Rock cycle

uplift

(geology) a rise of land to a higher elevation (as in the process of mountain building)

erosion

(geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)

Gneiss

A metamorphic rock formed from granite.

Quartzite

A metamorphic rock formed from sandstone.

Schist

A metamorphic rock formed from shale.

Limestone

A sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals; may or may not contain shells

Sandstone

A sedimentary rock formed by cementing grains of sand over time.

Shale

A sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of successive layers of clay.

Coquina

A sedimentary rock made from fossilized seashells stuck together.

Breccia

A sedimentary rock made with large, angled particles.

Conglomerate

A sedimentary rock made with large, rounded particles.

obsidian

A shiny, usually black, volcanic glass. Obsidian forms above ground from lava that is similar in composition to the magma from which granite forms underground, but cools so quickly that minerals do not have a chance to form within it.

pumice

A usually light-colored, porous, lightweight rock of volcanic origin. The pores form when water vapor and gases escape from the lava during its quick solidification into rock. When the bubbles burst, the rock is left looking "spongy". Pumice can be so light that it floats on water. It's a light grey color.

weathering

Chemical or physical process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces.

dense

Closely packed together

interlocking crystals

Crystals that lock together and grow into each other.

felsic

Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color.

heat

Energy in transit due to a temperature difference between the source from which the energy is coming and a sink toward which the energy is going.

pressure

Force per unit area.

As the magma cools, the atoms and molecules of the magma slowly move around and arrange into repeating patterns.

How crystals form:

fine grain

Igneous rocks with crystals too small to be seen without a microscope are ____________

Energy

Is the ability to do work Can be converted from one form to another

Sediments

Loose pieces of rock, sand, dust, clay, or dirt.

Degrees of metamorphism

Metamorphic rocks change when exposed to even more heat and pressure.

Non-Foliated

Metamorphic rocks that do not display distorted layers.

Non-foliated

Metamorphic rocks that do not have bands or stripes.

Foliated

Metamorphic rocks that have bands or stripes. Distorted Crystal layers

Weathering of rocks

Name process 'A'

Erosion

Name process 'B'

Deposition of sediments

Name process 'C'

Burial and Compaction

Name process 'D'

Metamorphism and deformation of rocks

Name process 'F'

Melting

Name process 'H'

Solidification and Crystallisation of magma

Name process 'I'

Uplift

Name process 'K'

Metamorphic rock

Name rock type 'G'

Igneous rock

Name rock type 'J'

Sedimentary rock

Name the rock type 'E'

Fossils

Preserved remains of once-living organisms

deposition

Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

Fossils

Remains of living things turned to stone. Fossils are only found in sedimentary rocks.

Rock Stress

Rock stressed by compression may bend without breaking.

rocks

Rocks are formed in 3 ways.

coarse

Rough in texture

layerd

Sedimentary Rock formed in layers on to of each other (oldest at the bottom).

organic rock

Sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants or animals.

chemical rock

Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution.

clastic rock

Sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together under high pressure.

Layers

Sedimentary rocks are formed in layers.

Chemical Rock

Sedimentary rocks formed when minerals are dissolved in water and then the water evaporates.

Clastic Rock

Sedimentary rocks formed when pieces of other rocks or sediments are cemented together.

melt

Solid to liquid

This is a cycle.

Stages of change, no start/ end

The crust of the earth is made of plates. The plates are moving. The rising and sinking of the mantle moves the plates together in some places, and pulls them apart in other places.

The crust of the earth is made of moving plates.

We live on the crust, or outer portion, of the earth. The mantle is the area beneath the crust. The mantle beneath the crust is hot enough to melt rock.

The inside of the earth is hot.

cementation

The process by which dissolved minerals crystalize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass.

transportation

The process by which passengers or goods are moved or delivered from one place to another.

compaction

The process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight.

cementation

The process in which minerals precipitate into pore spaces between sediment grains and bind sediments together to form rock.

Parent Rock

The sedimentary or igneous rock that a metamorphic rock formed from.

characteristics

The traits or physical attributes of an object

Rock key

Used to identify rocks based on texture and appearance

Over time, rocks on the earth's surface break into smaller pieces by the weather, such as freezing and thawing. Plants can also break apart rocks.

Weathering breaks rocks.

Sedimentation

When layers of rocks, sand, clay and other particles are deposited in layers over millions of years.

Compatction

When layers of sediment are squeezed together.

Deposition

When pieces of rock are dropped and no longer moving.

rock cycle

a repeated series of events by which rock gradually and continually changes between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic forms

Metamorphic Rock

a rock that is formed through the processes of heat and pressure.

Regional Metamorphism

a type of metamorphism that forms a metamorphic rock with massive pressure over a large mountain building area.

Contact Metamorphism

a type of metamorphism that forms metamorphic rocks by "baking" the rock when it touches magma.

Chemicals in the water can get between the sediments and harden. This is called cementation. This cement holds the sediments together.

cementation

Rock Deformation

changes in colume and or shape of rocks as they are squeezed by compressional or tensional forces

Over time, these layers of sediment are compacted, or pressed down. Slowly they are pressed and compacted together to form rocks.

compaction

As the magma cools, larger and larger crystals form as the rock hardens. The slower the cooling, the larger that the crystals can grow.

crystals grow

The heat and pressure deforms, or changes the shape of, the layers of rock. The layers may look folded.

deformation

mafic

describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color

Extrusive

fine-grained igneous rock that forms when magma cools quickly at or near Earth's surface

igneous rocks

formed when magma cools beneath Earth's surface or when lava cools at Earth's surface; forms in or around volcanoes; requires heat

Porous

full of holes; permeable to liquids

These rocks get very hot, but not quite hot enough to melt. The hot rocks are softer than they were before. Atoms and molecules might start to slowly move together to form crystals or bands of similar minerals.

heat deep in the earth

vesicular

igneous rock texture that has air bubbles, large minerals, and forms with aa

Let's start with igneous rocks.

ignite igneous = "fire" rocks

The hot, molten magma slowly rises within the crust of the earth. Sometimes the magma stays deep underground. Sometimes the magma comes out of the surface of the earth in volcanoes.

magma = hot, melted rock in the earth

Sometimes this lava is full of gas as it explodes out of a volcano.

magma comes out of volcanoes = lava

Rocks deep in the earth melt and form molten, or melted, rock called magma. Magma is a hot liquid that can flow through cracks in the earth.

melting

These repeating patterns are called crystals. Different minerals have different crystal patterns.

mineral crystals

non vesicular

no holes or gas pockets in the rocks

Pressure can cause the layers of these soft, hot rocks to get twisted and bent.

pressure deep in the earth

Igneous rock

rock formed from the cooling of molten rock; can be extrusive or intrusive depending on if it cooled outside (extrusive) or inside (intrusive) the earth.

Metamorphic rock

rock that has been changed by heat and pressure; can have banding (foliated) or no banding (non-foliated).

These shells are cemented in sediment to form this sedimentary rock. This rock is from Ohio.

rocks with fossils = sedimentary rocks

Sediments that are compacted and cemented together form sedimentary rocks. Look for layers in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks can often be broken apart easily.

sedimentary rock layers

siltstone - from mud conglomerate - small stones cemented together sandstone - from sand fossil limestone - from shells, coral, and hard parts of organisms limestone - from ancient coral reefs coal - from ancient plants

sedimentary rocks

Weathering

the breakdown of rock due to rain, wind, ice, sunlight, and living organisms.

Recrystallization

the metamorphism of metamorphic rock.

Morph

to change

solidify

to make or become firm or solid

Intrusion

when magma squeezes through bedrock creating contact metamorphic rocks.