RSTL 001

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The Moody Bible Institute, founded in 1886, A) advocated a literal reading of the entire Bible B) sought to analyze the Bible according to the insights of historical criticism (higher criticism) C) was established primarily to refute Darwinian evolution D) was an attempt to harmonize Christian principles with the scientific and social advances and changes characteristic of the modern world E) provided detailed academic refutation of the findings of historical criticism (higher criticism)

The New Testament consists of 27 books, which can be grouped into four categories. Which of the following is NOT one of those categories A) the Pentateuch B) the gospels C) Acts of the Apostles D) letters by leading Christians E) the Book of Revelation

The basic meaning of kami in the context of Japanese religious views is: A) something superior to other examples of items in the same category B) angry or vengeful spirits C) a universal deity with the power to control some aspect of human life or affairs anywhere in the world D) a gateway for spirits, usually colored red E) superior skills in singing or poetry

In the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), one piece of lasting advice he urged upon his followers was, A) Work out your own salvation with diligence B) Always revere the Brahmins (the priestly caste) C) Your soul (atman) will live on after the death of your body D) Perform good deeds so that you will enter heaven E) Plant Bo (Bodhi) trees because they are the source of wisdom

In typical practice, most Hindus A) devote themselves to a single deity B) devote themselves to three deities C) pay little or no attention to deities because meditation does not require doing so D) fast, expose themselves to the elements, lay on beds of nails and otherwise mortify their flesh E) consume beef at communal feasts to affirm community bonds

Mt. Hiei A) helped defend Kyōto from the "demon gate," i.e., the NE direction B) is a gourd-shaped mountain located in the sea C) is not very tall, but it is home to the shrine of Japan's solar deity Amaterasu D) is located precisely in the center of Kyoto, the ancient imperial capital E) was the location of the emperor's palace

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a A) mathematician who explained and systematized algebra B) mathematician who translated agree geometry texts C) physician who studied human anatomy in detail D) physician who discovered the germ theory of disease E) geographer who mapped the entire world

The "Great Disappointment" in the Millerite Movement was A) the apparent failure of the second coming of Christ to occur on October 22, 1844 B) a great fire that burned down its main church C) the refusal of the Roman Catholic Church to celebrate the Sabbath on the 7th day (Saturday) D) the conversion of the movement's facilities into a silverware manufacturing company E) the decision of the movement's founder to convert to Judaism

The Anglican priest John Ray A) was the first scientist to produce a biological definition of a species B) tended to see science and religion as occupying complementary but separate realms C) regarded science and religion as contradictory realms of knowledge D) struggled to reconcile his religious beliefs and his scientific knowledge E) was the first scientist to propose a theory of the expansion of the universe

The Babylonian conquest of Judah in 586 BCE A) destroyed Solomon's temple B) caused ten of the twelve tribes of Israel ceased to exist C) established Jewish communities in Rome and Alexandria D) made little impression on the elite members of Jewish society because they prospered under Babylonian rule E) left only the northern kingdom of Israel as the sole Jewish state in the region

The Calcedonian view in the Christological debates held that Christ was A) both divine and human simultaneously B) the Messiah, but was entirely human C) entirely divine and any apparent suffering on earth by him was an illusion D) human at birth but became divine after he was baptized E) human at birth but became divine after God adopted Jesus as his son

The main deity of Chikubushima is A) Benten (Benzaiten) B) Amaterasu C) Amida D) Penglai E) Vairocana (Dainichi)

The prophet Jeremiah A) Stated that God would create a "new covenant" with Israel in the future B) predicted the coming of a messiah, who would usher in a kingdom characterized by righteousness and justice C) led a rebellion against Rome D) anointed David as king E) preached a reassuring message that God would ultimately deliver the people of Judah from their enemies

The viewpoint known as scholasticism holds that A) the physical universe is orderly, consistent, knowable, and subject to human observation and reason B) the universe cannot exist without God's instant-by-instant attention C) what we might call "natural law" is really an illusion D) there is no point in exploring secondary causes because any important knowledge has already been revealed in Holy Scripture E) only naturalistic explanations of the universe make sense and that there is no room for the agency of supernatural forces

The word "pagan" A) originated as a derogatory label meaning "rustic" B) was a label for those who refused to participate in state religion in the Roman Empire C) was the term by which Pythagoreans, who regarded mathematics as scared, called themselves D) was a Greek term for the phenomenon of religious mixing and blending E) was an ancient label for those who today would be called "atheists," that is, those who not believe in the existence of any deities

In the thought of later Hinduism, diverse visual representations of the Divine A) are not really correct, and therefore are not appropriate B) can provide a glimpse, hint, or other insight into the vast and profound quality of Brahman C) are appropriate, but only for uneducated people who cannot read religious texts D) demonstrate the teaching that there is no single Divine essence E) are appropriate for avatars (manifestations) of Shiva and Vishnu, but not for other deities

In the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), a major activity during his life after becoming enlightened was A) wandering the forests alone, enjoying the bliss of enlightenment B) teaching, mentoring, and counseling C) serving as an advisor at the court of kings and other rulers D) writing theological essays E) relaxing and playing music with friends

Indra is A) a fermented beverage popular among the Indo-Aryans B) an Indo-Aryan deity who personified warrior ideals C) an Indo-Aryan deity with a human body and the head of an elephant D) the author of the Upanishads E) the demon-like tempter

Nestorian Christianity interacted with and reflects some influence from A) African folk religions B) Buddhism C) Vedic Hinduism D) Daoism E) Scandinavian paganism

One characteristic of the dao (way) of early Daoism is that it A) is human-centered B) transcends time and space C) can be described or explained in writing D) began with the activities of the (mythical) sage king Yao E) is based on the premise that human nature is good

One conclusion that we can derive from the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) is that A) spiritual progress requires deference to the Brahmin (priestly) caste B) enlightenment results from a person's effort and hard work C) the presence of a white elephant is necessary for enlightenment D) nirvana (extinction) can be explained in words and is fundamentally different from moksha (liberation) E) enlightenment depends on the intervention of deities

One feature of Passover is A) lighting the candles in a distinctive a nine-branched menorah B) a special meal called seder in which the food items each have symbolic meaning C) eating meals in temporary booths D) fasting E) blowing a ram's horn (shofar) 100 times

The canonical gospels A) are the 60 or so known biographies of Jesus B) are those gospels included in the New Testament C) were written during the lifetime of Jesus D) were written by Paul E) are the gospels of Thomas, Judas, Mary, and Barnabas

The highest ideal in most forms of Mahayana Buddhism is A) strict adherence to the original sermon of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) B) enlightenment for all sentient beings C) worship of Vairocana, the solar Buddha D) relief of one's own suffering E) the merging of the power of government with the power of Buddhist temples

The origin of the two major varieties of Islam, Sunni and Shia, lies in A) doctrinal disputes B) disagreement over the proper succession to the leadership of the Islamic community C) the use of different sacred texts D) disagreement about dietary practices E) disagreement about the status of Muhammad

The original language of the New Testament is A) Latin B) Greek C) English D) Syriac E) Coptic

What enabled Fuxi to organize and regulate society? His A) divine power derived from the Supreme Ultimate B) knowledge of underlying patterns C) detailed observations of the movements of the stars and planets D) deep knowledge of sacred scripture E) discovery of the principles of hydraulic engineering

Which defining characteristic do all religions share? A) belief in deities or some kind of supernatural beings B) nothing—no single characteristic applies to every religion C) explaining the workings and structure of the universe D) providing rules for ethical social behavior E) possession of sacred scriptures revealed by a higher power

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Daoist Dao (way)? A) It is beyond time B) Humans have the power to change it. C) It is beyond space. D) It is constantly in motion. E) It is the source of all life

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a painting influenced by Daoism? A) human beings and human structures minimized B) portrayal of the ruler of a state performing sacrifices or rituals C) extensive mist or fog D) gnarled, twisted pine trees E) jagged mountains interconnected by water or mist

A major contribution of Islamic learning to the broader world was the dissemination of A) geometry B) Indian numerals, better known as Arabic numerals C) the germ theory of disease D) the idea of monotheism E) the idea of the Holy Trinity

According to the Buddhist Eightfold Path, which of the following would be a concrete effect of "right mindfulness"? A) the power to cause objects to levitate or otherwise move B) realizing clearly that every mental and physical state is in flux and nothing is solid or enduring C) the unity of atman with Brahman (the cosmic deity-force) D) the ability to run or swim with amazing speed E) advancement in monastic rank

According to the traditional account, Abraham A) gave birth to a son, Moses, who led the Hebrew people to Egypt B) entered into a covenant with God C) received 10 commandments from God and inscribed them in stone D) demonstrated his loyalty to God by building a giant ship E) wrote the first five books of the Bible

Approximately what percentage of the world's population is Buddhist in terms of their primary religious identification? A) 2 B) 7 C) 14 D) 20 E) 30

Arianism held that A) Christ was both human and divine, and these two natures existed in a unified condition B) God the Son (Jesus) was subordinate to God the Father C) Christ was fully divine and had no human nature D) Christ was born human but became divine after his baptism E) Christ was both human and divine, however these two natures existed separately

At the time Confucius lived, A) China was unified under a strong central government B) China was divided into dozens of different countries of various sizes C) the rulers of China practiced a religion called Daoism D) constant warfare had largely destroyed civil society E) there was widespread popular yearning for a new religion

At the top of the varna social classification in ancient India was A) warriors B) priests C) wandering religions practitioners D) scholars E) herders of cattle

In classical Chinese thought A) moral laws and natural (scientific) laws are separate and unrelated B) the material through which waves of action and response propagate is qi (material force) C) a supreme deity of the universe created humans as a special category of being D) the category of yin includes things and qualities such as hot, bright, and male E) the laws of the cosmos are too complex and difficult for humans to understand

In classical Chinese thought, the Supreme Ultimate was a A) willful deity and lord of the universe who intervened in human affairs B) foundational cosmic principle that informed the workings of yin and yang C) book of Holy Scripture that Heaven revealed to humans through ancient sages D) paradise to which someone might go to reside after death E) true self, much like the idea of atman in Hinduism

In later Daoism, an important function of Daoist priests was A) serving as local government officials B) serving as exorcists C) serving as tutors for the local round of the civil service exams D) wedding and funeral planners E) collecting taxes and supervising bridge construction

In medieval Japan, one reaction to the fear of entering the final Buddhist stage (mappō) was A) rioting and looting in several large cities B) an increase in the popularity of Pure Land Buddhism C) popular demands for government reform D) massive popular pilgrimages to Chikubushima E) Nihon ryōiki (Record of miraculous stories in Japan) became a bestselling book among ordinary people

In the Buddhist Eightfold Path, one component of "right view" (or "right understanding") is to know that A) each person possesses a soul or essence that will be reincarnated unless the person enters nirvana B) the world is a constant flux of conditioned phenomena C) we sometimes encounter suffering in the course of human life D) the ends never justify the means E) the deities (devas) are ready to help those who reach out to them

In the Islamic version of the end times leading to a day of judgment (both Shia and Sunni), A) Muhammad will return to earth with Adam to wage an epic battle in which good will triumph over evil B) the Mahdi and Jesus will return to wage an epic battle in which good will triumph over evil C) God will create a great flood and then lift all righteous people into the heavens D) the victor in the final, epic battle between the forces of good and evil cannot be known in advance E) Abraham and Jesus will return to wage an epic battle in which good will triumph over evil

In the ideal Hindu life course, after a person has raised a family successfully, the next stage in life is A) enjoyment and recreation B) pursuing knowledge as a forest hermit C) service as a government official D) military service E) pursuit of music and the art

In the Roman Empire before 313, A) there was systematic, empire-wide persecution of Christians B) approximately 50,000 Christians died as a direct result of their faith C) Christians sometimes appeared suspicious and disloyal in the eyes of local officials or communities D) Christians united under a central leader, in part for protection against persecution E) Christianity had little appeal and thus did not spread far beyond the region of Palestine

In the context of ancient Canaanite religion, A) the most important deities were those responsible for the enforcement of oaths and contracts B) the study of sacred tests was the highest form of religious expression C) it was common to interpret victory on the battlefield as a case of one tribal or national god defeating another D) meditation was the key to understanding the mysteries of the universe E) Krampus was a demon who often destroyed crops

In the context of the Second Great Awakening in the United States, the "Burned-over District" was A) eastern Kentucky B) Indiana C) western New York State D) Maine E) the region of Georgia and Alabama

In the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), Mara's demonic attackers represent A) nirvana B) anatman, the idea that we do not possess individual souls or essences C) our desires, emotions, and attachments D) ascetic practices (mortification of the flesh) E) the notion that Buddhist truths cannot fully be explained in words

In the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), after he became enlightened, one basic decision that he had to make was whether to A) continue meditating B) return to his father's house and become king C) attempt to explain to others about how he had succeeded D) continue with ascetic practices (mortifying his flesh) E) ordain priests to carry out Buddhist rites

In the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), soon after becoming enlightened he sang a song that included the verses "O housemaker! I have seen you! / You shall build no more houses for me!" It meant that the Buddha A) would never again enter a house or other physical shelter B) would be reborn in a heavenly paradise C) was liberated from the cycle of rebirth (samsara) D) renounced his father's kingdom E) renounced asceticism (mortification of the flesh)

In the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), soon after he was born A) a wise man predicted he would become a musician or a temple priest B) his father began preparing Siddhartha for a great religious quest C) a wise man predicted he would become a great king or a great religious leader D) his father began exposing Siddhartha to the harsh realities of life E) a wise man predicted he would become a great scholar or a brilliant general

The order of agents in the classical Chinese production cycle is A) fire, metal, wood, earth, water, and back to fire B) earth, fire, air, wood, water, and then back to earth C) wood, fire, earth, metal, water, and then back to wood D) air, fire, earth, wood, water, and then back to air E) water, fire, earth, air, wood, and then back to water

The religious and military revolt against Rome now called the Reformation A) was mainly about opposition to the doctrine of the Trinity B) was about power and leadership, not serious doctrinal issues C) began in Bohemia (today's Czech Republic) with Jan Hus D) began in Switzerland with Huldrych Zwingli E) had no success in the German states because of the great power of the Holy Roman emperor

The root value for Confucius was A) moral empathy B) trustworthiness C) filial piety (xiao) D) doing one's best E) hard work

The significance of Jesus in Gnostic Christianity is that he A) was an example of an ordinary person who lived a perfect life B) made the ultimate sacrifice to cleanse humanity of its sins C) was a divine emanation who came to earth to reveal saving knowledge D) came to earth to convey divine grace from God to humans, thereby saving them E) revealed to people that the material world is not an illusion

The written texts of the gospels developed from A) the letters of Paul and other apostles B) Jesus's own autobiography C) oral tales about Jesus that had been circulating for decades D) recorded eyewitness accounts of Jesus's activates E) accounts of Jesus's life found in official Roman government records

Which of the following elements was not an ingredient in Daoism as it emerged by approximately the time of the Tang dynasty (ca. 9th century)? A) Buddhism B) Correlative cosmology C) the idea that good government was a function of correct ritual practice D) Laozi and Zhuangzi E) Herbal pharmacology

Which of the following is NOT a form (variety) of Shiva? A) Nataraja—lord of the cosmic dance B) lingam (phallic symbol) C) a blue-skinned deity with multiple arms D) Parvati's lover E) man carrying a trident staff with a cobra around his shoulders and neck

William Jennings Bryan\ A) objected to Darwinian evolution on scientific grounds B) thought that government should not attempt to regulate society morally or economically C) objected to Darwinian evolution on ethical grounds D) was originally trained as a scientist and understood Darwinian evolution very well E) argued that Lamarckian evolution was a superior theory to Darwinian evolution

In the typical Chinese popular view, ancestral spirits are A) the yin soul or spirit of deceased ancestors, which resides in the heavens B) imaginary entities that do not really exist but which can help provide a sense of family coherence C) the yang soul or spirit of deceased ancestors, which resides in this world D) so dangerous that they must be housed in special temples E) deities residing in the kitchen that send reports about the family up to the higher deities

In their views of history, both Confucius and the early Daoists asked the same basic question, namely A) Exactly how old is human society? B) Did the Duke of Zhou worship Heaven properly? C) To what extent was a particular era conducive to ideal human life? D) Did people in ancient times live in a primitive state much like the other animals? E) How is it that people can live the longest possible life?

Islam regards itself as A) a religion unrelated to Judaism and Christianity B) a meditative religion in which each person seeks his or her own unique path to salvation C) a revealed religion that supersedes Judaism and Christianity D) a religion suitable only for those born into it, not for converts E) potentially open to modification by future prophesies

King Solomon A) edited the Bible B) ignored the prophecy of Jeremiah C) created a temple in Jerusalem D) led the Jews in Babylon back to Palestine E) rigorously enforced strict monolatry in Jerusalem

One aspect of classical Roman religious practice was A) individual prayer in private B) scripture study C) festivals D) meditation E) long periods of fasting

One characteristic of early (ca. 13th century) Zen Buddhism in Japan was A) chanting of Amida's name to be reborn in paradise B) people should be free to follow their feelings all the way to enlightenment C) that women could become high-ranking members of the clergy D) that women could not attain enlightenment and thus could not become clergy E) that it appealed widely to ordinary Japanese, thus making Buddhism a truly popular religion

The major doctrinal development in the Council of Chalcedon in 451 was: A) providing a path to salvation through good deeds B) elevation of the Gospel of Thomas to canonical status C) a formula whereby Christ was both fully divine and fully human D) acceptance of the gnostic idea of the liberation of divine sparks E) rejection of the Trinitarian idea that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are equal

According to the gnostic Christians A) Jesus was born human, but God adopted Jesus as His son B) salvation will occur through good deeds performed in the ordinary world C) to be right with God, one must be or become Jewish D) Jesus taught a method whereby people could liberate the sparks of the divine within their flesh E) the god of the Old Testament and the god of the New Testament were different gods

Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Zoroastrianism? A) a savior-like supreme deity B) a resurrection C) a last judgment D) the teaching that Humans do not possess free will E) the triumph of good over evil in the end

Which of the following would NOT be part of the typical vows of a Buddhist monk A) celibacy B) a vegetarian diet C) a shaved head D) complete withdrawal from any contact with the world at large E) limited personal possessions

For Confucius, li (ritualized conduct) A) was best enacted in the form of public prayers to Heaven B) was the best means of protecting society against demonic forces C) was inferior to laws as a means of social organization D) was essential for securing the blessings of Heaven to create a prosperous society E) included an educational and socializing function

For Sunni Muslims, an imam is a A) term of respect for any highly accomplished or learned member of the community B) supreme religious leader descended from Muhammad C) someone who gives a sermon D) a supreme interpreter of Islamic law E) prayer leader in mosques

For Xunzi, li (ritualized social forms, ceremonies, etc.) were A) a reflection of the innate goodness that constitutes human nature B) the primary means of training the body to attain immortality C) ossified formalities of little or no practical importance D) less important for regulating society than were laws and punishments E) the primary means by which humans could train their inherently selfish natures and thus become beneficial members of society

In a novel interpretation of the Babylonian conquest of Judah in 586 BCE, some Hebrew thinkers concluded that A) Marduk was more virtuous than Yahweh B) Marduk was more powerful than Yahweh C) Yahweh was no longer acting in history D) a messiah would arrive someday to restore the Davidic line of kings E) Yahweh permitted the Babylonian conquest as a divine punishment

In a painting influenced by Daoism, which of the following would NOT be typical? A) interconnected circular spaces B) extensive empty space or space filled with mist or fog C) bamboo D) gnarled, bent pine trees E) portraits of past sage kings and culture heroes

In ancient Greece A) the discovery of irrational numbers caused the belief in a rational cosmos to collapse B) Plato and most other intellectuals regarded human beings as exact, perfect copies of the ideal forms that the gods embodied C) most intelletuals regarded human beings as deeply flawed, just like the gods D) government-sponsored temple sacrifices were conducted in secret by state-appointed priests E) philosophers eventually found ways to accommodate their belief in a rational cosmos to challenges such as the discovery of irrational numbers

In classical Chinese thought by about 200 CE, A) moral laws and natural (scientific) laws are separate and unrelated B) it had become inappropriate to try to represent cosmic forces in visual form because any such representation was bound to be incomplete C) the universe consisted of 1000 phases of 10 basic elements to create the "10,000 things" D) ideas, sensations, emotions and other intangible qualities had no relationship to yin-yang and the 5 phases/agents E) all known substances, phenomena, and processes of the natural and social world became associated with one of the five phases

In the Japanese Pure Land Buddhism of Hōnen and Shinran, women A) could not enter the Pure Land because Amida's vow applies only to men B) could enter the Pure Land as women C) became high-ranking members of the clergy D) were prohibited from entering major temples E) could enter the Pure Land, but only after being turned into men

The Quran A) consists of descriptions of Muhammad's life and his conversations about a wide variety of matters B) contains a biography of Muhammad C) clearly explains the doctrine of Original Sin owing to Adam's disobedience of God D) took well over a century after Muhammad's death to come into existence as a written text E) consists of 114 suras ("rows," but essentially, chapters), roughly organized from longest to shortest

One reason Darwinian evolution may have been emotionally objectionable to some Christians at the start of the twentieth century is that it A) supposes a competition for resources among creatures B) claims that God does not exist C) claims that God did not create anything D) claims that Noah never built an ark E) afforded no special status to human beings

One result of the Assyrian conquest of Israel in 722 BCE was A) destruction of Solomon's temple and loss of the Arc of the Covenant B) the development of a rigorous monotheism C) the establishment of Jewish communities in Rome and Alexandria D) the destruction of the Davidic line of kings E) that ten of the twelve tribes of Israel ceased to exist

One result of the rebellion of Simon bar Kokhba was A) restoration of the temple B) restoration of the Davidic line of kings C) rejection of an oral Torah D) the Jewish community in Jerusalem and nearby areas flourished after throwing off the yoke of Roman rule E) the geographic dispersal of most of the surviving Jewish population of Judea

One side effect of the temperance movement in the United States was A) a ban on alcoholic beverages throughout the country in 1851 B) a ban on the use of alcohol in hospitals and scientific laboratories C) raising awareness of the evils of slavery D) the rise in popularity of Kellogg's corn flakes E) the rise of the first women's rights movement

Paul presents the significance of Jesus somewhat differently in different parts his Letter to the Romans, but one overall point he makes is that Jesus: A) is a savior sent by God to the Jews B) came to earth to reveal liberating knowledge C) was not a real person, but rather a phantasm D) himself did not follow the Jewish law E) is a universal savior

Starting with Muawiyah, who was governor of Syria since 650, the caliphate A) became a democratically elected office B) became the office of the supreme leader of Shia Islam C) ceased to exist, replaced by a variety of local forms of government D) expanded its control to include Constantinople E) became a hereditary monarchy

Steeples in Christian churches came from A) Greek and Roman military vehicles designed for scaling walls B) pagan sacrificial altars C) platforms used in solar worship around the Roman Empire D) Greek (especially Neo-Platonic) ideas of ideal forms E) the obelisks common in fertility worship

The Arc of the Covenant A) still exists in a temple in Jerusalem B) was a giant ship that Noah created in the desert at God's command C) was the tent in which Abraham forged an agreement with God D) was a chariot Moses used while fighting on the battlefield E) was a chest containing the tablets on which Moses inscribed the Ten Commandments

Hinduism A) is the world's largest religion in terms of total number of practitioners B) originated in China and then spread to India C) has strict rules about becoming a member of the religion D) recognizes a Maharaja residing in New Delhi as its supreme spiritual leader E) simultaneously monotheistic polytheistic, and non-theistic

In Chinese popular religion, the Jade Emperor A) resides in the kitchen of a typical Chinese household B) originated as an actual person who, after death, assumed the role of protecting sailors C) is a rain and storm deity much revered by farmers D) is a deity of scholarship and culture, often found enshrined in schools E) rules all the deities in the heavens and all realms of existence

In Islam, Jesus was A) the son of God B) a good man, but not otherwise special C) a great king D) a deity E) a prophet

The Essenes A) supported the temple in Jerusalem B) advocated the use of violence to bring about a just world C) were concerned with spiritual insight and thus paid little attention to purity laws D) denied the immortality of the soul E) tended to interpret prophecy in the Bible in light of their perception of contemporary social conditions

The core doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism is: A) vegetarianism B) communitarianism (subordination of the individual to the larger community) C) asceticism (renunciation of worldly pleasures) D) stoicism (indifference to pleasure or pain) E) skillful means

The ideal value in Mahayana Buddhism is A) labor B) personal enlightenment C) cheerfulness D) frugality E) compassion

The major doctrinal development in the Council of Nicea in 325 was A) rejection of the idea of a virgin birth B) acceptance of the idea that Christ was fully human C) acceptance of the idea that Christ was fully divine D) elevation of the Gospel of Thomas to canonical status E) the Trinitarian idea that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are equal

The most fundamental issue in early Buddhism was A) living a morally upright life D) the proper role of mortifying the flesh through rigorous ordeals C) the way(s) in which Buddhism differed from Hinduism D) the nature of the supreme deity E) suffering

The term Shinto (or Shintō), as we know it today, was mainly a product of A) ancient, pre-Buddhist animistic beliefs B) uniquely Japanese ways of thinking uninfluenced by external forces C) warrior traditions D) Shingon and Tendai Buddhism E) separation decrees issued by the newly-established Meiji government in 1868

The tilak (forehead mark) of Vishnu features A) a thick vertical line B) a circle within a circle C) a square with a dot in the center D) three horizontal lines E) vertical lines joined at the bottom

Today, all major branches of Christianity, including Roman Catholic and Protestant, A) agree about the number and significance of sacraments B) agree about the importance of saints C) applauded the Anabaptist emphasis on adhering to the ways of the early Christians D) reject the idea that human history unfolds in accordance with the will of God E) adhere to the Chalcedonian Orthodoxy that emerged in 451

When leading members of society in New York altered the nature of Christmas celebrations, their main goal was to A) sacralize (make sacred) the holiday B) return Christmas to its Roman roots in the Saturnalia festival C) use Krampus to frighten children into better behavior D) invert the social order temporarily to promote goodwill E) reduce public drunkenness and rowdy behavior

Which of the following encapsulates the description by the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) of the nature of the human condition? The A) Noble Eightfold Path B) Four Noble Sights C) Five Aggregates (skandhas, "heaps") D) Five Wrong Livelihoods E) The Four Noble Truths

Which of the following was NOT one of the realms into which one might be reborn in Buddhist conceptions of the six realms (rokudō)? A) beasts B) hells C) warriors D) starving ghosts E) priests

Which of the following would be the most appropriate visual metaphor for the Daoist dao? A) a finely carved, ornate piece of furniture B) a library full of books C) a dam across a stream constructed by local farmers for flood control purposes D) ritualized behavior such as funerals and ceremonies marking the coming of age E) fog or mist

A common—but misguided and ineffective—way of dealing with our desires is A) to strive to satisfy them B) meditation C) to strive to understand them D) to strive to eliminate inappropriate ones E) endeavoring to stop harmful thoughts and sensations from arising within us

A major concern of Confucius and those who associated with him was A) preservation of the best of past cultural forms B) devising the best strategies for warfare C) devising methods of efficiently administering a bureaucracy D) debating and explaining the nature of human nature E) refuting the ideas of Xunzi

A popular early Daoist metaphor for the dao was a A) nameless uncarved block B) nebulous salted slug C) great white tiger D) well-regulated irrigation system E) tall, straight, hardwood tree

According to Confucius, the ideal method for putting his Way (dao) into practice was A) ritualized behavior (li) B) formal laws issued and enforced by the government C) a return to the most ancient period of human history D) studying books E) frequent prayers offered to Heaven

According to the Marcionites A) Paul's teachings are correct B) Jesus was fully human C) the God of the Christians and of the Jews is the same entity D) God has a special relationship with the Jewish people E) it is essential for Christians to study the Hebrew Bible

According to the traditional account, Abraham A) travelled from Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) to Canaan B) travelled from Canaan to Egypt C) fathered ten daughters who became the matriarchs of the ten tribes of Israel D) received 10 commandments from God and inscribed them in stone E) became the first king of a united Israel

An essential step to becoming born again in the context of the Second Great Awakening in the United States was A) confession of one's sins, ideally in a public or group setting B) studying the major interpretations of the Bible C) accepting papal authority in matters of faith D) learning classical Greek to read the New Testament in its original language E) memorizing the Bible and being able to recite it on demand

Basic knowledge of the world's religions is A) essential for cultural literacy in a pluralistic world B) essential for personal happiness C) too difficult for any one person to acquire D) of little practical benefit because only one religion can be true E) common—survey data show that 80-90% of U.S. residents possess high levels of religious literacy

Confucius thought that human civilization A) would probably improve and advance in the future B) would probably collapse in the future C) was not significantly different from the rest of nature D) depended on and was a product of the Divine power of Heaven E) had been in steep decline for many centuries

Confucius was A) an antiquarian, deeply immersed in the lore of the past B) a prominent government official C) a temple priest D) a prominent author and editor E) a military leader who yearned for peace

During the late Second Temple period, A) some Jews held a utopian, future-oriented vision of the messiah, who would be a spiritual leader B) almost all Jews regarded military rebellion against Rome as a good idea C) Greco-Roman culture and traditional Jewish culture interacted harmoniously D) traditional Jewish practices such as circumcision and keeping the Sabbath faded away owing to the influence of Greco-Roman culture E) all Jews agreed about the characteristics of a soon-to-arrive messiah

East-West Schism (or Great Schism) of 1054 resulted from a dispute over A) power and leadership B) serious doctrinal issues C) editions of the Bible D) liturgical rites E) setting dates for holidays and observances

For Confucius A) law should not be the primary means of regulating society B) human society and culture had been in steep decline ever since the early part of the Shang dynasty C) the preservation of ancient culture, while enjoyable as a hobby, was of little or no practical value to society in the present D) humans should live in harmony with the forces of nature, abandoning the artificial world of society and culture E) a major goal of his life's work was to convince others that human nature is good

For Confucius, good government was mainly a matter of A) scrupulously carrying out the proper ritual forms (li) B) creating a thorough and effective system of laws to regulate society C) creating democratic institutions by which to give voice to the sentiments of the masses D) careful planning of the details of taxation and military affairs E) abandoning complex society and returning to a small roving bands of hunter-gatherers as the largest social unit

For Confucius, sages A) influence the rest of society by means of moral charisma (de) B) were numerous in his own day, thus giving him hope for the future C) had no effect on society because it had become too corrupt D) were to be found only among kings and emperors E) were divine, savior-like beings send to earth by Heaven

Hadith literature A) includes divergent accounts, which scholars evaluated according to strict criteria B) is considered revealed Holy Scripture C) is identical in both Sunni and Shia Islam D) has very little to say about the details of Muhammad's life E) is in perfect agreement about the details of Muhammad's life

Hanukkah A) commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt B) is the holiest day in the Jewish calendar C) requires observant Jews eat their meals in temporary booths D) celebrates the Lord revealing the Law to Moses E) commemorates God's liberating the Hebrew people from Egypt

In Chinese popular religion and lore, one way to prevent ghosts from causing problems is to A) keep the moving at all times B) feed them C) soothe them with certain kinds of music D) capture them in jars of water E) offer "protection money" to certain ghost-slaying deities

In Daoist inner alchemy A) one should strive to minimize the loss of "inner qi" through special breathing techniques B) women should bathe in the sun C) it is advantageous for women to practice sexual training techniques, but men would not benefit from such training D) one should strive to slow down or, even better, stop the flow of qi through one's body E) yoga-like physical exercises (daoyin) were done to close the body's pores to prevent excessive contact with life-shortening forces.

In Hinduism, one way of dealing with the conflicting demands of life's possible goals is to A) pursue different goals at different stages of one's life B) change ones social class (varna) C) attain liberating knowledge through a study of the Vedas D) devote one's self to a deity (bhakti) E) separate one's self from society at an early age renounce worldly attachments

In Judaism after the Babylonian exile ended, A) Yahweh was not only the god of Israel, but had also become the only God in the universe B) Yahweh was thought to be more powerful than either Baal or Marduk C) temple sacrifice gradually replaced prayer and textual study as the main religious activity D) the prophet Samuel anointed David as king E) a new round of prophetic activity began that continued for over a century

In Mahayana Buddhism, the final age of a Buddhist cycle A) lasts 10,000 years B) lasts 500 years C) lasts 1000 years D) is a time when people go through the motions of Buddhism without deep understanding of it E) is a time when the Dharma spreads and is practiced correctly

In the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), just as he was about to become enlightened A) Mara sent a horde of demons to try to prevent it B) he dreamed of a white elephant C) he gave up meditation in favor of asceticism (mortifying his flesh) D) he understood that atman and Brahman are two distinct entities E) he paused to preach a sermon to his former associates

In ancient Greece A) citizen participation in public religious rites affirmed civic engagement and identity B) religion was too abstract and academic to be of interest to anyone but a small group of highly educated citizens C) government-sponsored temple sacrifices were conducted in secret by state-appointed priests D) divine law regulated nearly all aspects of people's lives E) deities were abstractions without physical shape or attributes

In classical Chinese thought A) every action of everybody and everything reverberates throughout the cosmos B) there is a supreme God of the universe who reveals himself through human prophets C) moral laws and natural (scientific) laws are separate and unrelated D) the most basic substance of the universe consists of 10 fundamental elements E) the category of yang includes things and qualities such as cool, dark, and female

In classical Chinese thought A) ideas and emotions were part of the "10,000 things" B) one urgent and disputed issue was explaining how the universe came into existence C) "Heaven" was, in all cases, a willful deity who intervened in human affairs D) humans had no free will or any ability to bring about beneficial outcomes in their lives E) the universe consisted of 1000 phases of 10 basic elements to create the "10,000 things"

In early Daoism, human culture and civilization A) function like poison, and they lead us to an early grave B) are a glorious inheritance from past eras and should be preserved C) are of no real significance because most people are living out in the woods and mountains, just like the other animals D) have steadily gotten weaker and less influential as time has gone by and are on the verge of fading away E) should be the basis upon which rulers create systems of laws

In later Daoism, the overall view of the human body was that A) it is a microcosm of the cosmos B) it is but a useless shell, to be happily discarded after death to liberate our true spirits C) it is incapable of surviving for long periods of time, which is why people so often die before reaching 100 years of age D) the flesh is a source of sin and so it should be mortified by fasting and exposure to the elements E) it should be trained and conditioned by strict adherence to ritual forms (li)

In sixteenth-century China, A) Jesuit priests like Johann Adam Schall von Bell sometimes became high-ranking court officials owing largely to their knowledge of science B) Christian clerics were not welcome C) nearly well educated people believed in ghosts and local deities D) nearly well educated people were atheists and held to no concept of a higher power or principle in the universe E) unlike the western world, religion and science were in a state of conflict

In some depictions, Fuxi A) holds engineering or carpentry tools B) rides on the back of an ox C) plays a music instrument D) holds stalks of grains and various fruits E) is a turtle-like creature with a human head

In the apocalyptic view, which emerged in post-Second Temple Judaism and carried over to Christianity, A) God's people suffer because there are evil forces in the world hostile to God B) the suffering of God's people is a divine punishment orchestrated by God C) God's people suffer when their faith is insufficiently strong D) God's people suffer because sparks of the divine are trapped within our flesh E) God's people suffer because God has permanently abandoned humanity

In the context of basic Buddhist teachings, karma is A) a cosmic law of cause and effect similar to a type of energy, which propels us from one birth to the next B) the constant cycle of birth, death, and rebirth C) the force or power of the Buddha's compassion for sentient beings D) another term for Mara's Attack E) a blissful state of mind brought on by proper meditation

In the late Roman Empire (after ca. 400 CE), A) extensive cultural exchange between Christianity and the pagan traditions began B) paganism enjoyed a revival of popularity C) pagan festivals vanished because of state prohibitions of public festivities D) Christianity adopted a mild attitude toward non-Christians, attempting to make converts only by non-violent means E) most Christians became puzzled by the apparently delay in the expected second coming of Jesus

One feature of the cities of the Indus Valley Civilization was A) well-engineered drainage canals B) no use of a writing system C) large stone houses in the city center where elites lived and smaller houses of common people farther out D) approximately 20% of the land set aside for graveyards, featuring elaborate tombs E) sophisticated military foundries for making weapons

One goal of Daoist inner alchemy practices was to A) return to the breathing of a child in its mother's womb B) strengthen the heart, lungs, and muscles through daily swimming in cold water C) to release stress and tension through the enjoyment of sexual intercourse D) to enhance yang energy in men by their bathing in the moonlight E) to retain qi by closing or blocking the pores of the skin by bathing in mud

One matter of Buddhist debate in medieval Japan was whether A) women could become enlightened as women B) men could become enlightened as men C) people in general could become enlightened as humans D) the Hindu deities were enlightened beings E) Chikubushima was a power spot

One of Mencius' major contributions to early Confucianism was A) the assertion that ordinary people were right to overthrow evil rulers B) the idea that li (ritualized behavior, ceremony, etc.) is the key to good government C) the idea that human nature is like a blank slate, becoming good or evil as a result of social influences in a person's immediate environment D) the idea that our main purpose in life is to find our lost "inner child," who will then make us happy E) the assertion that human virtue can only be developed in a social context, not by isolated contemplation, fasting, meditation, and so forth

One result of Martin Luther's religious reform efforts was A) agrarian revolts that resulted in 100,000-300,000 peasant deaths B) rejection of the Chalcedonian Orthodoxy C) an increase in the number of sacraments from two to seven D) greater toleration for different religions E) an era of peace and social tranquility throughout Europe

One way that Emperor Constantine contributed to the development of Christianity was by A) convening the Council of Nicaea in 325 B) requiring Christians in the empire to believe that God the Son (Jesus) was subordinate to God the Father C) prohibiting solar worship in the Roman Empire D) making Christianity the official state religion of Rome E) convening the Council of Chalcedon in 451

Owing to the conquests of Alexander the Great, all residents of Palestine A) became exposed to elements of Hellenistic culture B) became Roman citizens C) became part of the Persian Empire D) began to practice Greek-style paganism E) began working on the Sabbath

Paul of Tarsus argued that A) belief in Jesus's resurrection was the only way to attain right standing before God B) following the Jewish law was a requirement for right standing before God C) Jesus was a divine being D) there was no need for Jesus to return to earth E) good deeds was the path to right standing before God, and Jesus served as an example of how all people should behave

Rabbinic Judaism is based in large part on the A) belief in an oral Torah B) centrality of temple sacrifices as a form of religious practice C) belief that a military leader will emerge and restore the Davidic line of kings D) the pursuit of mystical experiences through meditation E) rejection of an oral Torah

Religion A) is and has been a part of all human societies B) came into existence approximately 4,000 years ago C) was closely connected with literacy and the spread of the written word D) originated in the early struggle by humans to enjoy the world's beauty E) deals with abstractions and therefore people have never assessed in terms of its pragmatic effectiveness

Saturnalia was a Roman festival that A) featured temporarily inverted social norms B) celebrated military valor C) celebrated the power of the moon and stars D) coincided with spring planting E) honored the deity Serapis

Starting in the 8th or 9th centuries in Japan, A) native deities (kami) came to be regarded as local manifestations of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas B) Buddhism arrived from the Asian Continent C) Christianity arrived from China D) people began to practice a religion called Shinto E) Japan's ruling elite rejected Buddhism on the grounds that it was a foreign religion

Upon becoming enlightened, the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) was initially reluctant to try to explain how he had accomplished it. The reason was that A) such a teaching might be too difficult for others to grasp or too demanding for them to practice B) he lacked compassion C) he did not want to offend the Brahmins (priests) of the established social order D) explaining how to become enlightened was a burdensome task the Buddha hoped to avoid E) he was afraid nobody would believe that he had become enlightened

Which of the following figures is NOT a prophet in the Islamic tradition? A) Abu Bakr B) Adam C) Noah D) Abraham E) Jesus

Which of the following is NOT a core belief or practice in Islam A) the divinity of Muhammad B) rigorous monotheism C) daily worship D) giving assistance to the poor E) fasting during Ramadan

Which of the following is NOT correct about William Jennings Bryan? A) He was a prominent advocate of applying historical criticism to the study of the Bible B) He was the Democratic and Populist party presidential nominee in 1896. C) He served as secretary of state under Woodrow Wilson D) He served in the House of Representatives E) He was a popular speaker who began a public lecture tour soon after World War 1 ended

Which of the following is NOT one of the proper ends or goals of humanity in Hindu thought? A) maya (illusion) B) dharma (duty, obligation) C) artha (material wealth and power) D) kama (pleasure) E) moksha (liberation)

Which religion has no significant role for deities or other supernatural beings? A) original Buddhism B) Hinduism C) Christianity D) Judaism E) paganism

One old (pre-19th century) Christmas season custom was A) attending church services B) fasting and reflecting on one's shortcomings over the past year C) study of Holy Scripture D) inversion of the ordinary social order, known as "the season of misrule" E) undertaking pilgrimages to sacred sites

By approximately 1900, one characteristic of the fundamentalist movement in Christianity in the United States was A) preference for figurative or symbolic readings of the Bible B) a strong focus on the Book of Revelation C) was an attempt to harmonize Christian principles with the scientific and social advances and changes characteristic of the modern world D) an all-out campaign to oppose Darwinian evolution E) the application of Darwinian ideas to social life to provide the intellectual basis for curtailing welfare programs ("the dole") and other forms of public assistance to the poor.

Chikubushima is A) an island in the middle of a pond in Tokyo B) the Japanese equivalent of China's mythical Penglai C) an island in the Japan Sea just barely visible from the coast D) an island located southwest of Kyoto E) the home of a shrine dedicated to the solar deity Amaterasu

Compared with the Shia variety of Islam, Sunni Islam tends to A) celebrate charismatic holy women B) believe in spiritual egalitarianism C) create holy sites at the graves of supreme religious leaders (imams) D) hold that the leader of the Islamic community should be especially virtuous and spiritually advanced E) regard as a bad idea the former electing caliphs as leaders of the Islamic community

Confucius' Way (dao) was A) roughly equivalent to the forces of nature or the cosmic forces B) created, upheld, and advanced by human effort C) a path one could follow that would lead to a better life in the next world after death D) a return to a pristine state of nature, unspoiled by social corruption E) a mystical path, which people pursued through meditation and the use of certain herbal hallucinogenic drugs

During the Babylonian Exile A) Jewish communities established themselves in Rome and Alexandria B) the Jewish community decided the era of prophecy had ended C) Rabbinic Judaism emerged as an alternative to temple sacrifices D) the Jewish community declined economically and in terms of population because of severe hardships E) Rabbis composed the Talmud

During the month of Ramadan. Muslims should A) not eat anything B) be especially mindful of their sins and the ethical quality of their lives C) pray three times daily D) give gifts to family members and friends E) avoid all forms of work

For Confucius, "the Way" was a product of A) the Divine power of Heaven B) human effort and intelligence C) random forces beyond anyone's control or understanding D) the combined power of a variety of deities and spirits E) the operation of natural laws

Gnosticism A) held that God has a special relationship with the Jewish people B) was a set of ideas that intersected with Christianity, Neo-Platonism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and certain forms of Judaism C) argued that the God of the Christians and the God of the Jews were two different entities D) argued that there is nothing superior to or loftier than the material world E) argued, contrary to Paul, that strict adherence to the Jewish law was a legitimate path to salvation

Holi is A) a festival celebrating the deity Kali B) a spring festival, associated with colors and love C) the largest gathering of people in the world D) a fall harvest festival featuring gift giving E) a large communal feast to celebrate the bounty of the hunt by consuming game animals

In Buddhist theory, the Five Heaps (skandhas) explain A) how we might enter nirvana B) how we came to have a sense of "I" or "me" as an individual self C) the usefulness of skillful means D) why the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) chose the Middle Path E) how and why things really exist independently, in and of themselves

In Hinduism, the embodiment of the qualities of the ideal man and woman are A) Krishna and Parvati B) Rama and Sita C) Krishna and Kali D) Rudra and Rama E) Durga and Kali

One reason for increasing tension between science and religion during the nineteenth century in the western Christian world was A) that for the first time most Christians began to read the Bible symbolically B) that scientific advances began to outpace theology C) a sharp turn towards fundamentalism (rejection of modernity) on the part of the Roman Catholic Church D) that the quality and focus of education changed, leaving most people less able to understand science E) that the quality and focus of education changed, leaving most people less able to interpret Holy Scripture

One way that Hinduism deals with the tension between social duty and renunciation is A) pairing all the major male deities like Shiva or Vishnu with female counterparts B) karma yoga: acting but renouncing the results of that action C) the creation of a wide variety of devotional practices D) advocating a society without social classes or status distinctions E) embracing an endless multiplicity of representations of the divine

Reform Judaism A) insists on holding fast to a literal interpretation of Jewish law B) seeks to reconcile Jewish law harmoniously with contemporary society C) seeks to preserve as many traditional elements of Judaism as possible D) does not ordain women as Rabbis E) requires that all prayers be said in Hebrew, not the local language

The Babylonian conquest of Judah in 586 BCE A) directly led to the area becoming a Roman province B) resulted in the elite members of Judean society forcibly relocated to Mesopotamia C) established Jewish communities in Rome and Alexandria D) introduced Hellenistic cultural influence to the region E) was interpreted by Jewish thinkers as a victory of the deity Marduk

The Greek philosopher Plato A) claimed that the material world we inhabit is a stable, unchanging reflection of the Divine B) theorized that non-material ideal forms constituted the highest, most fundamental reality C) claimed that the underlying logic of the universe was so complex that humans could not hope to understand it D) discovered that the square root of 2 is a rational number E) was concerned only with human society and rejected speculation about metaphysics or cosmology

The Japanese solar deity Amaterasu was regarded as a local manifestation of A) Amida (Buddha of compassion) B) Vairocana (solar Buddha) C) Yakushi (medicine Buddha) D) Kannon (Bodhisattva of compassion) E) Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha

The Mahayana doctrine of skillful means (upaya) maintains that A) one must never tell a lie under any circumstances B) any device or technique, even a lie, which moves people farther along the path to enlightenment, is morally good C) only people highly learned in Buddhist scriptures can become enlightened D) the ends never justify the means E) when we die our spirit goes to heaven or to hell

The Pharisees A) denied the existence of an oral tradition B) believed in a just system of divine rewards and punishments C) thought that there was no room for free will because everything was predetermined by God D) rejected any possibility of resurrection after death E) were a small fringe group that lived in the desert

The basic story of Jesus's birth, death and resurrection resembles A) accounts of prophets found in the Old Testament B) well-known regional stories of gods and heroes C) accounts of famous kings found in the Old Testament D) the vision of the messiah as a great king E) the vision of the messiah as a charismatic temple priest

The basic, most common religious transaction throughout human history has been A) the expenditure of effort and thought in return for spiritual insights B) worship of or sacrifice to higher powers in return for material benefits C) worship of or sacrifice to higher powers in return for enhanced artistic vision D) worship of or sacrifice to higher powers in return for reincarnation E) intellectual effort to understand the cosmos leading to deep happiness

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the Book of Revelation in the New Testament? A) Some argue that Revelation is about something that already happened or was supposed to happen B) Revelation describes an event it calls "Rapture," and all Christians believe that they will fly up through the air to meet God when this event takes place at some point in the future C) Some argue that Revelation is about something that will happen in the future D) Some see Revelation as an allegory of the constant struggle between good and evil E) Those who regard Revelation as describing the future often hold different versions of the precise sequence and details of the events that will unfold

Which of the following matters was a major issue during the time of Mencius and Xunzi but not during the time of Confucius? A) family values B) the nature of human nature C) ritualized conduct D) the correct method for praying to Heaven E) the questions of which books should be considered Holy Scripture

Which of the following was NOT one of the five agents or phases (wuxing) in classical Chinese thought? A) fire B) air C) earth D) water E) wood

Yahweh was A) the Babylonian war god B) a vengeful tribal war god in many early books of the Bible C) originally a storm deity of great importance to agriculture D) originally a deity of healing and medicine, closely related to Asclepius E) a relative of the Greek-Egyptian hybrid deity Serapis

A Bodhisattva A) bears no functional resemblance to Christian saints B) is the same as a Buddha C) motivated by compassion for the millions of other suffering creatures, withholds entry into nirvana D) is the highest ideal in Theravada Buddhism E) seeks to establish a Buddhist kingdom on earth, ruled by a "Dharma ruler"

The basic meaning of jihad (struggle in the name of God) is A) military battles B) the effort to convert of non-believers to Islam C) the battle to adhere to God's law D) intense study of religious scripture E) fasting during the month of Ramadan

A PEW survey of the United States in 2006 revealed A) a similar pattern of basic religious belief among scientists and the population as a whole B) that very few scientists denied the existence of any kind of divinity or higher power C) that while 41% of scientists denied the existence of any kind of divinity or higher power, only 4% of the public at large did D) that approximately 1/3 of the public denies the existence of God or any other kind of higher power E) scientists were much more likely than the public at large to regard scientific discoveries as confirmation of Divine wisdom

A major goal of this course is to A) enhance your personal spirituality B) serve as a forum for the practice of religion C) acquire a moderately sophisticated understanding of the phenomenon of religion in human societies D) criticize backward or primitive religions E) encourage you to believe in the teachings of a religion

A major source of worry for many medieval Japanese was A) the possible destruction of the country by earthquakes B) rampant materialism C) mappō (the end of the Dharma) D) invasions from abroad E) being reborn in Amida's Pure Land

According to the Buddhist Eightfold Path, which of the following would be a WRONG livelihood? A) musician B) massage therapist C) brewery owner D) IT consultant E) physician

According to the Marcionites A) Paul's understanding of Christianity was wrong B) owing to Jesus' righteousness, God adopted Jesus as his son C) the god of the Old Testament and the god of the New Testament were different gods D) our mission in life is to liberate the divine sparks within us E) this world is an illusion, so do not become attached to it

Agni is A) an Indo-Aryan storm deity B) a demonic tempter C) an Indo-Aryan fire deity D) an Indo-Aryan deity who often assumes human form, such as Krishna E) a fermented beverage popular among the Indo-Aryans

As a technical term in science, which of the following is NOT correct regarding a theory? A) Theories have predictive power. B) Theories organize known facts, observations, and experimental data into an intellectual framework. C) Theories are unproven speculation and are not as reliable as facts. D) Once established, theories can never change. E) To become widely accepted, a theory must explain known facts better than competing theories and be repeatedly confirmed by observation or experiments.

As for Jesus the Christ, A) he was born in Rome and wrote extensively in Latin B) he wrote an autobiography, which became the first book of the New Testament C) we know nothing about his physical appearance D) all of the gospels in the New Testament agree on the details of his birth and death E) he seems to have spoken frequently in support of social elites and the wealthy members of society

Daoist immortals A) are all male B) are all female C) were once ordinary human beings who then acquired seemingly supernatural qualities D) generally get heavier as the years go by owing to an accumulation of qi in their bodies E) are always solitary and never congregate together for social or other functions

Diwali is a A) spring festival in which people frolic around a bonfire B) festival celebrating the deity Kali C) festival celebrating the triumph of light over darkness D) ritual offering of ghee (clarified butter) to the deities E) ceremony devoted to the remembrance and veneration of one's ancestors

During Moses' time A) the tribes of Israel settled down into various locations in Canaan B) prophets criticized corruption and sin C) the Hebrew God was not a universal deity, but a national one D) the final editing of the Bible took place E) Greek armies conquered Israel

During the Mahayana Buddhist end times (mappō, the final stage of the Dharma) A) the external forms of Buddhism continue, but people no longer understand what they mean B) the law of karma stops working C) even the external forms of religious practice are in error D) humans begin, for the first time, to experience a sense of suffering and uneasiness E) all sentient beings on earth die, and life on the planet re-emerges anew

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Jesuit order of Roman Catholic priests argued that A) Confucians worshipped the wrong god B) the ideas of Confucius are worthy of study, but not the ideas of Mencius C) Confucianism and closely-related practices like ancestral veneration does not constitute a religion D) the Church should learn from Confucians regarding the conduct of elaborate rituals E) allowing for linguistic differences, Confucianism and Christianity essentially the same religion

During the time Paul of Tarsus was active, A) there was no significant opposition to Paul's views B) the canonical gospels (those included in the Bible) had been written C) most followers of Jesus thought that Jesus would soon return to earth D) Christianity had definitively split off from Judaism and existed as a separate religion E) he wrote essays systematically laying out his ideas about religion

During the time when Muhammad was alive, the Arabian Peninsula was A) predominantly Christian B) under the control of the powerful King Quryash C) sandwiched between the Byzantine and Sassanid (Persian) Empires D) predominantly Jewish E) predominantly Zoroastrian

In 538 BCE Cyrus decreed that the Jews in exile could return to Palestine. As a result A) all Jews in Babylon moved back to Palestine B) the prophet Isaiah predicted the coming of a messiah C) Some of the Babylonian Jews moved back to Palestine and began rebuilding the temple D) the prophet Jeremiah warned against rebuilding the temple E) Ezra encouraged intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews

In Judaism, one result of the increasing influence of Hellenistic culture in the wake of the conquests of Alexander the Great was A) that the Jewish people abandoned monotheism in favor of pagan polytheism B) that Jerusalem became the geographic center of Judaism C) translation of the Hebrew Bible and other religious texts into Greek D) that Alexandria became the geographic center of Judaism E) the cessation of temple sacrifice in favor of prayer and the study of religious texts

In Puritan New England in the early 18th century, A) it became common to attend church on Christmas Day B) Christmas became a mandatory holiday and businesses were required to close on December 25 C) social historians have determined that sexual activity among young people peaked during the Christmas season D) the governor of Massachusetts, appointed by the British crown, enforced a strict prohibition on "Christmas keeping" as was the law in Britain at this time E) Christmas became a family-oriented holiday featuring gift giving

In Vedic Hinduism, one way to improve one's karmic balance was to A) meditate B) perform pest control services for the community C) accept one's status in the current lifetime and faithfully carrying out the duties of that status D) improve the social condition of untouchables E) criticize social and religious corruption publically

In classical China, dragons A) were a type of demon B) were associated with hot, dry qualities C) often served as a vivid metaphor for the Daoist way D) assisted Daoist immortals by destroying their enemies E) were deities, often worshipped in temples

One reason for increasing tension between science and religion during the nineteenth century was A) a sharp turn towards fundamentalism (rejection of modernity) on the part of the Roman Catholic Church B) Gaps in scientific knowledge increased and widened owing to new data from much more sensitive instruments C) science had increasingly less room for God, especially for a God that wilfully acted in or intervened in the world D) that scientists began to insist that some species of animals and plants had evolved from previous life forms E) that the widespread acceptance of historical criticism (higher criticism) provided new insights into the deep meanings and structure of the Bible, thus reducing the need for scientific explanations

One result of the Protestant Reformation was A) establishment of the first European Buddhist temple, in Cologne (Germany) B) an increase in the number of people who rejected religion entirely and professed atheism C) development of a hysterical fear of witches, which persisted for centuries D) rejection of the Chalcedonian Orthodoxy E) greater religious toleration

Pythagoras of Samos and his associates A) welcomed the challenge to their worldview that irrational numbers posed B) rejected the idea that mathematics could describe the ultimate principles of the universe C) regarded the principles of musical harmony as the underlying harmony of the universe D) regarded the number 7 as especially important and meaningful E) was concerned only with human society and rejected speculation about metaphysics or cosmology

The Jewish Sabbath day is A) sundown on Saturday until sundown on Sunday B) sunrise to sundown on Sunday C) sundown on Friday until sundown on Saturday D) sunrise to sundown on Friday E) sundown on Sunday until sunrise on Monday

The Noble Eightfold Path is divided into three broad categories, namely A) physical world, metaphysics, transcendence B) human world, world of the deities (devas), and enlightenment C) wisdom, conduct, and meditation D) body, mind, soul E) birth, livelihood, death

The ancient genre of literature known as apocalypse typically featured A) biographies of famous people, heroes, or deities B) the triumph of evil forces in the end C) fantastic imagery, understood in symbolic terms D) poignant tales about the suffering of oppressed people E) fantastic imagery, understood as literal truths

Classical Chinese creation myths are concerned mainly with the origins of A) human beings B) Chinese people C) the earth D) culture and civilization E) the universe

Close textual analysis of the Bible by scholars of historical criticism A) was reassuring to the public because it upheld age-old certainties about Holy Scripture B) was, according to William Jennings Bryan, the main cause of World War 1 C) prompted a popular movement within Protestant Christianity for embracing complex interpretations of the Bible D) revealed a complex structure and editing process E) directly influenced Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection

Compared with the Sunni variety of Islam, Shia Islam tends to A) emphasize the need for an orderly community as the path to salvation B) deny the need for special intermediaries between God and the masses of believers C) look favorably on the practice of electing caliphs after Muhammad's death D) regard people as needing the assistance of divinely favored holy leaders E) be optimistic about human capacity to find salvation through adherence to God's law

Confucius thought that human society and civilization A) had not changed significantly for many centuries B) was the product of Divine creation by Heaven C) was a corrupt realm that should be abandoned by people who are truly religious D) had emerged from a past in which people lived in a primitive state of nature E) could prosper only if people recognized and worshipped the supreme deity that he called "Heaven"

Darwin claimed that the mechanism of natural selection that he proposed A) should be applicable to human politics and social organization, in addition to biological populations B) was as much moral as it was mechanistic because species that prospered or declined deserved such a fate C) was based on biblical sources D) was descriptive, not normative E) was evidence of the brilliance of God's creation

During the early Second Temple period, Ezra A) encouraged intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews B) predicted the coming of a messiah C) likened the people of Judah to an unfaithful wife or rebellious children D) began the practice of reading and explaining sacred scripture in public E) established Jewish communities established themselves in Rome and Alexandria

During the late Second Temple period, which of the following was NOT a belief or practice held by the vast majority of Jews? A) belief in a God who acted in history B) the Law of Moses C) circumcision D) belief that humans have free will in all things E) keeping the Sabbath

For Confucius, li (ritualized conduct) was A) a method for enhancing one's spiritual wellbeing B) less important that genuine feelings C) inferior to laws as a means of social organization D) a form of modeling E) inferior to personal prayer as a means of spiritual development

For Gnostic Christians, salvation comes from A) divine grace B) following God's revealed law in the material world C) belief in the resurrection of Jesus D) one's own effort: knowing what to do and then doing it E) accepting Jesus's sacrifice and being grateful for it

Historical criticism (or higher criticism) A) was widely embraced by the public after the publication of Essays and Reviews in 1861 B) was reassuring to the public because it upheld age-old certainties about Holy Scripture C) was the academic basis by which theologians criticized Darwinian evolution D) refers to the academic task of determining a text's original meaning in the matrix of its original historical context E) proved that the Bible consisted of a single, consistent underlying narrative

In Chinese lore, Yu the Great is "great" because he A) created agriculture B) was a paragon of filial piety C) discovered the 8 Trigrams D) was a hydraulic engineer who controlled the flooding of rivers E) created the institution of marriage

In Hinduism, karma ("action") is A) a term referring to a person's social duties and obligations B) refers to seeking enlightenment through the pursuit of sensual and emotional pleasures C) the name of a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth D) an inescapable law or principle of cause and effect E) an advanced state of spiritual enlightenment

In Islam, Hadith refers to A) the first and most important chapter of the Quran (Koran) B) the duty of Muslims to make a pilgrimage to Mecca C) daily worship D) records of the words and deeds of the Prophet E) personal struggle to live in accordance with God's rules

In the Scopes Trial of 1925, A) William Jennings Bryan represented the defense B) Clarence Darrow represented the prosecution C) William Jennings Bryan impressed the news media with his eloquent and convincing defense of fundamentalist Christian ideas D) the judge insisted that the trial focus on the narrow question of whether Scopes was guilty of teaching evolution E) William Jennings Bryan brilliantly cut down the arguments of Clarence Darrow, which is mainly why Jennings' side won the case

In the early Daoist conception of history A) life has generally improved for most people over the years B) there was no particular pattern to the human past—just a series of random events C) the events and circumstances of the past have little or no relevance in explaining the present D) society and culture were, in effect, poisonous to human development and happiness E) human beings have benefited from the efforts of a series of sage kings and cultural inventors (e.g., Yao, Shun, Yu)

In the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), we can see that enlightenment is A) attainable through sheer willpower—by wanting it badly B) attainable through proper ritual performance C) beyond the capacity of humans to attain D) attainable through meditation E) attainable through intense prayer

One legacy of the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire is A) many different denominations of Christianity B) differing accounts of Jesus's life in the four gospels of the New Testament C) the centrality of Rome and the Bishop of Rome (the pope) in early Christianity D) the belief that Christians have been, and continue to be, a persecuted group E) conflicting ideas about the nature and significance of Jesus

One significance of the Indo-Aryan social class system (varnas) is that it A) valorized military arts by placing warriors (Kshatriyas) at the top of the social pyramid B) became a way of permitting social mobility through mastery of Vedic texts C) assigned a high status position to the non-Aryan peoples of the subcontinent D) later developed into a rigid caste system, whose influence persists even today E) became the basis of social organization in other societies such as ancient Greece and ancient China

People in medieval Japan typically imagined A) that the laws of karma cannot possibly apply in one's present lifetime B) that the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth had stopped C) that the religion called Shinto was superior to Buddhism D) there are six major realms of existence (rokudō) into which one might be reborn E) that the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) had actually been born in Japan

Primary causation (or first cause) A) depends not on faith but on careful observation and reasoning B) is the realm in which science operates C) provides explanations of the cause and effect relationships at work in the universe D) is anything that God, however conceived, creates E) makes sense only in the case of an abstract, mechanistic understanding of the Divine (a position often called "deism")

Sacraments A) are the same in all varieties of Christianity B) were mainly of interest to theologians, not ordinary believers C) originally consisted only of baptism and communion, but Protestant reformers increased the number of sacraments to seven D) are divine rituals to transfer grace to the recipient and to open her or him to the Holy Spirit E) were an important part of early Christianity, but are no longer practiced today

The (Christian) Bible A) contains within it explanations of how it should be read and interpreted B) is regarded as literally true in terms of its surface language by most Christians today C) is not regarded as literally true in terms of its surface language by any Christians today D) consists of a variety of literary genres E) forms a systematic theological essay about the nature of the Divine

The Chinese deity Mazu A) is an all-powerful, transcendent God B) resides in the kitchen of a typical Chinese household C) is the highest-ranking deity in a celestial hierarchy D) originated as an actual person who, after death, assumed the role of protecting sailors E) is a rain and storm deity much revered by farmers

The Shia doctrine of deep occultation of the twelfth Imam A) is also embraced by Sunnis B) derives from Hadith literature C) became the ideological basis of the institution of the caliphate D) functioned as survival strategy E) indicates relative optimism about the human capacity for obeying God's law

The cities of the Indus River Valley Civilization A) were largely isolated and appeared to have had little contact with people outside of the Indus Valley B) frequently fought wars with each other, which eventually caused the whole civilization to collapse C) contain dwellings of varying sizes and quality, indicating a rigid social hierarchy D) traded with other regions of the world, including Mesopotamia E) based their wealth mainly on maintaining large herds of cattle for the production of beef, leather clothing, and other leather goods

The command of God to Moses, "You shall have no other gods before me," was a demand for A) monotheism B) military bravery C) eliminating corruption in the administration of the temple D) monolatry E) correct interpretation of Holy Scripture

The division of a united Hebrew kingdom into the kingdoms of Israel and Judah was a result of A) disagreement about how to conduct temple sacrifices B) partitioning by Alexander the Great after he conquered the region C) the dying out of the of the Davidic line of kings D) social tensions owing to a clash of urban culture and older tribal organization E) King Solomon's wisdom in splitting the centers of power to prevent easy conquest

The four gospels found in the New Testament A) agree about the details of Jesus's life, but not about Jesus's overall significance B) agree about Jesus's overall significance, but not about the details of Jesus's life C) agree that Paul was the correct interpreter of Jesus's teachings D) agree about neither the details of Jesus's life nor about Jesus's overall significance E) were designed to merge together into a single, seamless biography of Jesus

The general Daoist approach to the issue of death and what happens thereafter was A) to say that we will be reincarnated B) to say that we will live on in spiritual form in a paradise C) to say that we will undergo Divine judgment and reside either in heaven or in hell D) not to die E) to assume that all people would be reborn into a miserable underworld

The most common form of Hindu worship service is A) Kumbha Mela B) yoga C) group meditation D) a puja (ritual offering to the deities) E) a ceremony in which worshippers venerate a cow

The mysterious island of Penglai, supposedly located off the coast of Shandong A) was a gathering place for Buddhist priests B) was a secluded retreat used by emperors who sought a respite from the demands of their office C) was the (alleged) birthplace of Confucius D) was a gathering place for the Eight Immortals E) was uninhabited and used only once a year by the emperor for his performance of New Year rituals

The order of agents in the classical Chinese conquest cycle is A) wood, fire, earth, metal, water, and then back to wood B) earth, fire, air, wood, water, and then back to earth C) water, fire, earth, air, wood, and then back to water D) fire, metal, wood, earth, water, and back to fire E) air, fire, earth, wood, water, and then back to air

The prophet Isaiah A) predicted defeat at the hands of Rome B) predicted Alexander the Great's conquests C) likened the people of Judah to an unfaithful wife or to rebellious children D) predicted the coming of a messiah, who would usher in a kingdom characterized by righteousness and justice E) warned that God had abandoned the people of Israel

Which of the following is NOT a classic symbol of Daoist immortality? A) peaches B) cranes C) pine trees D) an 8-spoked wheel E) deer

Which of the following statements is accurate? A) Only religion can provide a moral or ethical code. B) All religions value rituals. C) Only religion can provide a sense of purpose in life. D) Defining what constitutes a "deity" is not a simple matter. E) All religions is that they all possess sacred scripture revealed by a higher power

A Bodhisattva seeks to A) attain enlightenment and thus enter nirvana B) establish a Buddhist kingdom on earth, ruled by a Dharma ruler C) enjoy his/her/its own enlightenment D) dwell in a state of meditative concentration, without regard for the broader world E) to liberate all sentient beings

A characteristic of religion in the context of the Second Great Awakening in the United States was the insistence A) that everyone read the Bible literally B) on celebrating Biblical Sabbath (Saturday) C) on a logical, analytical approach to theology and spirituality D) the need for formal rites of exorcism to cast Satan out of sinners' lives E) on free will and the voluntary nature of both sin and salvation

According to many traditional schools of Buddhist thought in Japan and elsewhere, A) there was no difference between men and women in terms of their ability to attain enlightenment B) women were generally superior to men in terms of their ability to attain enlightenment C) people need not follow the basic teachings of Buddhism any longer because asking Amida for assistance was a much easier path to salvation D) only people of lowly, humble status have any hope of attaining enlightenment E) women could not attain Buddhahood as women

According to the Buddhist Eightfold Path, correct conduct includes A) never saying something that is untrue or not fully true, under any circumstances B) lustful behavior, but only between the ages of 15 and 30 C) purchasing and consuming meat from butcher shops D) always obeying and revering the Brahmins (priests) E) never taking unfair advantage for personal gain

According to the Ebionites A) Jesus was born from a virgin B) Paul's teachings are correct C) Jesus was divine D) Jesus had no siblings E) God has a special relationship with the Jewish people

According to the Ebionites A) the god of the Old Testament and the god of the New Testament were different gods B) Jesus taught a method whereby people could liberate the sparks of the divine within their flesh C) this world is an illusion, so do not become attached to it D) Jesus was both divine and human simultaneously E) to be right with God, one must be or become Jewish

By about the 9th century, A) Alexandria in Egypt had become the geographic center of Christianity B) Christianity flourished in the entire Arabian Peninsula C) the Protestant Reformation had started D) Spain had become the geographic center of Christianity E) only two of the former great Patriarchal centers of Christianity remained fully Christian

Compared with the Sunni variety of Islam, Shia Islam tends to A) be optimistic about the human capacity for obeying God's law B) be heavily involved in politics, even in areas where Shiites are a minority C) regard religious scholarship as relatively less important D) celebrate the "rightly-guided" caliphs E) celebrate charismatic holy women

Confucius thought that human civilization in his own time A) had been in steep decline for many centuries B) was more glorious than it have ever been in the past C) was so corrupt that the only viable option was to abandon it D) had not changed significantly for many centuries E) was undergoing a temporary setback in its development

During the late Second Temple period, A) all Jews agreed about the characteristics of a soon-to-arrive messiah B) Greco-Roman culture and traditional Jewish culture interacted harmoniously C) most Jews agreed with the idea that God had ceased to intervene in human affairs and history D) most Jews enthusiastically supported Roman rule E) some Jews thought that a messiah would arrive to restore the Davidic line of monarchs

Early Christianity A) was centered geographically in the city of Rome B) had a supreme leader, Nestorius C) was in agreement about the nature and significance of Jesus D) was centered geographically in Ethiopia E) flourished in parts of central Asia, China, India, and Africa

Emperor Constantine A) made Christianity the official state religion of Rome B) convened the Council of Chalcedon in 451 C) was exclusively Christian throughout his life and from an early age D) founded the variety of Christianity known as Nestorian Christianity E) proclaimed religious freedom for all Roman subjects

In the classic western Christian tradition, A) the realms of science and theology were entirely separate B) most scholars accepted the findings of science unless a particular claim contradicted a literal reading of the Bible C) members of the clergy typically had no understanding of or interest in science D) Science was useful for many purposes, but it provided no useful guidance for interpreting Holy Scripture E) seeking knowledge of the principles of harmony and geometry, i.e., to pursue science, was to seek to know God

In the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), as he was growing up his father A) tried to expose Siddhartha to the harsh realities of life B) provided extensive training in religious practices such as yoga, meditation, and ritual performance C) paid little attention to influencing his son's development owing to a fatalistic attitude D) provided extensive training in law, administration, and the military arts E) tried to shelter Siddhartha from the harsh realities of life

In the traditional biography of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), he preached his first sermon A) within a few minutes after becoming enlightened B) to an assembly of the rulers of local kingdoms, including his father C) to an assembly of local farmers and herders D) to an assembly of local scholars and theologians E) to five of his former associates with whom he had once practiced asceticism (mortifying the flesh)

Krishna is an avatar (manifestation) of A) Ganesh B) Agni C) Indra D) Shiva E) Vishnu

Kumbha Mela A) takes place at a sacred mountain once every 5 years B) is a spring festival in which people frolic around a bonfire C) celebrates the triumph of light over darkness D) is a spoken sound that facilitates spiritual transformation E) is the largest gathering of people in the world

Muhammad A) lived all of his life in the city of Mecca B) was a scholar who wrote down his insights about religious matters C) passed on the leadership of the community of believers to his son D) died in Medina (Yathrib) in 622 E) eventually came to see himself as the last in a long line of God's messengers

One basic step in Buddhist meditation is A) sitting in a comfortable chair B) counting one's heartbeats until 100, then starting again C) chanting prayers rhythmically D) selecting one's favorite music to play in the background E) stilling the mind by ceasing to talk to one's self

One legacy in Gnostic Christianity is A) the idea that belief in the resurrection of Jesus is the only path to salvation B) elevating the New Testament to a higher status than the Old Testament C) a strong affirmation of the material world as a legitimate realm for the pursuit of spiritual insights and enlightenment D) the prominent place of Jesus's brother, James the Just E) conceptions of the Holy Spirit as a flame residing within us

One longer term significance of the Scopes Trial of 1925 was that it A) swept William Jennings Bryan into the U.S. presidency B) ruined the career of John Scopes, who died a few days after the trial C) greatly weakened the political power of fundamentalist Christianity in the United States D) exposed key scientific weaknesses in Darwinian evolution, prompting the Roman Catholic Church to oppose it E) hardened battle lines in a war between fundamentalist Christianity and Darwinian evolution

Wilfred Cantwell Smith A) regarded religion as a tool of the bourgeoisie (relative social elites) to keep the proletariat (the masses) content B) theorized that religion originated as a reaction to the fear of life's demands, the dangers posed by nature, and to death C) argued that the phenomenon of religion does not really exist D) argued that religion serves three main purposes: social cohesion, social control, and providing meaning and purpose E) argued that the very idea of "religion" was relatively new in human history and was a peculiarly European construct

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