Romantic/

Eugene Scribe

(1791-1861)Librettist - one of the leaders of grand opera - Robert le Diable, Les Huguenots (5 acts - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, fate of Protestant and Catholic lovers) - mix of spectacle, historical, political, and religious themes - explited special effects

Giacomo Meyerbeer

(1791-1864) - composer - one of the leaders of grand opera - Robert le diable and Lews Huguenots

Giuseppe Verdi

(1813-1901) Nabucco launched his career - slowed down after La traviata - 26 operas - nationalism and politics -"Viva Verdi" rallying cry - supported Italian Risorgimento, Aida

Overtures

1) An orchestral piece introducing an opera or other long work 2) Independent orchestral work in one movement, usually discriptive

Ballade

1) French forme fixe, normally in three stanzas, in which each stanza has the musical form aab and ends with a refrain, C. 2) Instrumental piece inspired by the genre of narrative poetry.

Giovanni Battista Sammartini

1700-1775 - Symphony in F Major - Three contrasting movements, each relatively short, 1st movement form described by Koch

Faustina Bordoni

1700-1781 - operatic stage - career lasted into her 50s - married composer Johann Adolf Hasse - Made more money than her composer husband

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

1710-1736 - Master of the comic intermezzo - La serva padrona (The maid as Mistress) 2 brief acts, lightly scored, three characters, Serpina manipulates her boss into proposing marriage

Christoph Willibald Gluck

1714-1787 - synthesis of French and Italian opera - affected by reform movement of the 1750s - resolve to remove abuses that had deformed Italian opera - music serves the poetry - overture (integral part of the opera), lessened contrast between aria and recitative, Iphigenie en Aulide, Armide (served as a model)

Georg Christoph Wagensiel

1715-1777 - wrote symphonies that feature pleasant lyricism and good humor, as well as the contrasting first-movement theme groups

William Billings

1746-1800 - New England Psalm Singer (108 psalm and hymn settings, 15 anthems and canons for chorus) The Continental Harmony (fuging tunes, Creation, independence from standard rules of counterpoint

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1756-1791 - moved to Vienna as freelance musician, 20 operas, 17 masses, Requiem, 55 symphonies, piano concertos, other concertos, string quartets, piano sonatas, numerous others -

Symphonic Form (four movement)

1760s - established 4 movement pattern (Classical Standard) Allegro, Andante Moderato, Minuet and Trio, Allegro

Joseph Haydn

1761 - Esterhazy patronage -104 symphonies, concertos, 668 string quartets, keyboard trios, 126 Baryton trios, keyboard sonatas, operas, masses, oratories, chamber works, Orchestra of 25 players, began composing by improvising at the keyboard, Paris Symphonies and London Symphonies

Ludwig von Beethoven

1770-1827 Born in Bonn, Germany and moved to Vienna. Gradual hearing loss in 1802. symphonies, overtures, piano concertos, violin concerto, string quartets, piano trios, violin sonatas, cello sonatas, 32 piano sonatas, Fidelio, Missa Solemnis, Mas in C major, song cycle an die fern geliebte

Gioachino Rossini

1792-1868 - Bologna Conservatory - 1st oppera at age 21 - musical director of Teatro San Carlo in Naples - 39 operas (barber of seville, otello, la cenerentola, mose in Egitto, Guillaume Tell) - best known for comic operas - blended opera buffa and opera seria - bel canto singing style (effortless), patter arias (rapid lines, buffo characters) Effective use of crescendo was his trademark (repeating phrases at higher pitch)

Fryderyk Chopin

1810-1849 - 110 dances (mazurkas, waltzes, polonaises), 4 ballades, 4 scherzos, 10 nocturnes, 27 etudes, 25 preludes, 2 piano concertos, 3 sonatas, 5 chamber works, 20 songs - Nocturn in D-flat Major - bel canto style, Bellini opera arias, cadenza-like passage work in right hand

Stephen Foster

1826-1864 - leading American song composer of 19th century - contract with New York Publisher - 1st American to make a living as a composer - combined British ballads, American minstrel songs, German Lieder, Italian opera, Irish folk songs, easy to perform/remember, Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair

Opera Buffa

18th century Italian comic opera - sung throughout

Opera Seria

18th century genre of Italian opera, on a serious subject but normally with a happy ending, usually without comic characters and scenes

"Galant" style

18th century musical style that features songlike melodies, short phrases, frequent cadences, and light accompaniment

Music Drama

19th century genre created by Richard Wagner in which drama and music become so interdependent as to express a kind of absolute oneness.

Ring Cycle

A cycle of four dramas - librettos by Wagner - Nordic Legends - 19 hours of music over consecutive evenings all linked by characters, motives

Song Cycle

A group of art songs performed in succession that tells or suggests a story

Scherzo

A joking or particularly fast movement in minuet and trio form

Leitmotif

A musical idea associated with a person, thing, mood, or idea, which returns in original or altered form throughout

Grand Opera

A serious form of opera popular during the Roma ntic era that was sung throughout and included ballets, choruses, and spectacular staging.

Polonaise

A stately Polish processional dance in triple meter, or a stylized piece in the style of such a dance

Mazurka

A type of Polish folk dance in triple meter, characterized by accents on the second or third beat and often by dotted figures on the first beat , or a stylized piano piece based on such a dance

Da capo aria

ABA form

Johann Adolf Hasse

Acknowledged as the great master of opera seria,"il caro Sassone" (the dear Saxon) - would switch up the da capo aria on occasion. Digli ch'io son fedele (Tell him that I am faithful) from Cleofide (wife played the leading lady)

Connoisseur

Amateur home musicians

Tristan Chord

Augmented 4th, 6th, and 9th above the bass note. Leitmotiv relating to Tristan

Johann Christian Bach

Bach's youngest son, first to compose keyboard concertos, Concerto for Harpsichord or Piano and Strings in E-flat Major (1st movement by J.C. Bach) elements of ritornello and sonata forms, improvised cadenza before final ritornello

Count Andreas Rasumovsky

Beethoven dedicated three string quartets to him Op. 59. Russian ambassador to Vienna, who played second violin in a quartet that was said to be the finest in Europe

Heiligenstadt Testament

Beethoven's letter that included thoughts of his gradual loss of hearing that invoked a personal crisis and thoughts of suicide.

Organicism

Belief that musical works should be organic - Adjective describing a musical work in which all the parts are derived from a common source and relate to one another and to the whole like the parts of a single organism

Alberti Bass

Broken-chord accompaniment common in the second half of the 18th century and named after Domenico Alberti, who used it frequently

Georges Bizet

Carmen - 1875 - French - classified as an opera comique because it contains spoken dialogue - realism - augmented seconds - Carmen's fate/gypsy -

Through Composed

Composed throughout, as when each stanza or other unit of a poem is set to new music rather than in a strophic manner to a single melody

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

Did not pursue public career, musical career was inappropriate, married painter Wilhelm Hensel, led a salon, husband encouraged her to publish, more than 400 works (250 songs, 125 piano pieces) Das Jahr (The Year) - Character pieces on the months - popular Lutheran chorale quotet

Bel canto

Elegant Italian vocal style of the early 19th century marked by lyrical, embellished, and florid melodies that show off the beauty, agility, and fluency of the singer's voice

Carl Maria von Weber

Established German Romantic opera - unusual harmonies, daring orchestral effects, folklore, nature, supernatural elements, folklike melodies - Wolf's Glen - melodrama

"The Figaro Factor"

Everyday people with everyday emotions

Concerto Form

Fast - slow - fast

Charles Gounod

Faust - lyric opera

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

First American composer to achieve international reputation - born in New Orleans - trained in Paris - Pieces based on melodies and rhythms of mother's west Indian heritage - imitated dance rhythms and syncopations of the New World - Souvenir de Porto Rico - Afro-Caribbean rhythms - designed to appeal to middle-class

Franz Schubert

First great Romantic song writer - studied composition with Salieri - Over 600 lieder, performed by Schubertiads, had a gift for beautiful melodies - chromatic coloring, primarily diatonic - modulations by 3rd rather than 5th - dwells on a single poet for some time, two song cycles, poems by Wilhelm Muller (Die Schone Mullerin and Winterreise), music is equal to words, form suited the shape and meaning of the text Works: Der Lindenbaum, Erlkonig (unity), Gretchen am Spinnrade (based on Faust), Wanderer Fantasie (solo piano - 4 movements without breaks), Trout Quintet

Johann Stamitz

First symphony composer to consistently use four movements, with a minuet and trio as the 3rd movement, and a very lively finale (often marked Presto Also the first to introduce a strongly contrasting, full-blown theme after the modulation.

Francois-Joseph Gossec

From Belgium - flocked to Paris because it was an important center of composition and publication. Became one of France's leading composers of symphonies, string quartets, and comic operas - one of the 1st directors of the Paris Conservatoire

Intermezzo

Genre of Italian comic opera performed between acts of a serious opera or play

Singspiel

German genre of opera featuring spoken dialogue interspersed with songs, choruses, and instrumental music

Moravians

German speaking Protestants from Moravia, Bohemia, southern Germany - embellished church service with concerted arias, motets in current styles, collected libraries of music (sacred and secular), regularly performed chamber music and symphonies

Johann Gottlieb Graun

He and C.P.E Bach were two of the chief members of the Berlin School

Character Pieces

Instrumental music that depicts or suggests a mood, personality, or scene, usually indicated in its title - especially for piano

Program Music

Instrumental music that tells a story or follows a narrative or other sequence of events, often spelled out in an accompanying text called a program

Prelude

Introductory piece for solo instrument, often in the style of an improvisation, or introductory movement in a multi-movement work such as an opera or suite

Bartomeo Cristofori

Invented the pianoforte around 1700

Pietro Metastasio

Italian poet whose dramas many 18th century poets set to music. Success with librettos, court poet in Vienna - Greek or Latin tales, conflict of human passions, often pitting love against duty, prote morality, models of merciful and enlightened rulers. (Hasse used some of his poetry)

Tomas de Torrejon y Valasco

La purpura de la rosa (The blood of the rose) First opera produced in the New World (Lima, Peru) Most famous composer in the Americas

Opera Comique

Light French comic opera with spoken dialogue instead of recitatives

Clara Schumann

Long career - women discouraged to compose large scale works (polonaises, waltzes, variations, preludes, fugues, a sonata, character pieces, several collections of Lieder

Ciphers

Melodies based on motives that spell ASCH, the home town of Schumann's fiancee. Florestan and Coquette - invites extramusical interpretation and give unity to the entire work.

Absolute Music

Music that is independent of words, drama, visual images, or any kind of representation

Strophic

Of a poem, consisting of two or more stanzas that are equivalent in form and can each be sung to the same melody; of a vocal work consisting of a strophic poem set to the same music for each stanza

Modified Strophic

On the repeated sections, material is varied or elaborated

Mannheim crescendo

Orchestra under the leadership of Johann Stamitz - renowned for it's novel dynamic range - softest pianissimo to the loudest fortissimo

Querelle des Buffons

Pamphlet war - Italian opera presence in Paris.

Hector Berlioz

Paris Conservatory - Influences: Beethoven, Shakespeare, Harriet Smithson (Anglo-Irish actress), music criticism was his chief profession, (3 operas, 4 symphonies, 4 concert overtures, 30 choral works, orchestral song cycle - Symphonie Fantastique "Episode in the Life of an Artist" - idee fixe - Romeo et Juliette - 7 movements - built on Beethoven's 9th precedent - founder of modern orchestration and conducting - Grande Messes des morts (Requiem, 1837) and te Deum - patriotic tradition inspired by music festivals of French Revolution - huge dimensions

Baron van Swieten

Patron of the arts, wrote the text for Haydn's oratorios (creation and the seasons), Beethoven dedicated his 1st symphony to him - got Beethoven into the salons of the aristocracy

Friedrich Schiller

Poet - Ode to Joy

Musical Rhetoric

Principles written by Heinrich Christoph Koch - Treatise written for amateur composers - phrases and periods (subject and predicate)

Esterhaza

Remote country estate built to rival Palace of Versailles.

Lyric Opera

Romantic opera that lies somewhere between light opera comique and grand opera

Opera Bouffe

Romantic operatic genre in France that emphasized the smart, witty, and satirical elements of opera comique

Empfindsam(keit)

Sentimental style of composition - turned into Sturm and Drang - Characteristics: restless, melancholy, expressive ornaments (not decorative), sometimes asymmetrical, sighs

C.P.E. Bach

Served at the court of Frederick the Great in Berlin - oratorios, songs, symphonies, concertos, chamber music, and keyboard, Last 5 sets of sonatas were for pianoforte. Leading exponent for empfindsam - Prussian sonatas, Wuttemberg Sonatas, Sonaten fur Kenner und Liebhaber (Sonatas for Connoisseurs and Amateurs)

Heinrich Christoph Koch

Sonata Form - 1st movement form

Parlor Song

Song for home music-making, sometimes performed in public concerts as well.

Opera Reform

Sought to make opera more "natural" - More flexible structure, more expressive, less ornamented, varied musical resources - modified da capo arias spawned new forms

Ralph Kirkpatrick

Standard index as K for Kirkpatrick.

Sturm und Drang

Storm and Stress - A movement in German literature that relished tormented, gloomy, terfified, irrational feelings (later composers moderated this as emotionalism)

Developing Variation

Term coined by Arnold Schoenberg for the process of deriving new themes, accompaniments, and other ideas throughout a piece through variations of a germinal idea.

Symphonic Poem

Term coined by Franz Liszt for a one-movement work of program music for orchestra that conveys a poetic idea, story, scene, or succession of moods by presenting themes that are repeated, varied, or transformed

Idee fixe

Term coined by Hector Berlioz for a melody that is used throughout a piece to represent a person, thing, or idea, transforming it to suit the mood and situation

Gesamtkunstwerk

Term coined by Richard Wagner for a dramatic work in which poetry, scenic design, staging, action, and music are integrated into one artistic expression.

Napoleon Bonaparte

The celebration of a hero - Eroica Symphony - Beethoven intended to dedicate it to him, but he was disappointed that his idol proved to be a tyrant

Periodicity

The quality of being periodic, especially when this is emphasized through frequent resting points and articulations between phrases and periods.

Nocturne

Type of short piano piece popular during the romantic period, marked by highly embellished melody, sonorous accompaniments, and a contemplative mood

Sonata Form

Typically used in first movements of sonatas, instrumental chamber works, and symphonies during the classic and romantic periods. An expansion of rounded binary form, exposition, development, and recapitulation based on a limited number of themes.

Archduke Rudolph

Youngest brother of the reigning emperor Francis II - Beethoven's piano student - was one of the three men who set up an annuity so the composer would stay in Vienna

Robert Schumann

composition and criticism, founded Leipzig Neue Zeitschrift fur Musick (New Journal for Music), over 300 piano works, about 300 songs, one opera, oratories, 4 symphonies, piano concerto -- Short character pieces (piano) Carnival (20 short pieces in dance rhythms, each lack clear harmonic conclusion), Eusebius, Florestan, Coquette, ciperers and motives (unity and diversity) Successor to Schubert in songs - 1840 "year of song" over 120, 1841 - symphony year 1842-1843 - chamber music year

Vincenzo Bellini

dramas of passion, fast gripping action - 10 serious operas (La sonnambula (The sleepwalker), Norma, I puritani - chorus creates continuous action

Felix Mendelssohn

musical talent equal to Mozart - pianist, organist, conductor - combines Romantic expressiveness with Classical forms - 1843 founded Leipzig conservatory - 5 symphonies, violin concerto, piano concertos, 4 overtures, incidental music, 2 oratorios, chamber works, piano, organ, choral, and songs - mastery of sonata, command of counterpoint, colorful orchestration, variety of genres, overtures (The Hebrides (scottish, fingal's cave) and Meeresstille und Gluckliche Fahrt, Midsummer Night's Dream Overture, Oratorio (Elijah - countrapuntal Amen) Violin Concerto in E minor (linked by thematic content - played without pauses)

Frederick the Great

of Prussia - Primary school for every child

Liederor

song with German words, whether monophonic, polyphonic, or for voice with accompaniment; in the 18th and 19th century - songs for voice and piano