooted in dishonoured stood" "I find no peace, and all my war is done" "Dove-feather'd raven! wolvish-ravening lamb! A damned saint, an honourable villain!" "They called it useless pain, if that's true, it's the most helpful useless pain I've ever known" "My strength lies in my defenselessness" "All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others." "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair ..., we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way ..." "Why then, O brawling love, O loving hate, anything, of nothing first create! heavy lightness, serious vanity, Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms ... Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health, Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!"

Reposition - rearranging two Word/Phrases to create of a mixture of two known things.

"Tay Jesla" "Slum Dog Opera"

Portmanteau - two words joined together to form a new word

"Tell-empathy" "Edu-tainment" "Telethon"

Tone - tone is the overall atmosphere, it can be conveyed in dialogue usually but not limited to them, setting, themes, and symbols all can contribute to the tone as well.

"That's great!!!" [cheerful] "Yeah, great! That's what I expected." [sarcastic.] "Yeah, your grades on this exam will be as good as the previous exams." [pessemistic] "Can someone tell me what the hell is going on here?" [aggressive] "And the trees all died. They were orange trees. I don't know why they died, they just died." [Gloom] "I shall be telling this with a sigh. Somewhere ages and ages hence. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I." [uninterested] "It was very late and everyone had left the cafe except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light. In the day time the street was dusty, but at night the dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference." [Sincerity] "Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless. With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core; To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells, With a sweet kernel; to set budding more" [Romanticism]

Anapest - pentameter where the first two syllables are unstressed and the third is stressed.

"The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold, And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee." "I am monarch of all I survey, My right there is none to dispute. From the centre all round to the sea, I am lord of the fowl and the brute." "Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house. Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse"

Onomatopoeia/Auditory Imagery - using words that creates colorful imagined sound effects like: buzz, pow, screech, snap, gouge, zap, zip, urp, roar, whirl, blip, whimper, wring, crush, cruise, oink, bark, tweet, chirp, giggle, wizz, whirl, moan, murmuring, zip, bop, ch-aching, ding, achoo, creak, fizzle, grunt, hum, patter, swoosh, slurp, yap, coo, hiss, howl, peep, purr, quack, ribbit, squeak, whistle, crunch and especially live dialogue in real time using words like; muttered, blurted, gasped

"The flies buzzing and whizzing around" "All I heard was the snip snip snipping of scissors and the hum of sewing machines" "If you like the plop plop plop of a faucet at 3 am you will love this sink" "This is the heart beat of the office "ka-chunk, ka-chunk" "What's that I hear *makes jet engine noise* a charter jet" "The voice of the last cricket across the first frost. It is so thin a splinter of singing." "Knock knock knocking on my door"

Parenthesis - a word or phrase to add emphasis to the words preceding and/or following (usually interrupting conscious flow).Some using: in fact, of course, indeed, I think, without doubt, to be sure, naturally, it seems, after all, for all that, in brief, on the whole, in short, to tell the truth, in any event, clearly, I suppose, I hope at least, assuredly, certainly, remarkably, definitely, in formal writing, in no uncertain terms, you know, clearly.

"The lake was not, in fact, drained" "I need he sat alone, mind you, the world keeps spinning" "The truth is not, indeed, of equal importance but..." "In short, the cobbler neglected his soul" "To be sure, no one desires to live in a foul disgusting environment. But neither do we want to desert our city" "In was a hot day, indeed" "Indeed, the waters I give him will become in him a spring of water welling up to eternal life" "The Bradys, clearly a happy family, lived in a old house with squeaky floors" "Some people, however unwilling, still came" "Your last remark" he said "is impertinent" "The problem is, as you know, we are building tomorrow on yesterday's budget" "Every time I think of this I rack my brain, and you guessed it, nothing comes out" "By the new calculations— and you can see them here, we are up-to-date" "In whatever respects, any one else is bold— I speak in foolishness, I'm just as bold myself"

Direct Characterization - when the author or character reveals another character through descriptive adjectives, epithets, or phrases.

"The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheek ... Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated." "Miss Tesmen, with her bonnet on a carrying a parasol, comes in from the hall, followed by Berta, who carries a bouquet wrapped in paper. Miss Tesmen is a comely and pleasant- looking lady of about sixty-five. She is nicely but simply dressed in a grey walking-costume. Berta is a middle-aged woman of plain and rather countrified appearance...George Tesmen comes from the right into the inner room ... He is a middle-sized, young-looking man ... He wears spectacles, and is somewhat carelessly dressed in comfortable indoor clothes."

Meiosis/Understate - deliberately make idea less important. Negating of a positive word.

"The painting didn't perfectly represent his subjects" "He is not very pretty" "We were not defeated" "Yes I know a little about rocks" "The second law of thermodynamics pretty much prevents any event of that" "They say this water is safe to drink but I'm not so sure" "I fear I am not in my perfect mind" "No good can come of it"

Cumulative - give main point but then adds more details after. Useful when the goal is clarity rather than suspense.

"The radiators put out lots of heat, too much, in fact, and old-fashioned sounds and smells came ..." "The unwieldy provision carts, draught horses, and heavily armed knights kept the advance down to nine miles a day, the huge horde moving in three parallel columns, cutting broad highways of litter and devastation through an already abandoned countryside"

Conduplicato - repetition of a key word in phrase

"The strength of the passions will never be accepted as an excuse for complying with them; the passions were designed for subjection, and if a man suffers them to get the upper hand, he then betrays the liberty of his own soul"

Iambic Meter - a unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. That pattern creates 1 iambic beat. Iambic dimeter (two iambs per line). Iambic trimester (three iambs per line). Iambic tetrameter (four iambs per line). Iambic pentameter (five iambs per line). Iambic hexameter (alexandrine; six iambs per line) (tú Túm)

"The way a crow/Shook down on me/The dust of snow/From a hemlock tree" "I wandered, lonely as a cloud"

Atmosphere - the setting, background, objects, mood, the way characters talk and move all contribute to the overall atmosphere or aura of everything.

"The woman raised her hands and stared at them; stared through them. Her voice was soft but tense. 'Blood on his hands.' Her own hands were clean and pale."

Accumulation - the act of accumulating points for emphasis

"Then shall our names, Familiar in his mouth as household words, Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter, Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester, Be in their flowing cups freshly remembered." "I don't know how to manage my time; he does. I don't know how to dance and he does. I don't know how to type and he does. I don't know how to drive ... " "A diversified, multi-cultural, post-modern deconstructionist; politically, anatomically and ecologically incorrect. I've been uplinked and downloaded, I've been inputted and outsourced. I know the upside of downsizing, I know the downside of upgrading." "Is this a holy thing to see. In a rich and fruitful land, Babes reduced to misery, Fed with cold and usurous hand? Is that trembling cry a song? Can it be a song of joy? And so many children poor? And their fields are bleak and bare, And their ways are filled with thorns." "Rangoon beans, strikes of tomatoes, drums of figs, drills of Swedes, spherical potatoes and tallies of iridescent kale, York and Savoy, and trays of onions, pearls of the earth, and punnets of mushrooms and custard marrows......and rape and red green yellow brown russet sweet big bitter ripe pomellated apples and chips of strawberries and sieves of gooseberries, pulpy and pelurious, and strawberries fit for princes and raspberries from their canes... "

Polyptoton - repeating a word but in a different way

"There is no end of it, the voiceless wailing, No end to the withering of withered flowers, To the movement of pain that is painless and motionless, To the drift of the sea and the drifting wreckage, The bone's prayer to Death its God. Only the hardly, barely prayable Prayer of the one Annunciation..." "My own heart's heart, and ownest own, farewell... My dream? do I dream of bliss? I have walk'd awake with Truth ... For my dark-dawning youth, Darken'd watching a mother decline And that dead man at her heart and mine... Yet so did I let my freshness die... Seal'd her mine from her first sweet breath. Mine, mine by a right, from birth till death. Mine, mine—our fathers have sworn." "Comfort to the comfortless" "Most popular to the unpopular" "Seen by the unseen" "In this journey you're the journalist"

Apophasis - deemphasize something by pointedly passing over it. Sometimes using: it need not be said, I won't mention, I don't mean to suggest or imply (can be used for irony), you need not be reminded, it is unnecessary to bring up, we can forget about, no one would suggest.

"Therefore, let no man talk to me of expedients..." "I will not bring up the matter of budget and deficit here" "If you weren't my father I'd say you were perverse" "She beautiful- to say nothing of her modesty and generosity" "I can pass over the fact that..." "I didn't noticed"

Metonymy - a form of metaphor where the metaphor image is closely associated but not actually part of the subject itself.

"This land belongs to the thrown" "You can't fight all of city hall" "By the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread" "The Mercurys rising, I'm dying from heat" "His blood be on us and our children" "Checkered flag waves across the finish line" "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." "Give every man thy ear, but few they voice."

Amplification - adding more detail almost to being redundant using repetition of a word or expression so that the reader doesn't gloss over it.

"This orchard, this lovely, shady orchard, is the main reason I bought this property" "He showed a rather simple taste, a taste for good for, good art, and good friends" "Pride— boundless pride is the bane of civilization" "Goethe's final words: 'More light.' Ever since we crawled out of that primordial slime, that's been our unifying cry: 'More light.' Sunlight. Torchlight. Candlelight. Neon. Incandescent ... Light is metaphor. Thy word is a lamp unto my feet. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Lead, Kindly Light, amid the encircling gloom, Lead Thou me on! The night is dark, and I am far from home — Lead Thou me on! Arise, shine, for thy light has come. Light is knowledge. Light is life. Light is light." "Mr. and Mrs. Veneering were bran-new people in a bran-new house in a bran-new quarter of London. Everything about the Veneerings was spick and span new. All their furniture was new, all their friends were new, all their servants were new, their place was new, ... their harness was new, their horses were new, their pictures were new, they themselves were new, they were as newly-married as was lawfully compatible with their having a bran-new baby ..."

Proverb/Adage/Aphorism - wisdom in a short amount of words

"Tis better to have loved and lost. Than never to have loved at all." "Things are not always what they seem." "Youth is a blunder; Manhood a struggle; Old age regret." "Go to work, go to church; let your dreams die" "Strike while the irons hot" "What you eat don't make me shit" "The man who removes a mountain begins by carrying away small stones." "Life's tragedy is that we get old too soon and wise too late."

Soliloquy - speaking internal emotions to yourself that are private from others. Great for insightful moments into the minds of characters.

"To be, or not to be? That is the question— Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune..." "O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And I'll no longer be a Capulet."

Distinctio - to explain the meaning of a word or add clarity to a thought Some -grasses often used are: if blank means blank, by blank I mean, that is, which is to say.

"To make methanol for twenty-five cents is impossible; by impossible I mean currently beyond technological capabilities" "The precipitate should be moved from the paper quickly— that is, within three minutes" "The process was a simple one, if by simple you mean easy to explain on paper." "The modern automobile, (and here I refer to the post seventy-five American car) is more of a..."

Symploce - using AB = AB or ABC = ABC structure:

"To think clearly and rationally should be the major goal for man; but to think clearly and rationally is always the greatest difficulty faced by man" "For want of a nail the shoe was lost. For want of a shoe the horse was lost." "The madman is not the man who has lost his reason. The madman is the man who has lost everything except his reason." "In the years after World War I my mother had put pennies for Grace but her Grace would never be finished. In the years after World War II, I would put pennies for Grace but my Grace would never be finished."

Autoantonym/Contronym - word with multiple meanings that may contradict the other

"To weather a storm means "to endure" the storm; or "to decay" A Adumbrate (1) To disclose; (2) To obscure[2] Anabasis (1) A military advance; (2) A difficult and dangerous military retreat[3] Annual (1) recurring every year; (2) (botany) only lasting a single year [4] Apology (1) An admission of error accompanied by a plea for forgiveness; (2) A formal defense or justification (as in Plato's Apology), also referred to as an apologia [5] Aught (1) Anything; (2) Zero, nothing [6] Awful (1) Originally used as a term to mean full of awe, a synonym of awesome; (2) now means something exceptionally bad. B Back up (1) To retreat; (2) to give support, therefore holding your ground. Bad (1) Undesirable or unpleasant; (2) (informally) desirable or fashionable. Before (1) Primarily British: in advance of ("the future is before us"). In American English, the phrase would typically be "The future is ahead of us."; (2) at an earlier time, previously ("our forefathers came before us")[7] Berm (1) A flat piece of land; (2) an artificial ridge of land. [8] Bill (1) A medium of money (e.g. "a $10 bill"); (2) a medium of money owed (e.g. "a bill for $10"). Bolt (1) To fasten into a fixed position or place; (2) to leave one's current place rapidly, with great acceleration. Similar contrary meanings to 'bound', 'buckle', and 'fast'. Bomb Success; failure. Boned (1) an adjective describing bones (as in "big-boned"); (2) an adjective, based on the past tense of the verb "bone", meaning that bones have been removed (as in a "boned chicken"). Bound Not actually a case of a contronym, but a homonym. Webster's has six separate entries for "bound". The first is a synonym for "going", as in college-bound or hellbound, from Germanic buan. The fourth is based on the past tense of "bind", where one is held in place, and not going at all, from Germanic bintan. [9] Note also: moving e.g. homeward bound and unable to move e.g. housebound. Brainstorm A success or a failure in the thought process. Break An opportunity; a problem. Buckle (1) To secure, tighten, hold (by fastening with a buckle); (2) to collapse after being acted upon by an external force, as in "to buckle under the strain" [10] C Chuffed In British slang this has come to mean "pleased", synonymous to "puffed up"; an older definition, also colloquial is "displeased, upset". Specifically, "chuff" is the sound of exhaust being emanated, as from a train engine. Chilly (1) "Cold enough to cause discomfort; feeling uncomfortably cold". (2) An alternative spelling of chili. Citation A commendation; a condemnation. Cleave This is a homophone, where two words, spelled and pronounced alike, have different origins. (1) "To adhere firmly", from Old English clifian. (2) to split (as with a cleaver), from Old English cleofan [11] Clip This is a homophone. (1) "to clasp or fasten with a clip", is from Anglo-Saxon clyppan. (2) "to cut or cut off" (with clippers or scissors) is from Old Norse klippa. Commencement The beginning; the end. Consequential (1) Following as an effect, result, or conclusion; consequent. (2) Having important consequences; significant. Consult To give advice; to receive advice. Consume In regard to calories, one can consume them by ingesting them, or by expending them. Contemporary contemporary alone means "modern", but with a reference point it may also mean "at a specific time in the past". Continue The verb continue means "to keep doing"; however the noun form continuation, in legal usage, means "to pick up later", particularly in the form continuance. Cool In commonly accepted slang, cool means happy, pleasant, agreeable; but when referring to a personal interaction, especially in politics, it usually means "less than agreeable" or "polite but strained" (he received a cool reception to his speech). Could care less This malapropism of the expression "couldn't care less" is often used with its meaning of "to not care at all"; however literally it means "to care at least somewhat". critical Can mean "vital to success" (a critical component), or "disparaging" (a critical comment).[10] custom As a noun, this means "conventional behavior"; but as an adjective, it means "specially designed". D Depurate To purify; to make impure. Discursive In essay structure, it can mean: (1) to be rambling or freeform (American usage); (2) to be strictly structured (British usage). Disposed As a past tense verb, disposed means "removed" or "gotten rid of"; as an adjective; disposed means "available". Downhill When referring to difficulty, it means "progressively easier"; but when referring to status or condition, it means "progressively worse".[10] Dry Having no water (such as alcohol); having no alcohol. Dust As a verb, "to dust" can mean either "to remove dust from" (as in "dusting furniture") or "to add dust to" (as in "dusting a cake with powdered sugar"); also commonly used to refer to "dusting for fingerprints."[10] Dyke Ditch dug for irrigation, or flood defence built from material dug from ditch. E Egregious Adjective meaning outstandingly bad or shocking; in a different context it can mean remarkably good. Either As an adjective, it can either mean "one or the other of two", as in "you either passed or failed your test" or "each of two; the one and the other" as in "there are trees on either side of the river". Enduring Can mean either "long lasting" or "suffering through". In some context this can lead to antonymic word play, as Noam Chomsky pointed out in connection with George W. Bush's name for the war in Afghanistan: "Enduring Freedom". Enjoin a verb meaning "instruct" or "command" can be used as "to require" or "to forbid," as in a judicial order -- not really an autoantonym, but fun just the same. Notice that "instruct" and "command" could as easily be pressed into the same service. Eventual Current use, applied to a future event or occurrence, means "inevitable, given enough time": "His eventual appointment to the Board..." An older usage, applied in the same situation, means "possible, subject to contingencies". Execute To execute a person is to end their life; to execute a program is to start it [Note: This contradiction arises from a shift in meaning of execution in the sense of capital punishment; what is being executed is technically the sentence of death (i.e. it is being started, just like starting a program), but the usage has shifted away from the sentence and to the prisoner]. [RLC 19 July 2007] F Fast Fast can mean either "to move or do quickly" or it can mean "to not move," as in "holding fast". As an adjective, it can also convey both meanings: "The rabbit is fast;" "The door is fast."[10] Fearful Fearful can mean either "causing fear" or "[being] full of fear"[12]. fearsome Similar to "fearful", "fearsome" can also mean either "causing fear" or "inclined to fear" [13]. Fine Fine can mean either "of superior quality", or (informally) "acceptable or satisfactory". Fix Fix can mean either "to mend" or it can mean "to break", as in "I'll fix you". (It can also mean to render an animal infertile, which relates to the latter.) Flank Flank can either mean to protect the sides of something or to attack the flanks. For As seen on a shampoo bottle, "For oily hair" meaning what you want to get away from; and "For best results" meaning what you want to get to. Fulsome Fulsome can mean offensively flattering or insincere, or abundant or copious. G Garnish With food, the verb means "to add to"; with wages, it means "to take from". (Strictly speaking, though, the intention of the latter is to mean something added to the charges against the wages, alongside insurance, taxes, etc.) Generally Usually true, but also subject to exception. The meaning "all-inclusive, without exception" is now obsolete, except in mathematics, where it still occasionally causes confusion. H Hack A hack can be a clever, ingenious solution; or an ugly, temporary one. handicap Advantage (e.g. in sport) or disadvantage/disability.[14] Hardly Either barely just, or with extreme power. Hew "To separate" as well as "to stick (to)" (when used with "to"); cf. "cleave" above. Hoi polloi The ordinary people; or the fancy or rich people, the elite. Hold up to hold up can mean to support or aid, or to hinder or impede. I Impassionate (1) Strongly affected; (2) without passion or feeling. Impregnable (1) Impossible to enter; (2) able to be entered and impregnated. Incorporate (adjective) Injoint to injoint can mean to separate, or to join. (Both meanings are obsolete.) J Just now (1) A moment ago (past); (2) Now (in the present); (3) (Scotland, South Africa) In a little while (future). L Lease (1) To lend; (2) to borrow. Left As a past tense verb, it means "to have gone"; as an adjective; it means "remaining". Let as a verb usually means "allow"; in an older (but not obsolete) sense it means "prevent". Like hell With one's utmost power and effort ("to run like hell"); or not at all ("like hell I did!"). Literally In addition to the standard meaning of "word for word", "not figuratively", this has long had an additional, informal usage as a general intensifier for figurative statements. Livid Discolored as from a bruise or ashen with shock or dull blue or grayish-blue; reddish or flushed or enraged or furiously angry. Lurid Can mean either pale or glowing with color. M Mediocre It can mean ordinary, neither good nor bad; or rather poor or inferior. Mild in relation to food it can mean not hot; when describing the weather it is generally used to describe conditions that are warmer than expected, e.g. "a mild winter". Moot formerly and more acceptably meaning "open for discussion, debatable", it is now more commonly used to mean "irrelevant to discussion or debate". Mosey it can mean to move quickly; or to move leisurely. N Nerveless nerveless can mean fearful and lacking courage, or calm and controlled. Nonplussed It can mean so surprised and confused that one is unsure how to react or not disconcerted, unperturbed.[15] O Off Generally, something being off means it is not operating; however when an alarm goes off, it means it has started operating (or when a person goes off, it means they have become very agitated). Original original either means plain, or unchanged (as in original flavour), or it could mean something creative or new (an original idea). Out Similar to off, to take something out means to remove it; but to bring something out is to exhibit it prominently. For instance saying that "the lights are out" means they are not shining, but saying "the stars are out" means they are easily visible. Outstanding exceptional, prominent, excellent; but also unsettled, unresolved, overdue. Overlook (1) To watch closely; (2) to fail to notice. Overpowered when used as an adjective, it means the subject in question possesses more power than expected. But if used as a passive verb, it is a form of "overpower," meaning that the subject has been defeated by a greater power. Oversight When used as a general concept, this word is the noun form of oversee, which means "to manage and be in charge of". But when used to refer to a specific incident, it becomes the noun form of overlook, meaning "error" or lapse in proper management.[10] P Pants As a verb, "to pants someone" can mean to either to apply pants to or to remove them from their body. Peruse Although considered an error by most usage experts, the word peruse is commonly understood to mean "to skim over" or "to glance at". The accepted definition is "to examine closely".[16] Pitch [idiomatic] To discard. Also, to promote. A headline from the washingtonpost.com edition of January 6, 2009, reading "Obama Pitches Stimulus Plan" is ambiguous, though the "promote" meaning is intended. Pitted having pits; having pits removed. Do "pitted olives" contain pits? Presently Its older meaning is "immediately"; its contemporary meaning is "in a while". Priceless Usually it refers to something so valuable that no price can be set; but it can also mean worthless. Public as a noun, it refers to the common people of a society; however as an adjective, it normally refers to things operated by the government. (Of course, such government operations are maintained for public use. Furthermore, under representative democracy, the people and the government are considered one and the same by definition.) [17]. In the UK, the term public school refers to a type of private school. Put out to put out can be to create or produce, or to extinguish (a flame) or injure. Q Qualified can mean "limited" (as in "qualified success"); or "skilled, skilful" (as in "a qualified expert"). Quantum leap in technical usage, the smallest measurable increment; informally, a radical change. Quiddity can mean either the essence of a thing, or a quibble. R Reflexive can mean "marked by reflection" or "characterized by habitual, unthinking behavior"[18] Rent can be used to mean paying to use something, as in "I'm renting an apartment", or used to mean taking money to let someone else something of yours, as in "We rent cars to anyone, no questions asked."[10] Replace can mean "to restore to a former place or position" (e.g. "I replaced the old rug after washing it"), or "to put something new in the place of" (e.g. "I replaced the old rug with a new one"). Ambiguous sentence: "When the brakes are worn-out, take them out and replace them." Reservation as a concrete noun, this can be "a confirmation" of availability; as an abstract noun, it is "a fear or uncertainty". Resign when someone resigns a contract (transitive) he commits to continuing his involvement in some activity. On the other hand, when he resigns (intransitive) he relieves himself of that commitment. The former is sometimes hyphenated (i.e. re-sign) to emphasize its pronunciation and differentiate the pair. For example, to resign from work is to end the work, while to resign oneself to work is to give up all hope of ending the work. Rhotacism can mean overuse of the letter R, or the inability to pronounce it. S Sanction "To permit"; or "to restrict" (as in "economic sanctions").[10] Scan originally, this word meant "to examine closely"; but has come to mean "to look over hastily". Screen conceal with or as if with a screen; or "to display prominently" as in screening a film. Secreted usually obvious due to context; but this can mean either "hidden" (secreted away), or "exposed" (secreted from a wound). The former is the verb form of "secret", and is pronounced with the emphasis on the first syllable. The latter is the past tense of "secrete" and is pronounced with the emphasis on the second syllable. (This would not be a contronym, but a homograph, where two words from different roots are spelled the same, but pronounced differently.) Secular worldly, not eternal; or, lasting for many years [19] seed to plant a field, or to clean seeds from a fruit.[10] Seeded with seeds; or without seeds. Set can mean to fix in place or to move (e.g. in {{l|en|set out) Several originally meaning "separate, single, or individual" (as in "the several states" referred to in the US Constitution), it is now understood to mean "plural, more than two". Shed to put into a shed (as in "I'm going to shed the lawnmower for the winter"), or to remove (as in "the snake shed its skin"). Shelled shelled can describe either the result of removing a shell (e.g., we shelled the hazelnuts) or describe something that has a shell (e.g., turtles are like shelled snakes with legs) or describe the act of adding shells (the USS Nimitz shelled Baghdad). Show-stopper in the standard usage, this means "something that is strikingly attractive or has great popular appeal". Recent usage particularly in the computer industry means "something catastrophic" (often a bug that makes an implementation effectively unusable).[20] Sick used with a standard definition, this word can mean "disgusted; revolted", but used colloquially, it can mean "very pleasant; agreeable". Sinople a color word that can mean either green or red, depending on usage. Skin to add skin (e.g. "skin that kayak"), or to remove it (e.g. "skin that deer"). Slave to work like a slave; drudge or to engage in the slave trade; procure, transport, or sell slaves. Stakeholder historically and legally means to hold (but not have an interest in) a stake; however, the term is now sometimes used, especially re corporate governance, to reference one who does have an interest in an issue. Stay can mean stopping an action ("stay the execution"), or to continue an action ("stay the course" - note: the original meaning of the phrase "stay the course" was in the first sense; that is, to stop the course of action). Stem to make headway on something (e.g. "if the wind will only die down, we shall be able to stem the first of the flood"), or to restrict something (e.g. "we need to stem the bleeding"). Strike normally meaning "to hit", in baseball it means "to miss", and an extension of this usage has led to the meaning "to make a mistake". Further adding to the contradiction, in bowling it refers to the best possible play. Another contradiction results with the phrase strike out: the baseball lineage leads to the meaning "to run out of hope"; but the original lineage also leads to the meaning "to start pursuing a desire". Suspicious can mean that a person is acting in a way that suggests wrongdoing (e.g. "He seems very suspicious"); or can mean that the person in question suspects wrongdoing in others (e.g. "He was suspicious of her motives.") T Table (1) To raise an issue for discussion (more common in the UK); (2) to lay an issue aside and discontinue discussion (more common in the US). Targeted as an adjective, it can mean either "aimed at" or "being aimed at". Tease (1) To comb; (2) to back-comb. Temper (1) To soften or mollify; (2) to strengthen (e.g. a metal). Terrible (1) Formidable; (2) lousy. Terrific Originally and still used to mean "inducing terror", but has now come to have a positive connotation as well, meaning "fantastic" or "amazing". throw out Can mean either to "to discard" something or "to offer an idea". Trim can mean "to add decoration to" (trim the (Christmas) tree); or "to remove from" (trim the bushes). Tripping a fluid effortless motion; or the act of falling due to an unforeseen obstacle. Trying as an adjective, 'hard to endure'; as a verb, 'to make an effort'. A teacher's report may say, "Your child is trying". [21] U Unbending rigid, inflexible, refusing to yield or compromise, as in "his stance against reform was unbending"; or becoming less tense, relaxing, as in "unbending a little, she confided..." Unshelled not removed from their shells (adjective); or having been removed from their shells (the past tense and past participle of "to unshell"). The ambiguity therefore arises when in the adjective is used predicatively, as in "The eggs were unshelled", which can mean "The eggs had not been removed from their shells" or "The eggs were removed from their shells" (someone unshelled them). V Vault (1) A small locked box; (2) the expanse of the heavens. W Weather to weather a storm means "to endure" the storm; but generally to weather means "to decay".[22] Wicked The strict definition of the adjective is "evil"; the now generally accepted slang usage (barring regional quirks) is roughly equivalent to "very good". Wind up (1) To start; (2) to finish. With can mean 'against' or 'in opposition to', e.g. The United States fought with Great Britain in the War of 1812. Also denotes a close association between two or more participants, e.g. The United States fought with Great Britain against Germany in World War II.

Epigraph - use of a quote to set the tone of an original work. Usually a form of quotation(s), proverb(s), lyric(s), line(s), or verse(s), or even parts of a conversation.

"Verily, verily, I say unto you, except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it dies, it bringeth forth much fruit." "Behind every great fortune there is a crime."

Aphorism/Rhetorical Question - a question that doesn't need an answer, either yes or no, or is very obvious.

"We shrink from change, yet, is there anything that comes into being without it?" "If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" "If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?" "Praise is the reflection of the virtue. But it is the reflection glass or body which giveth the reflection." "For you have but mistook me all this while. I live with bread like you, feel want, Taste grief, need friends: subjected thus, How can you say to me I am a king?"

Inverted Sentence - used for particular emphasis or meter by Placing an adjective after the noun it qualifies, ex. the soldier strong Placing a verb before its subject ex. shouts the policeman Placing a noun before its preposition ex. worlds between

"What a beautiful picture it is!" "Where in the world were you!" "How wonderful the weather is today!" "To me alone there came a thought of grief" "Here by the rose-tree they planted once of Love in Jeopardy an Italian bronze."

Epizeuxis -repetition of one word for emphasis in quick succession.

"What are you reading?" Hamlet: "Words, words, words" "Have you ever ever ever been depressed so bad..." "And my poor fool is hanged! No, no, no life! And thou no breath at all? Thou'lt come no more, Never, never, never, never!" "Alone, alone, all, all alone, Alone on a wide, wide sea." "There's little in taking or giving, There's little in water or wine; This living, this living, this living Was never a project of mine." "As long as he holds his breath, it will not rain, there will be no raindrops, no schizoid water wobbling, sideways, straight back, it will be an even, even, even, even, even, even, even world..."

Hypophora - raising one or more questions then preceding to answer them. This can be done to connect with audience by asking questions they had or hadn't even thought to ask this steering the conversation.

"What then shall we say that Abraham, our forefather, discovered in this matter? What does the scripture say? Abraham believed God." "But it is certainly possible to ask, how hot is the hottest point in an oven? The answer is..." "Thirty-one cakes, dampened with whiskey, bask on window sills and shelves. Who are they for? Friends. Not necessarily neighbor friends: indeed, the larger share is intended for persons we've met maybe once, perhaps not at all. People who've struck our fancy. Like President Roosevelt." "What's before me? Routines that bore me, punch the clock at 8" "Why do you do it? why does a bird fly? Why does the sunshine? It does it because that's what he was made to do"

Zeugma - one verb for literal and metaphorical meaning, or more general merging things together

"When she fell, her legs broke and so did her heart" "With one mighty swing he knocked through the window and two spectators off their chairs" "He grabbed his hat and a kiss from his wife" "To be that wise and that loving requires years of learning" "Hours, minutes, moments all pass away." "A bag full of everything except is home"

Double Entendre - a phrase that has more than one meaning, often relying on wordplay

"Would someone explain who'd leave a dick in charge of a bush and colon I'm screwed" "Most of y'all don't get the picture unless the flash is on"

Active Voice/Passive - the Subject comes before the Verb and Object, passive is where the Object/Verb come after the Subject. Active Voice is easier to follow and streamlined. The passive voice is where the action or object is stressed rather than the subject. Style guides warn against passive voices because it makes reading slower and more ambiguous but it's used often in scientific papers and poetry.

"You know, at one time, I used to break into pet shops to liberate the canaries. But I decided that was an idea way before its time." "I looked at him, lost in astonishment...'Ah, he talked to you of love!' I said, much amused. 'It isn't what you think,' he cried, almost passionately." "A book was written." "The function is ruined." "In the beginning the universe was created" "Her bones were found round thirty years later when they razed her building to put up a parking lot."

Allusion - a reference to something else not explicitly stated, weather person, pop culture, historical event. Refreshes and energizes the listeners mind.

"You'll never catch me slipping on the grassy knoll, or at the bottom of a well screaming Lassie no" "I fell out of the sky like baby Superman to a farm on Kansas" "An eye like Mars' to threaten and command" "He was a Good Samaritan yesterday when he helped the lady start her car." "This place is my Eden." "It lasted 40 days and 40 nights" "When the leaves Russel, and the cocks Crows winter" "We never had a mutual relationship with Washington"

Hypotaxis - Lesser ideas are linked to higher ideas by clauses (sometimes before or after), sometimes using

"although", "In fact", "because", "and" "While I am in the world, I am the light of the world" "While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping" "One December morning near the end of the year, when snow was falling moist and heavy for miles all around so that the earth, and the sky were indivisible, Mrs. Bridge emerged from her home and spread her umbrella."

Volta - sudden turn in story/theme/thought/argument

"and your death. For years I didn't know what to do with it. You would have liked this story: how a child slips grief into a careless pocket." "Spider on the cold expanse of glass, three stories high rests intently and so purely alone. I'm not like that!" "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun, Coral is far more red, than her lips red, If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun: If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head: And yet by heaven I think my love as rare"

Pacing - shows how fast a story unfolds. It is because when readers feel frustration in the length of the story, the writers use different techniques to control the pace of the story.

Action - An action scene dramatizes the significant events of the story and shows what happens in a story. Cliffhanger - When the end of a chapter or scene is left hanging, naturally the pace picks up, because readers would turn the pages to see what happens next. Dialogue - A rapid fire dialogue with lesser or irrelevant information is captivating, swift and invigorates scenes. Word Choice - The language itself is a means of pacing, like using concrete words, active voice, and sensory information.

Octave

Canzonetta Each stanza of this verse form follows rhyme scheme of a, b, a, b, c, d, c, D. or a, b, a, b, c, b, c, B. the last line may repeat any meter. Cavatina It appears in quatrains with uneven couplets and ends with a declamatory rhyming couplet. It follows alternating iambic pentameter and iambic dimeter lines. The rhyme scheme is: xaxa xbxb xcxc, where x is unrhymed. Ottava Rima This form of octave contains 8 lines, which usually appear in iambic pentameter pattern. Each stanza contains three alternate rhyming lines with one double rhyme. It follows rhyme scheme of a-b-a-b-a-b-c-c. Sicilian Octave This verse form contains eight lines with 11 syllables, called hendecasyllable in Italian. It follows the rhyme scheme of a-b-a-b-a-b-a-b. Italian or Petrarchan Octave Initially, it did not follow any set rhyming patter; however, later on it followed iambic pentameter with rhyme scheme of a-b-b-a-a-b-b-a. Hymnal and Common Octave It follows rhyming pattern a-b-c-b-a-b-c-b. The first one uses iambic tetrameter and the second one uses iambic trimeter. Octave Sometimes it is in the form of free or blank verse or unusual pattern. However, the most common rhyming pattern for this verse form is a-b-b-a-a-b-b-a. Huitain consists of 8 or 10 syllables with each line having rhyming pattern of a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c or a-b-a-b-a-c-a-c Sicilian Octave It does not have a set form, but commonly follows rhyming pattern of a-b-a-b-a-b-a-b. Strambotto Tuscano - It follows rhyme scheme of a-b-a-b-a-b-c-c. Each line contains 11 syllables. Strambotto Siciliano - It uses a rhyming pattern a-b-a-b-a-b-a-b. There are 11 syllables in each line. Strambotto Romagnuolo - It uses rhyme scheme of a-b-a-b-c-c-d-d with 11 syllables in each line. Unwreathed Octave - It also uses double rhymes with external rhyme as b-a-b-d-c-d-c and Internal rhyme a-b-a-c-d-c-x. There is no set meter. Wreathed Octave - It also has double rhymes with external rhyme as a-b-a-b-c-d-c-d and internal rhyme follows the pattern of x-a-b-a-d-c-d-c.

Couplet

Elegiac Couplet: the couplet is comprised of a hexameter line (i.e., six poetic feet) followed by a line in pentameter (i.e., five poetic feet). This creates a sense of rising action in the first line and falling action in the second. Ancient Greek elegy was always written with this type of couplet. "In the hexameter rises the fountain's silvery column, In the pentameter aye falling in melody back." Heroic Couplet: A heroic couplet is fairly similar to the elegiac couplet but the meter of heroic couplets is usually iambic pentameter, though some poets took liberties with changing the meter at times to provide a sort of closure. "There was a time in my demented youth When somehow I suspected that the truth About survival after death was known 170 To every human being: I alone Knew nothing, and a great conspiracy Of books and people hid the truth from me." Chinese Couplet: Chinese couplets have two lines and have the same metrical length; like the other examples of couplets, the two lines must be contextually related. However, they must adhere to certain strict rules that involve the tonality of the characters used; the pattern of tones in line 1 must be inverted in the second line. "Distance tests a horse's strength; time reveals a person's heart" Sonnet: The English sonnet form, also known as Elizabethan or Shakespearean, is a fourteen-line poem that concludes with a final couplet. The first twelve lines, divided into three quatrains, set up a situation, and the final couplet provides a sort of resolution, answer, or change in understanding. (See Example

Lyric - a collection of verses and choruses to make a song or short non narrative poem. There are several types of lyric used in poems such as given below

Elegy - An elegy is a mournful, sad, or melancholic poem or a song that expresses sorrow for someone who has bee lost, or died. Originally, it followed a structure using a meter alternating six foot and five foot lines. However, modern elegies do not follow such a pattern, though the mood of the poem remains the same. Ode - An ode is a lyric poem that expresses intense feelings, such as love, respect, or praise for someone or something. Like an elegy, an ode does not follow any strict format or structure, though it uses refrains or repeated lines. It is usually longer than other lyrical forms, and focuses on positive moods of life. Sonnet - A sonnet uses fourteen lines, and follows iambic pentameter with five pairs of accented and unaccented syllables. The structure of a sonnet, with predetermined syllables and rhyme scheme, makes it flow off the tongues of readers in way similar way to a on song on the radio. Dramatic Monologue - A dramatic monologue has theatrical quality, which means that the poem portrays a solitary speaker communing with the audience, without any dialogue coming from other characters. Usually, the speaker talks to a specific person in the poem. Occasional Poetry - Poets write occasional poetry for specific occasions such as weddings, anniversaries, birthdays, victories, and dedications, such as John Dryden's "Annus Mirabilis," and Edmund Spencer's "Epithalamion."

Maxim/Idiom/Merism/Colloquialism/Euphemism - common phrases for poetic effect, extending the idiom into metaphor for colorful imagery

Euphemism is a board term to avoid a less socially acceptable thing: Do it (sex), Pass Away (death), On the streets (homeless) "Hook line and sinker" "If life's a bitch then I'm slow dancing a song on, romancing her thong off and taking her with me" "Married to the game, but she broke her vows " "Where there's smoke there's fire" "Bamboozle - to deceive" (See App)

Tercet

Haiku is a Japanese type of tercet. It is a three-line poem based usually on nature, and follows five-seven-five syllable counts. "Autumn moonlight— a worm digs silently into the chestnut." Triplet has three rhymed lines in each stanza. Its rhyme scheme is AAA. "Whenas in silks my Julia goes, Then, then, methinks, how sweetly flows The liquefaction of her clothes..." Enclosed or Sicilian Tercet uses a rhyme scheme of ABA. In simple words, the first and third lines rhyme together and enclose a rhyming middle line. It means each line uses ten syllables with emphasis on each second syllable. "I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. I feel my fate in what I cannot fear. I learn by going where I have to go. We think by feeling. What is there to know? I hear my being dance from ear to ear. I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow." Villanelle Another type of triplet which uses five tercets and one quatrain. It follows the rhyme scheme as: A1 b A2 / a b A1 / a b A2 / a b A1 / a b A2 / a b A1 A2. Are you not weary of ardent ways, (A1) Lure of the fallen seraphim? (b) Tell no more of enchanted days. (A2) Your eyes have set man's heart ablaze (a) And you have had your will of him. (b) Are you not weary of ardent ways? (A1) Above the flame the smoke of praise (a) Goes up from ocean rim to rim. (b) Tell no more of enchanted days. (A2) Our broken cries and mournful lays (a) Rise in one eucharistic hymn. (b) Are you not weary of ardent ways? (A1) While sacrificing hands upraise (a) The chalice flowing to the brim, (b) Tell no more of enchanted days. (A2) And still you hold our longing gaze (a) With languorous look and lavish limb! (b) Are you not weary of ardent ways? (A1) Tell no more of enchanted days. (A2) Terza Rima is one of the most challenging types of tercet. It usually follows iambic pentameter with rhyme scheme of ABA BCB CDC. This is a complicated rhyme scheme that binds stanzas together in which the second line in each stanza rhyme with the next tercet "O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being, Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou, Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow..."

Kinesthesia - gives the sensation or movement natural or bodily with vivid words.

Touch: Like running fingers on silk fabric Physical movement: Gives feelings of involvement in an activity, like walking on grass Temperature: For example, it might involve sunlight falling over the body Feelings: Internal feelings, like being angry, sad, happy, peaceful, and calm. 'Trot', 'she clogged over', 'they scurried away', 'jolted up' "Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance..." "Brisk motion"

Trochaic - a pentameter marked by a stressed and then a unstressed syllable

Trochaic Tetrameter: It is a type of meter consisting of four stressed syllables per line. For example, "By the shores of Gitche Gu". Trochaic Heptamer: It is a type of meter consisting of seven stressed syllables per line. Such as, "Now Sam McGee was from Tennessee, where the cotton blooms and". Trochaic Pentameter: It is a type of meter consisting of five stressed syllables per line. "And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor". Iambic Trimeter: It is a type of meter consisting of three stressed syllables per line. For example, "This has neither wax nor". Catalexis: The absence of a syllable in the final foot in a line is called catalexis. More examples: "And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting" "Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and caldron bubble. Scale of dragon; tooth of wolf; Witches' mummy; maw and gulf..." "Earth, receive an honoured guest; William Yeats is laid to rest: Let this Irish vessel lie Emptied of its poetry."