Salt Water
Why does O2 increase below 800m?
-O2 falls from the surface layer in sinking water -Rate of removal decreases because there are fewer animals, less matter to decompose
How many grams of sodium are in one kilogram of seawater?
10.76
Plants only live in the upper _________m (more or less) of the ocean
100
What percentage of the dissolved solids in seawater is S, Mg, Ca, and K?
13.67
How many grams of chlorine are in one kilogram of seawater?
19.35
How much of the world's salt (as in table salt -- NaCl) comes from seawater?
30%
What percentage of the dissolved solids in seawater is sodium?
30.62
How many total grams of dissolved solids are there per kilograms of seawater?
34.91
What is the typical ocean salinity?
35‰ or 35 g/kg
How many grams of S, Mg, Ca, and K are in one kilogram of seawater?
4.80
What percentage of the dissolved solids in seawater is chlorine?
55.07%
How many samples from the Challenger Expedition did William Dittmar analyze?
77
O2 minimum layer is at approximately _____________m
800
What percentage of the major constituents is salt (NaCl)?
86%
What percentage of seawater is pure water?
96.5%
In 1000g of seawater: _______g water _______g salt
965; 35
When you add up all the NaCl, S, Mg, Ca, and K, what percentage of the major constituents does that make up?
99.36%
T/F: Warm water holds more gases than cold water.
False
Reverse osmosis
Force the salt water through a semi-permeable membrane and fresh water is produced
What is the other name for the principle of constant proportions?
Forchhammer's Principle
What is the mineral name for table salt?
Halite
What are the major constituents?
NaCl (salt), Sulfur (s), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K)
What are the three major dissolved gases in seawater?
Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
What is the salt content of water called?
Salinity
William Dittmar analyzed 77 samples from what expedition
The Challenger Expedition
What is everything else (that is not NaCl, S, Mg, Ca, or K) called?
Trace elements
T/F: "CO2 is produced and available at all depths"
True
T/F: Halite dissolves easily in water.
True
T/F: Water can dissolved anything given enough time
True
Who analyzed the samples from the Challenger Expedition?
William Dittmar
CO2 "also enters oceans from the _______________________ at the surface."
atmosphere
Below the surface, O2 concentration ____________________ because of ___________________________ and ______________________________
decreases; respiration; decomposition
Reverse osmosis can be used to _______________________ water.
desalinate
T/F: water under pressure holds less gases than water under less pressure
false
How is salinity measured?
grams salt per kilograms of seawater (g/kg) parts per thousand (‰)
At the surface, there is a ______________ O2 concentration because of __________________________ plus __________________ from __________________________
high; photosynthesis; mixing; atmosphere
CO2 concentration _______________________ throughout the rest of the water column -- animal respiration and decomposition
increases
What does a solar still do?
it uses the sun's energy to evaporate water (evaporated water is fresh. The water is trapped on a plastic dome cap. The water condenses and rolls along the cap to collectors.
The principle of constant proportions only applies to what?
major constituents in open-ocean water
Salinometer
measures electrical conductivity of seawater, which reflects dissolved material
CO2 concentration is the ______________________ of O2
opposite
Osmosis creates _________________
pressure
O2 is ____________________ by plants during _____________________________
produced; photosynthesis
CO2 is produced by _________________________ and ____________________________
respiration; decomposition
O2 is used by animals and plants at night for _____________________ and in ___________________________.
respiration; decomposition
What are some salt outputs?
sea spray, bottom sediments, biological processes, adsorption, chemical precipitation
What is the chemical name for table salt?
sodium chloride
What is the simplest method of desalination?
solar still
Adsorption
solute accumulates on the surface of sediments
Forchhammer's Principle
states that even thought the saltiness (salinity) of the seawater may change, the ratio of the major constituents remain constant
In reverse osmosis, we _______________ the pressure
supply
Salinity
the salt content of water
What is water also known as?
universal solvent
Low in the surface, CO2 is ______________ in photosynthesis
used
CO2 is ____________ by plants during ___________________________________
used; photosynthesis
What are some salt inputs?
volcanoes, rivers, rainfall, hydrothermal vents
Osmosis
water molecules move across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration of water to a region of low concentration (*gradient-driven*)