Sample-Set-7

BONUS 16) MATH Short Answer Solve the following equation for x over the real numbers: (x - 5)(x + 5) = −16.

ANSWER: 3,- 3

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP

ANSWER: 3.2 × 106

BONUS 11) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer In pea plants, tall is dominant over short. Suppose you cross a tall pea plant with a short pea plant. The first generations of offspring or the F1 generation are all tall. You then cross two of these F1 generation pea plants to create a new generation of offspring, the F2 generation. What fraction of the F2 generation pea plants will be tall?

ANSWER: 3/4

BONUS 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer To a chemist, the term "organic" means that a compound is based on what element?

ANSWER: CARBON

BONUS 1) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer The speed of sound in air on a given day is 340 meters per second. You are standing 85 meters from a barn when you give a short, loud, yelp. How long in seconds does it take you to hear your own echo?

ANSWER: 0.5 (ACCEPT: ONE-HALF) 2) MATH Short Answer Express the following product in scientific notation: (4 × 108 )(8 × 10−3 ) [4 times 10 to the 8th times 8 times 10 to the negative 3].

BONUS 15) MATH Short Answer A jar contains 50 buttons. Exactly 10% are green, 20% are blue, 30% are yellow, and the rest are orange. What is the probability of randomly picking first a blue button, replacing it, and then picking an orange button?

ANSWER:

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP

ANSWER:

BONUS 20) MATH Short Answer If the sale price of an item is $60 after a 25% discount, what was the original price, in dollars?

ANSWER: $80

TOSS-UP 21) MATH Short Answer What are the coordinates of the point that is two-thirds of the way from (8, 13) to (-7, 1)?

ANSWER: (-2, 5) 21) MATH Short Answer Given that x is positive, x - y = 4 and xy = 60, what is x + y?

BONUS 23) MATH Short Answer What are the coordinates for the point of intersection in the first quadrant of the graphs with equations xy = 4 and y = x +3?

ANSWER: (1, 4)

TOSS-UP 9) MATH Short Answer The midpoint of a segment is the point (-1, 5). If one endpoint of the segment is (-3, 2), what are the coordinates of the other endpoint?

ANSWER: (1, 8)

BONUS 5) MATH Short Answer If A is a point on the line with equation y = x - 1, and if A is located 2√2 units from the point (4, -1), what are the coordinates of A?

ANSWER: (2, 1)

TOSS-UP 3) MATH Short Answer In the coordinate plane, the coordinates of P are (1, 4) and the coordinates of Q are (5, 0). What are the coordinates of the midpoint of segment PQ?

ANSWER: (3, 2)

BONUS 21) MATH Short Answer Find all points of intersection of the graphs of the two equations x2 + y2 = 20 and x - y = 2.

ANSWER: (4, 2) AND (-2,-4)

BONUS 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer There are at least seven strong acids. Give the common names of five of them.

ANSWER: (ANY FIVE) HYDROCHLORIC, HYDROBROMIC, HYDROIODIC, NITRIC,

BONUS BONUS

ANSWER: (x - 2)(x + 2)( x + 3)

TOSS-UP 19) MATH Short Answer What is the arithmetic mean of the numbers: -20, -12, 7, 9?

ANSWER: - 4

BONUS BONUS

ANSWER: -21

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP

ANSWER: -36

TOSS-UP 16) MATH Short Answer What is the least integer between -44.5 and -15.7?

ANSWER: -44 16) MATH Short Answer For the equation y = x2 + 6x - 3, what is the axis of symmetry of its graph?

TOSS-UP 14) MATH Short Answer If a line segment on a number line has endpoints of -24 and 8, what is its midpoint?

ANSWER: -8

BONUS 24) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer You measure the displacement with respect to time of a block every second for 10 seconds and graph the results with time on the x-axis and displacement on the y-axis. The resultant graph shows a straight line with a slope of -2. What is the acceleration in meters per second squared of the block at time t = 5 seconds?

ANSWER: 0

BONUS 2) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer A ball moving at an initial velocity of 10 meters per second strikes head-on a similar ball initially sitting at rest. Both balls have the same mass and the collision is perfectly elastic. What are the respective speeds of the initially moving and initially stationary ball in meters per second after the collision?

ANSWER: 0, 10

TOSS-UP 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer You measure the current through a resistor as 15 amperes. The voltage drop across the resistor is 5 volts. According to Ohm's law, to the nearest tenth of an ohm, what is the resistance?

ANSWER: 0.3

TOSS-UP 9) MATH Short Answer Simplify the following, if y is not equal to 1: y/(y - 1) - 1/(y - 1) [y over open parenthesis y minus 1 close parenthesis minus 1 over the quantity y minus 1].

ANSWER: 1

BONUS 11) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Two capacitors, each of capacitance 2 microfarads, are connected in series. What is their effective capacitance in microfarads?

ANSWER: 1

BONUS 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Identify all of the following four choices that are electrically neutral: 1) gamma rays, 2) positrons, 3) alpha particles, 4) beta particles.

ANSWER: 1 (ACCEPT: GAMMA RAYS)

TOSS-UP 1) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer In a milliliter of seawater one might expect to find 104 members of the SAR11 clade of marine bacteria. Expressing your answer in scientific notation, how many SAR11 bacteria would one expect to find in a cubic meter of this seawater?

ANSWER: 1 X 1010

BONUS 6) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What respective base units are used in the International System of Units for each of the following four measurements: 1) length, 2) mass, 3) temperature, 4) time.

ANSWER: 1) LENGTH = METER, 2) MASS = KILOGRAM, 3) TEMPERATURE = KELVIN, 4)

BONUS 2) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Identify all of the following four changes that are irreversible: 1) burning, 2) effervescence, 3) dissolving, 4) melting.

ANSWER: 1, 2 (ACCEPT: BURNING, EFFERVESCENCE)

BONUS 7) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Identify all of the following four plant structures that are NOT present in conifers: 1) vines, 2) bulbs, 3) rhizomes [RY-zohms], 4) simple leaves.

ANSWER: 1, 2, 3 (ACCEPT: VINES, BULBS, RHIZOMES)

BONUS 12) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Identify all of the following four elements that are naturally diatomic or polyatomic elements: 1) nitrogen, 2) silicon, 3) phosphorous, 4) selenium.

ANSWER: 1, 3, 4 (ACCEPT: NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS, SELENIUM)

BONUS 21) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Identify all of the following four substances that are examples of compounds: 1) alcohol, 2) soil, 3) milk, and 4) water.

ANSWER: 1, 4 (ACCEPT: ALCOHOL, WATER)

BONUS 15) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Arrange the following four groupings of organisms from narrowest to broadest level of categorization: 1) genus, 2) phylum [FY-luhm], 3) domain, 4) class.

ANSWER: 1, 4, 2, 3 (ACCEPT: GENUS, CLASS, PHYLUM, DOMAIN)

BONUS 16) MATH Short Answer Express the following in scientific notation: (6 × 107 )�6 ×1011 � (3 × 108 ) [the fraction with numerator 6 times 10 to the 7th times 6 times 10 to the 11th and denominator 3 times 10 to the 8th]?

ANSWER: 1.2 x 1011

TOSS-UP 7) MATH Short Answer Providing your answer in scientific notation, simplify the quotient [240 thousand over open parenthesis 2 times 10 to the power of negative 6 close parenthesis].

ANSWER: 1.2 × 1011

BONUS 15) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer The Q10 effect is the degree by which metabolic activity is reduced with a 10° Celsius drop in temperature. A typical Q10 value is 2, meaning that metabolic activity is halved for every 10° decrease in temperature. If a collection of cells with a Q10 value of 2 produces 10 nanograms of carbon dioxide per hour at 40° Celsius, how much would you expect them to produce in nanograms in one hour at 10° Celsius?

ANSWER: 1.25 (ACCEPT: 5/4, 1 ¼)

BONUS 9) MATH Short Answer Given the geometric sequence with first three terms of 8, 2, and 1/2, respectively, what is its 6th term?

ANSWER: 1/128

BONUS 9) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Expressed as a fraction, what is the probability that the daughter of a color blind father and carrier mother will also be color blind?

ANSWER: 1/2 10) MATH Multiple Choice The slope of a line with equation y = px + b is greater than the slope of the line with equation y = qx + b. Which of the following must be true about the relationship between p and q?

TOSS-UP 9) MATH Short Answer What fractional part of a week is equivalent to 4 hours?

ANSWER: 1/42 9) MATH Short Answer Factor completely over the integers: x3 + 3x2 - 4x - 12.

BONUS 3) MATH Short Answer Solve the following equation for x over the real numbers:

ANSWER: 1/5 AND -1/5 (ACCEPT: 0.2 AND -0.2)

TOSS-UP 12) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer A sound wave has a frequency of 8 beats in one second. What is its period in seconds?

ANSWER: 1/8 (ACCEPT: 0.125)

BONUS 17) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer How many electrons are present in nitrogen-14, when nitrogen as atomic number seven is in its three minus oxidation state?

ANSWER: 10

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP

ANSWER: 100

BONUS 9) MATH Short Answer The angle of elevation of the top of a tall building from a point 600 feet from its base is 60°. To the nearest 50 feet, how tall is the building?

ANSWER: 1050

BONUS BONUS

ANSWER: 110 + x

BONUS BONUS

ANSWER: 12

TOSS-UP 19) MATH Short Answer How many different ways can 5 people stand in a single-file line?

ANSWER: 120 19) MATH Short Answer A square with sides of length x + 2 and an equilateral triangle with sides of length 2x have equal perimeters. What is the value of x?

BONUS 20) MATH Short Answer What is the minimum Fahrenheit temperature in degrees that will make the Celsius temperature greater than or equal to 50 degrees?

ANSWER: 122°

BONUS 23) MATH Short Answer Determine the area in square units for a triangle whose sides have lengths 7, 8, and 9 units, respectively.

ANSWER: 12√5

BONUS 10) MATH Short Answer A tangent segment to a circle from an exterior point has a length of 12. The radius drawn to the point of tangency has a length of 5. What is the length of the segment drawn from the exterior point to the center of the circle?

ANSWER: 13

BONUS 8) MATH Short Answer Find the following sum of fractions: 3/5 + 5/3 + 2/6.

ANSWER: 13/5 (ACCEPT: 2 3/5, 2.6)

TOSS-UP 9) MATH Short Answer If two standard dice are rolled and two coins are flipped, how many equally likely outcomes are in the sample space?

ANSWER: 144 9) MATH Short Answer Solve the following equation for x over the real numbers: 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 = 4.

BONUS 16) MATH Short Answer How many positive divisors does 400 have?

ANSWER: 15

BONUS 15) MATH Short Answer Mary hikes 7 kilometers north, then 6 kilometers west, then 5 kilometers north again, and finally 4 kilometers west again. To the nearest whole kilometer, how far is Mary from the starting point of her hike?

ANSWER: 16

BONUS BONUS

ANSWER: 16

BONUS 3) MATH Short Answer A certain bacterium doubles every 30 minutes. If originally there were 100 bacteria, how many bacteria exist after two hours?

ANSWER: 1600

BONUS 2) MATH Short Answer How many right isosceles triangles with 4 inch legs can be cut from 1 square yard of material?

ANSWER: 162

BONUS 22) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer A 5 kilogram block is placed at the top of a frictionless 30° ramp. Suppose gravity exerts a downward force of 10 newtons on the block. Assuming the ramp is sufficiently long, how many meters does the block travel in the first 2 seconds?

ANSWER: 2

BONUS 2) MATH Short Answer Identify all of the following four statements that are always true: 1) if three points are coplanar, they are collinear; 2) if two points are collinear, they are coplanar; 3) three points determine a plane; 4) if two lines are cut by a transversal, the alternate interior angles are equal.

ANSWER: 2 (ACCEPT: IF TWO POINTS ARE COLLINEAR, THEY ARE COPLANAR)

BONUS 8) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer By number, identify all of the following four statements regarding cyanobacteria [sy-uh-noh-bak-TEER-ee-uh] that are true: 1) they belong to the kingdom Protista; 2) they are photosynthetic; 3) they were the first organisms to produce oxygen; 4) they are found in both fresh water and marine environments.

ANSWER: 2, 3, 4

BONUS 24) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Name all of the following four animals that are marsupials: 1) duckbilled platypus, 2) koala, 3) wallaby, 4) wombat.

ANSWER: 2, 3, 4 (ACCEPT: KOALA, WALLABY, WOMBAT)

BONUS 21) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Many scientists believe viruses represent the boundary between the living and nonliving. They exhibit both similarities and differences when compared to living organisms. Identify all of the following four areas in which viruses are different from living organisms: 1) presence of genetic material, 2) reproduction, 3) evolution by natural selection, 4) metabolism.

ANSWER: 2, 4 (ACCEPT: REPRODUCTION, METABOLISM)

BONUS 3) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Order the following four planets from shortest to longest year length: 1) Jupiter, 2) Mercury, 3) Uranus, 4) Earth.

ANSWER: 2, 4, 1, 3 (ACCEPT: MERCURY, EARTH, JUPITER, URANUS)

BONUS 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Put the following four atmospheric layers in order from lowest to highest altitude: 1) mesosphere, 2) troposphere, 3) thermosphere, 4) stratosphere.

ANSWER: 2, 4, 1, 3 (ACCEPT: TROPOSPHERE, STRATOSPHERE, MESOSPHERE,

BONUS BONUS 𝑎 𝑏 = 3.5, what is ?

ANSWER: 2.5 (ACCEPT: 5/2)

TOSS-UP 5) MATH Short Answer What is the probability that a randomly chosen person has his or her next birthday on a weekend?

ANSWER: 2/7 5) MATH Short Answer If 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏

BONUS 14) MATH Short Answer A wire in the shape of a rectangle with length of 20 inches and width of 10 inches is reshaped into an equilateral triangle. How long is each side of the triangle, in inches?

ANSWER: 20

BONUS 20) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer If 40 grams of water at 0° Celsius is added to 10 grams of water at 100° Celsius, what will be the final temperature of the mixture, in degrees Celsius?

ANSWER: 20°

TOSS-UP 23) MATH Short Answer If angle ABC is inscribed in a circle and measures 70 degrees, what is the degree measure of arc ABC?

ANSWER: 220°

TOSS-UP 19) MATH Short Answer Determine the value of the function � � (4) [f over g of 4], if 𝑓 𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 and g(x) = 3x - 5.

ANSWER: 24/7 (ACCEPT: 3 3/7)

BONUS 3) MATH Short Answer What is the total surface area of a cylinder with a base radius of 2 and a height equal to the diameter of the base?

ANSWER: 24π

BONUS 10) MATH Short Answer What fraction has 0.757575... as its infinite repeating decimal?

ANSWER: 25/33

BONUS 21) MATH Short Answer The sum of eight consecutive integers is 2012. What is the largest of these eight integers?

ANSWER: 255

TOSS-UP 3) MATH Short Answer The minute hand of a clock is 2 inches long. How many inches does its tip travel in 30 minutes?

ANSWER: 2𝜋

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP

ANSWER: 3

TOSS-UP 16) MATH Short Answer If 3 - 4i is a root of a quadratic equation with real coefficients, what must be the other root?

ANSWER: 3 + 4i

BONUS 7) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Put the following three Earth layers in order from the outermost layer to the innermost layer: 1) asthenosphere [as-THEN-uh-sfeer], 2) inner core, 3) lithosphere.

ANSWER: 3, 1, 2 (ACCEPT: LITHOSPHERE, ASTHENOSPHERE, INNER CORE)

BONUS 7) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Electron transport in photosynthesis is a series of steps to generate ATP, starting with an electron coming from hydrolyzed water to replace a lost electron in chlorophyll of photosystem II. By number, put the following four steps in order to summarize the movement of this electron. 1) The electron-acceptor molecule transfers the electrons along a series of electroncarriers to photosystem I 2) Ferrodoxin transfers the electrons to NADP+ to form NADPH 3) In photosystem II, light excited electrons move from chlorophyll to an electronacceptor molecule in the thylakoid membrane 4) Photosystem I transfers the electrons to a protein complex

ANSWER: 3, 1, 4, 2

TOSS-UP 1) MATH Short Answer Paul cut a 50 foot rope into 3 pieces. The longest piece was three times as long as each of the other two pieces. How long was the longest piece of rope, in feet?

ANSWER: 30

BONUS 16) MATH Short Answer If a square inscribed in a circle has a side length equal to 8 inches, what is the area in square inches inside the circle but outside the square?

ANSWER: 32π - 64

TOSS-UP 14) MATH Short Answer Quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle. If the measure of angle C is 2x degrees and the measure of angle A is 3x degrees, determine the value of x.

ANSWER: 36 (answer is unitless)

TOSS-UP 15) MATH Short Answer What is the sum of the exterior angles of a triangle, one at each vertex?

ANSWER: 360º

BONUS 12) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer In order to kill microorganisms, materials can be placed under pressurized hot steam in an autoclave. If the temperature of the autoclave is 121° Celsius, what is the temperature in Kelvin to the nearest whole number?

ANSWER: 394

BONUS 12) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer If the velocity of all the particles in a substance doubled, by what factor would you expect the temperature of that substance to be multiplied?

ANSWER: 4

BONUS 6) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer A cell has the genotype AaBBccddEe [big A little a, big B big B, little c little c, little d little d, big E little e]. How many different genotypes are possible for gametes from this cell?

ANSWER: 4

BONUS BONUS

ANSWER: 4

TOSS-UP 7) MATH Short Answer Providing your answer as a mixed number, what is 1 + 2 ?

ANSWER: 4 7) MATH Short Answer For what value of k does kx + 7y = 10 have a slope of 3?

BONUS 3) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Identify all of the following four parties who know which subjects are in which treatment groups in a double blind study involving human subjects: 1) the subjects, 2) the investigators who carry out the study, 3) the investigators who plan the study, 4) the statisticians who analyze the data.

ANSWER: 4 (ACCEPT: THE STATISTICIANS WHO ANALYZE THE DATA)

BONUS 5) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Arrange the following four elements in order of increasing atomic radius: 1) carbon, 2) beryllium, 3) magnesium, 4) oxygen.

ANSWER: 4, 1, 2, 3 (ACCEPT: OXYGEN, CARBON, BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM)

BONUS 1) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Place the following four levels of life in order from the level that refers to the lowest number and variety of organisms to the level that refers to the highest number and variety of organisms: 1) biosphere, 2) communities, 3) ecosystems, 4) organisms.

ANSWER: 4, 2, 3, 1 (ACCEPT: ORGANISMS, COMMUNITIES, ECOSYSTEMS, BIOSPHERE)

BONUS 2) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Rank the following four choices from smallest typical genome to largest typical genome: 1) free-living bacteria, 2) multicellular organisms, 3) obligate symbiotic bacteria, 4) viruses.

ANSWER: 4, 3, 1, 2 (ACCEPT: VIRUSES, OBLIGATE SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA, FREE-LIVING

BONUS 6) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer On the football field, a 90 kilogram man running at 10 kilometers per hour runs into a 110 kilogram man who is stationary. What is the final velocity, in kilometers per hour, after collision?

ANSWER: 4.5

BONUS 3) MATH Short Answer A rectangle is 20 inches on its shorter side. Its diagonal makes an angle of 30° with the longer side. How long in inches is the diagonal?

ANSWER: 40

BONUS 20) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Light with a frequency of 7.5 x 1014 hertz strikes a plate. What is this light's wavelength, to the nearest 100 nanometers?

ANSWER: 400

TOSS-UP 5) MATH Short Answer The tens digit of a two digit number is twice the units digit. If the digits are reversed, the new number is 18 less than the original number. What is the original number?

ANSWER: 42

BONUS 3) MATH Short Answer The volume of a cube is 16√2. What is its surface area?

ANSWER: 48

BONUS 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Providing your answer to the nearest hundredth, what is the force in newtons needed to vertically lift a 5.0 kilogram bowling ball at a constant speed to a height of 0.76 meters?

ANSWER: 49.00

BONUS 21) MATH Short Answer What is the geometric mean of 8 and 4?

ANSWER: 4√2

BONUS 3) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is the speed in meters per second of an object that moves 0.3 kilometers in 1 minute?

ANSWER: 5

BONUS 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer A long circular wire of some resistivity rho in ohms per meter has a resistance of 10 ohms. If the radius of the wire were multiplied by a factor of √2, what would be the new resistance in ohms?

ANSWER: 5

BONUS 21) MATH Short Answer A standard pair of dice is rolled. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers on the two dice is 8?

ANSWER: 5/36

TOSS-UP 19) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer If you have both a male and female alien with genotypes DD [big D big D] and Dd [big D little d], what is the percent chance that any baby aliens they have will be of the Dd [big D little d] genotype?

ANSWER: 50%

BONUS 15) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer In mice, black fur B [Big B] is dominant over white fur b [little b]. If a bb [little B little B] mouse is crossed with a Bb [big B little b] mouse, what percentages of white mice and black mice would you expect in the F1 generation?

ANSWER: 50% BLACK MICE, 50% WHITE MICE (ACCEPT: 50/50)

BONUS 15) MATH Short Answer What is the length in units of the longest diagonal of a cube whose edge measures 5 units?

ANSWER: 5√3

BONUS 13) MATH Short Answer Dividing a certain number by 2 yields the same result as subtracting 15 from 3 times the number. Find the number.

ANSWER: 6

TOSS-UP 5) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer How many protons and how many neutrons are there in carbon-13?

ANSWER: 6 PROTONS; 7 NEUTRONS

BONUS 1) MATH Short Answer If a triangle with sides of 5 and 12 is inscribed in a semicircle, what is the length of the radius of the circle?

ANSWER: 6.5 (ACCEPT: 6 ½, 13/2)

BONUS 7) MATH Short Answer The sum of six integers is what percentage of the average of the six integers?

ANSWER: 600%

BONUS 8) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer When human mRNA is being translated, 3-letter sequences known as codons are used to code for amino acids. How many different codons actually code for an amino acid?

ANSWER: 61 9) MATH Short Answer What is the equation of the line tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 9 at the point with coordinates (3, 0)?

TOSS-UP 6) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is the momentum in newton seconds of an object with a mass of 25 kilograms moving at a velocity of 25 meters per second?

ANSWER: 625

BONUS 21) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Rubbing alcohol has a density of 0.778 grams per milliliter. Providing your answer to two significant figures, what is the mass in grams of a sample that has a volume of 81.0 milliliters?

ANSWER: 63

BONUS 25) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer A cross between a male donkey (2n = 62) and female horse (2n = 64) results in a mule that is generally infertile. What is the diploid chromosome number for a mule?

ANSWER: 63

TOSS-UP 1) MATH Short Answer Assuming that a and b are non-negative, simplify √72𝑎4 𝑏 3 [the square root of the quantity 72 a to the fourth b cubed].

ANSWER: 6𝑎2 𝑏√2𝑏

TOSS-UP 8) MATH Short Answer Darla wants to buy a new round card table with folding legs for her game room. The opening in her doorway is 3 feet wide and 7 feet high. To the nearest whole number of feet, what is the diameter of the largest round table she can buy so that it fits through the doorway?

ANSWER: 7

BONUS 11) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer A car accelerates constantly from 0 meters per second to 90 meters per second in 12 seconds. What is its average acceleration in meters per second squared to two significant figures?

ANSWER: 7.5

BONUS 23) MATH Short Answer What are the prime numbers between 70 and 82?

ANSWER: 71, 73, 79

BONUS 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer You are given a triangularly shaped block of copper and asked the volume of the block. Unable to remember any geometric volume formulas, you use a balance and find the block has a mass of 6.742 kilograms. Given that the density of copper is 8.96 grams per milliliter, what is the volume in milliliters of the block you were given, to the nearest 10 milliliters?

ANSWER: 750

BONUS 16) MATH Short Answer The circumference of the base of a right circular cylinder is 7 pi units. The volume of the cylinder is 98 pi units squared. What is the height of the cylinder, in units?

ANSWER: 8

TOSS-UP 24) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Neon has an atomic number of 10. Assuming neon is in its ground state, how many valence electrons occupy its outermost shell?

ANSWER: 8

BONUS 7) MATH Short Answer Dan's truck averages 20 miles per gallon of gasoline, and his car averages 30 miles per gallon. At these rates, how many more gallons of gasoline does his truck need than his car to make a 540-mile trip?

ANSWER: 9

BONUS 19) MATH Short Answer The measures of the angles of a triangle are in the ratio of 2:3:5. What is the measure in degrees of the triangle's largest angle?

ANSWER: 90°

TOSS-UP 5) MATH Short Answer Once it breaks through the ground, a type of flower grows ¾ of an inch a day. How many days will it take to reach a height of 6 feet?

ANSWER: 96

BONUS 17) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer A car starts from rest and proceeds to travel 3.6 kilometers in 1 minute while steadily speeding up. What, respectively, was the car's acceleration in meters per second squared and final speed in meters per second for this trip?

ANSWER: ACCELERATION = 2, FINAL SPEED = 120

TOSS-UP 24) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Name the molecule that adenosine diphosphate [uh-DEN-uhseen dy-FOS-fayt] is converted to during the chemical processes of fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration.

ANSWER: ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ACCEPT: ATP)

TOSS-UP 17) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer In the third century, a Greek mathematician discovered that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid equals the weight of the fluid displaced. What is this concept called?

ANSWER: ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE

BONUS 23) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer A rogue helicopter pilot captures you and drops you in the middle of a desert. All around you is desert and you think all hope is lost. But suddenly, you see a group of trees at the bottom of a valley. You make your way there and find a small pond surrounded by the trees. What type of underground rock formation is providing this beautiful desert oasis?

ANSWER: ARTESIAN

TOSS-UP 8) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Ceratopsian [ser-uh-TOP-see-uhn] fossils have been found on what three continents?

ANSWER: ASIA, NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE

BONUS 11) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What is the name for viruses that infect only organisms in the domain Bacteria?

ANSWER: BACTERIOPHAGES (ACCEPT: PHAGES) 13) MATH Short Answer Evaluate cos60° (sin45° ) [cosine of 60 degrees times sine of 45 degrees].

BONUS 15) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer The Lyon law suggests that females are a mosaic because one of the X chromosomes present in a female cell is randomly inactivated during development. What is the name given to the deactivated X chromosome when visualized through a microscope?

ANSWER: BARR BODY 16) MATH Multiple Choice The product of two polynomials is 𝑥 5 − 1. One of the polynomials is x - 1. What is the other polynomial?

BONUS 18) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer The African baobab [bay-oh-bab] has evolved large, white, pungent flowers to attract what pollinator?

ANSWER: BATS

TOSS-UP 9) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer In addition to carbohydrates and proteins, your body must also digest fats. What chemical, produced in the liver, aids in the digestion of fats?

ANSWER: BILE (ACCEPT: GALL)

BONUS 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer In the balanced combustion reaction of one mole of propane with excess oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide, identify the number of moles, respectively, of carbon dioxide and water formed.

ANSWER: CARBON DIOXIDE = 3; WATER = 4

TOSS-UP 7) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is term for the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

ANSWER: CARBON FIXATION

TOSS-UP 21) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer What are the three elements that compose glucose and fructose?

ANSWER: CARBON, OXYGEN, AND HYDROGEN

BONUS 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Radiocarbon dating is accomplished by measuring the ratio of two carbon isotopes, one of which is radioactive. What isotopes are these?

ANSWER: CARBON-12 AND CARBON-14

TOSS-UP 24) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Name the class of accessory photosynthetic pigments that are reddish orange in color and found in most plants.

ANSWER: CAROTENOIDS

BONUS 13) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Teleosts [TEL-ee-osts] is the name given to the wide variety of fishes with hard bones made from calcium. What is the name given to the group of fishes including sharks and rays that do not have hard bones?

ANSWER: CARTILAGINOUS FISH

TOSS-UP 23) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Shingles is a localized skin rash that is often very painful and is caused by reactivation of the virus that previously caused what common childhood disease in the host?

ANSWER: CHICKENPOX

BONUS 17) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What is the structural polysaccharide [pol-ee-SAK-uh-ryd] that forms the exoskeleton of arthropods [AHR-thruh-pods] and is the building material in the cell walls of some fungi?

ANSWER: CHITIN

BONUS 2) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Bleach is a very strong disinfectant. It is a basic solution of NaOCl and, when mixed with water, forms ClO- ions. Bleach should never be mixed with ammonia because the ClO- ions react to form what deadly gas?

ANSWER: CHLORAMINE (ACCEPT: NH 2 Cl or MONOCHLORAMINE; DO NOT ACCEPT:

BONUS 6) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer According to endosymbiotic theory, cyanobacteria [syuh-noh-bak-TEER-ee-uh] gave rise to which cellular organelle?

ANSWER: CHLOROPLAST

BONUS 22) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Animals have two sources of DNA in their cells and plants have three sources. Name the three organelles in which plant DNA can be found.

ANSWER: CHLOROPLASTS, MITOCHONDRIA, AND THE NUCLEUS

BONUS 19) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer The following four features are common characteristics of which phylum of organisms: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal [fuh-RIN-jee-uhl] slits, and a postanal tail?

ANSWER: CHORDATA 21) MATH Multiple Choice If the point (-2, y) lies on the line with equation 5x + 3y = 5, what is the value of y?

BONUS 23) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer There are three primary locomotor structures that aid in movement of single-celled organisms. One type of structure is flagella. Name one of the two other types.

ANSWER: CILIA (ACCEPT: CILIUM) OR PSEUDOPODIA (ACCEPT: PSEUDOPOD)

TOSS-UP 13) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer A single-cell organism, Escherichia coli [e-schuh-ri-KEE-uh koh-LY], contains DNA molecules of about 5 X 106 nucleotides [NOO-klee-uh-tyds]. What is the shape of nuclear material in E. coli?

ANSWER: CIRCULAR

TOSS-UP 9) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer When a black chicken is crossed with a white chicken; all of the offspring are checkered (partially white and partially black). This is an example of what type of inheritance pattern?

ANSWER: CO-DOMINANCE

TOSS-UP 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer While at the beach, you notice that one ocean wave overtakes another. The two waves then become one wave, which has double the amplitude of the original waves. This is an example of what type of interference?

ANSWER: CONSTRUCTIVE

TOSS-UP 21) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Synechococcus [sy-nuh-koh-KOH-kuhs] is a member of the so-called blue green algae, which are not eukaryotic [yoo-KAR-ee-oh-tik] algae at all. What is the phylum [FY-luhm] name for this group of bacteria?

ANSWER: CYANOBACTERIA

TOSS-UP 9) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Appearing approximately 2.7 billion years ago, the first oxygenproducing organisms most likely belonged to what group of bacteria?

ANSWER: CYANOBACTERIA (ACCEPT: BLUE-GREEN ALGAE or BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA)

BONUS 24) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer In a normal cell cycle in eukaryotes [yoo-KAR-ee-ohts], what two families of proteins are required to permit movement through the cell cycle?

ANSWER: CYCLINS, CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES (ACCEPT: CDKS)

BONUS 11) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer A student electrophoreses a sample of restriction-digested DNA. Upon staining, four distinct bands appear on the gel: A - 1500 base pairs, B - 2000 base pairs, C - 1000 base pairs, and D - 3000 base pairs. Based on the size of the restriction fragments, in what order do the bands appear on the gel, starting from the band closest to the well?

ANSWER: D, B, A, C

BONUS 8) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What are the names of the two different groups of trees: those that generally lose their leaves in autumn and those with needle-shaped leaves with cones?

ANSWER: DECIDUOUS, CONIFEROUS (ACCEPT: CONIFERS)

BONUS 23) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer While at the beach, you set up a wave machine, which generates waves that are out of phase from the waves hitting the beach. As your waves hit the beach waves, they cancel out, leaving the sea calm. What is the name for this process?

ANSWER: DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE

BONUS 1) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What are the two types of optical phenomena that must occur for light to form a rainbow through the water droplets in the air?

ANSWER: DISPERSION AND REFLECTION (ACCEPT: DISPERSE AND REFLECT)

BONUS 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer In an alien environment, you find a plant that excretes a liquid. This liquid, over time, separates into two distinct liquids. When mixed again, the two liquids become one, but only for a few hours. What would be the scientific name for this type of mixture?

ANSWER: EMULSION

BONUS 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is the name of the theory that explains the evolution of cell organelles in terms of the engulfment of other cells, resulting in a permanent relationship?

ANSWER: ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY (ACCEPT: ENDOSYMBIOSIS)

BONUS 1) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What are the four main classifications of tissue found in the human body?

ANSWER: EPITHELIUM, CONNECTIVE, MUSCLE AND NERVOUS

BONUS 8) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Of the three taxonomic domains, there is evidence that two of these domains are more closely related when compared to the third domain. Which two domains are most closely related?

ANSWER: EUKARYA (ACCEPT: EUKARYOTA) AND ARCHAEA

BONUS 9) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer While hiking in the remote wilderness, you start to run low on food. You've noted that there is plenty of thistle, prickly pear, sassafras, and foxglove growing nearby. Which of these plants would you absolutely NOT want to eat?

ANSWER: FOXGLOVE

BONUS 2) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Green algae are plantlike protists that can reproduce both sexually and asexually. When they reproduce sexually, they alternate between gametophyte [guh-MEE-tuh-fyt] and sporophyte [SPOHR-uh-fyt] generations. They can also reproduce asexually through what process?

ANSWER: FRAGMENTATION (ACCEPT: MITOSIS, VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION, CLONING)

BONUS 7) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Equal numbers of fruit flies, ducks, blue jays, and raccoons are each found in their own ideal environment with no natural predators. Assuming that resources are plentiful, which species will grow to have the largest population after one year?

ANSWER: FRUIT FLIES

BONUS 1) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What metabolic pathway that produces ATP is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation?

ANSWER: GLYCOLYSIS

BONUS 2) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What force keeps planets and their moons in orbit?

ANSWER: GRAVITY 3) MATH Short Answer What is the slope of a line parallel to the line 3x - y = 8?

TOSS-UP 15) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer At the end of meiosis I [my-OH-sis one], cell division results in two cells with replicated chromosomes (meaning the sister chromatids are still present), but the chromosomes are no longer in homologous [huh-MOL-uh-guhs] pairs. What is the ploidy level of these cells?

ANSWER: HAPLOID (ACCEPT: MONOPLOID)

BONUS 19) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer In marine biology, the acronym HAB is used to describe population increases of cyanobacteria [sy-uh-noh-bak-TEER-ee-uh], dinoflagellates [din-uhFLAJ-uh-layts] and other similar life forms. HAB stands for what phrase?

ANSWER: HARMFUL ALGAE (or ALGAL) BLOOM

BONUS 4) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Following is a list of organisms in a food chain: grass, grasshoppers, mice, snakes, and hawks. A toxin exhibits biomagnification and can be found in all members of this food chain. Which organism will have the highest concentration of this toxin?

ANSWER: HAWKS

TOSS-UP 8) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer In what form does energy that is not passed on to the next level in a food web exit from an ecosystem?

ANSWER: HEAT (ACCEPT: THERMAL)

TOSS-UP 23) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What is the name of the highly specialized oxygen-transport molecule in the blood that carbon monoxide binds with much more tightly than oxygen does?

ANSWER: HEMOGLOBIN

BONUS 7) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Inductance is measured in terms of what SI unit?

ANSWER: HENRY 8) MATH Short Answer Solve the following equation for x over the real numbers: x -2 = 81.

TOSS-UP 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Name one of the two elements that formed Earth's first atmosphere.

ANSWER: HYDROGEN OR HELIUM

BONUS 12) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is the term for a change in momentum over a discrete period of time?

ANSWER: IMPULSE

BONUS 20) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength of 10 meters is in which region of the spectrum?

ANSWER: INFRARED (ACCEPT: INFRARED REGION, INFRARED BAND, IR, IR REGION,

BONUS 3) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Within our solar system, what are the four Jovian planets?

ANSWER: JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, NEPTUNE

TOSS-UP 24) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What is the structure found in the bark of woody stems where gaseous exchange occurs?

ANSWER: LENTICEL

TOSS-UP 6) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Give the phrase for the acronym L.A.S.E.R., describing the physical process through which laser light is produced.

ANSWER: LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION

BONUS 17) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Plasma is a common phase of matter on the Sun. On Earth, however, there are very specific times and places where plasma can be found. Other than fire, whose status as a plasma is hotly debated, what natural phenomenon can generate plasma on Earth?

ANSWER: LIGHTNING (ACCEPT: ST. ELMO'S FIRE, AURORAS)

TOSS-UP 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer A scientist wants to use a figure to show the change in ATP production over time by a cell infected by the flu virus. In what type of graph should a scientist most likely present the results of this experiment?

ANSWER: LINE GRAPH (ACCEPT: LINE CHART)

BONUS 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer List the three primary layers that make up the Earth, in order of decreasing mass.

ANSWER: MANTLE, CORE, CRUST

BONUS 5) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Cnidarians [ny-DAIR-ee-uhns] are a phylum of animals that include corals, jellyfish, sea anemones [uh-NEM-uh-nees], and hydras. Cnidarians display only two basic forms, which occur at different stages of their life cycles. The first form is a polyp, which is a tube-shaped body with a mouth surrounded by tentacles. Name the second form, which has a body shaped like an umbrella with tentacles hanging down.

ANSWER: MEDUSA 7) MATH Multiple Choice Solve for x over the real numbers: |𝑥 − 5| ≧ −7 [the absolute value of the quantity x minus 5 is greater than or equal to negative 7.

TOSS-UP 18) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What is the term for the plant photosynthetic tissue, interspersed with veins, that is located between the lower and upper epidermis of a leaf?

ANSWER: MESOPHYLL

BONUS 2) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Identify the following three elements as a metal, metalloid and nonmetal, respectively: silicon, sodium, neon.

ANSWER: METAL = SODIUM; METALLOID = SILICON; NONMETAL = NEON

BONUS 7) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Which members of our solar system left the majority of craters, scars, and apparent pockmarks on the surface of Earth's moon as a result of multiple impacts?

ANSWER: METEOROIDS (ACCEPT: ASTEROIDS, METEORITES; DO NOT ACCEPT:

BONUS 13) MATH Short Answer In a class of 29 children, 20 children have a dog and 15 have a cat. What are the minimum number and maximum number, respectively, of children that could have both a dog and a cat?

ANSWER: MINIMUM 6, MAXIMUM 15

BONUS 9) MATH Short Answer Ted wants to put a fence around his garden to keep out rabbits. He has 600 feet of fencing and will use at least half of it. The garden is in the shape of a right triangle with sides in the ratio of 5 to 12 to 13. What are the minimum and maximum possible lengths for the shortest side of the triangular garden in feet, respectively?

ANSWER: MINIMUM = 50, MAXIMUM = 100

BONUS 21) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What form of nitrogen results from the reactions catalyzed by denitrifying bacteria?

ANSWER: MOLECULAR (ACCEPT: N 2 )

BONUS 21) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer In a mad frenzy, you decide to build the world's most powerful electromagnet to wipe out everyone's cell phone SIM cards. While constructing the device, you use low resistance wiring, an iron-iridium core, multiple tight coils, and a highvoltage low-amperage battery. When you activate the device, it generates enough power to wipe out only your own cell phone. Which of these components had the greatest effect on the strength of your electromagnet?

ANSWER: MULTIPLE TIGHT COILS

TOSS-UP 5) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What is the term for a heritable change in the character of a gene or a change in the sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule?

ANSWER: MUTATION

TOSS-UP 25) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Several species of birds feed on ectoparasites [ek-toh-PARuh-syts] that they clean off of large mammals. Specifically, this behavior is what kind of interaction?

ANSWER: MUTUALISM (ACCEPT: FACULTATIVE MUTUALISM; DO NOT ACCEPT:

BONUS 20) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is the most abundant element in air?

ANSWER: NITROGEN

BONUS 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Most organisms need nitrogen to create important compounds like amino acids and proteins, but cannot directly access nitrogen from the atmosphere. What is the name of the process that makes atmospheric nitrogen accessible to individuals in the food web?

ANSWER: NITROGEN FIXATION

BONUS 8) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What process provides the main source of energy for a star?

ANSWER: NUCLEAR FUSION (ACCEPT: FUSION) (DO NOT ACCEPT: NUCLEAR)

TOSS-UP 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Fossil continuity, coastline shape, and other geologic data support today's continents arising from a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. What is the name given to that supercontinent?

ANSWER: PANGAEA

TOSS-UP 22) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What endocrine gland is located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?

ANSWER: PARATHYROID

TOSS-UP 13) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Which of the four commonly observable states of matter is most common in the universe?

ANSWER: PLASMA

BONUS 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer In 1912, the German scientist Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, the theory that the continents had moved. However, he wasn't completely sure how or why. It wasn't until the 1960s that enough evidence had been found to propose a theory of how continental drift occurred, the theory we still use today. What is the name for this theory?

ANSWER: PLATE TECTONICS 1) MATH Short Answer What is the x-intercept of the graph with equation y = 7?

BONUS 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer A seismograph measures a wave that compresses and dilates the Earth as it travels. The seismograph has measured what type of wave?

ANSWER: PRIMARY (ACCEPT: COMPRESSIONAL, P)

TOSS-UP 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Name an object commonly used by the Large Hadron Collider in its high-energy particle collisions.

ANSWER: PROTON (ACCEPT: LEAD ION OR LEAD NUCLEUS; DO NOT ACCEPT:

TOSS-UP 7) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Proteorhodopsins [proh-tee-uh-roh-DOP-sins] are lightabsorbing proteins that can help marine bacteria survive periods of starvation by pumping what outside of the cell to sustain the production of ATP?

ANSWER: PROTONS

BONUS 22) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer A simplified food chain for the Aleutian Islands consists of killer whales, sea otters, sea urchins, and kelp. Reducing the number of sea otters is likely to have what impact on the population of kelp?

ANSWER: REDUCTION

BONUS 23) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer In the laboratory, scientists need tools to cut DNA in specific places. What type of enzyme, first discovered in the 1970s, do scientists primarily use to do controlled cuts of the DNA in specific sequences?

ANSWER: RESTRICTION ENZYME (ACCEPT: RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE)

TOSS-UP 20) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer DNA and RNA are both nucleotides [NOO-klee-uhtyds], but are built with different sugars. What sugar is found in RNA?

ANSWER: RIBOSE

BONUS 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Divergent boundaries have a unique structure in their centers. For example, one such structure contains the Red Sea and was formed from the separation of the African and Arabian Plate. What is the name for this structure?

ANSWER: RIFT VALLEY

TOSS-UP 25) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer A wild population of daisies exists where flowers are either white (rr) [little r little r] or red (RR) [big R big R]. Assuming that bees cross pollinate equally well between white and red flowers as they pollinate white or red flowers directly, what genotypes would you expect to be present in year 2?

ANSWER: RR, rr, Rr

BONUS 5) MATH Short Answer Identify all of the following five block letters that have rotational symmetry: M, T, S, O, X.

ANSWER: S, O, AND X

BONUS 19) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer The smallest of the marine mammals belongs to the order Carnivora. What is the common name for this animal?

ANSWER: SEA OTTER

TOSS-UP 18) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Which level of protein structure would include the formation of an alpha helix?

ANSWER: SECONDARY

BONUS 8) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Through studying earthquakes, scientists have discovered that there are certain regions along faults where the rock is locked and unable to move, the strain in the surrounding rock has increased, and no major earthquake has occurred in that location for a long period of time. What are these areas called?

ANSWER: SEISMIC GAPS

BONUS 18) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Dr. Ecneics strikes again! He's begun converting all the carbons in the world to silicon, all the nitrogens into phosphorous, and all the oxygens into sulfur! If he succeeds, what chemicals will carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia become?

ANSWER: SILICON DISULFIDE, HYDROGEN SULFIDE, AND PHOSPHINE (ACCEPT FOR

BONUS 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer In vertebrates, what major bone houses the pituitary gland?

ANSWER: SPHENOID

TOSS-UP 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer Under atmospheric pressure, carbon dioxide in the solid state transitions directly into the gaseous state. What is this phase change called?

ANSWER: SUBLIMATION

BONUS 11) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Sulfide oxidizers, such as purple sulfur bacteria, dominate at the anoxic-oxic interface in hot springs. They use the hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide to reduce carbon dioxide to organic carbon, which can then be oxidized for energy. This process requires what external source of energy?

ANSWER: SUNLIGHT

TOSS-UP 24) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is defined as a measurement of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in a substance?

ANSWER: TEMPERATURE

BONUS 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is the molecular geometry of methane?

ANSWER: TETRAHEDRAL

TOSS-UP 3) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer What is the name for the temperature above which a ferromagnetic material becomes a paramagnet?

ANSWER: THE CURIE TEMPERATURE (ACCEPT: CURIE POINT)

BONUS 5) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Short Answer On a sunny day, the inside of a vehicle will heat up while the Sun shines on it and the windows and doors are closed. To what macroscopic effect of our atmosphere is this analogous?

ANSWER: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP

ANSWER: THERE IS NONE

BONUS 14) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What shared trait do the following four possess: auks, moas, passenger pigeons, and Carolina parakeets?

ANSWER: THEY ARE EXTINCT

TOSS-UP 3) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer How many DNA nucleotide [NOO-klee-uh-tyd] bases are required to code for a single amino acid?

ANSWER: THREE

TOSS-UP 2) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer A chemist just discovered a jar of sodium hydroxide solution in a dark corner of his laboratory. He has no idea what the concentration of this sodium hydroxide solution is. However, he does have an indicator and a jar of 1 molar hydrochloric acid. What experiment could he use to determine the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution?

ANSWER: TITRATION

BONUS 4) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer A parent cell is 2n = 2, and undergoes meiosis [my-OH-sis]. Assuming nondisjunction occurs in one cell during metaphase II, identify the number of chromosomes that can be expected in each of the two gametes.

ANSWER: TWO AND ZERO

TOSS-UP 17) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer What is the nitrogenous [ny-TROJ-uh-nuhs] base found in RNA that is NOT present in DNA?

ANSWER: URACIL

BONUS 19) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer The world's smallest cetacean [si-TAY-shuhn] is endemic to the Sea of Cortez. What is its common name?

ANSWER: VAQUITA

BONUS 9) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What inner planet of our solar system is known for its clouds of sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide?

ANSWER: VENUS

BONUS 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Outgassing is a process by which gases are released into the atmosphere from the Earth's mantle. During the formation of the Earth's early atmosphere, what was the primary means by which outgassing occurred?

ANSWER: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

TOSS-UP 3) MATH Multiple Choice If a student takes a test consisting of 20 true-false questions and randomly guesses at all of the answers, which of the following is equal to the probability that all 20 guesses will be correct? W) (1/2)20 [one half to the power of 20] X) (1/2)10 [one half to the power of 10] Y) 1/2(20) [the product of one half and 20] Z) 1/2

ANSWER: W) (1/2)20

TOSS-UP 21) MATH Multiple Choice Express the number with the following property in terms of b, y, and t: if the product of the number and b is increased by y, the result is t. W) (t - y)/b X) (y - t)/b Y) (b + y)/t Z) t - by

ANSWER: W) (t - y)/b

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP W) -2 X) 0 Y) 2 Z) 4

ANSWER: W) -2

BONUS BONUS W) 2 X) ½ Y) -2 Z) -3

ANSWER: W) 2

TOSS-UP 21) MATH Multiple Choice The first month of business for Becky's Comics produced $1200 in sales. The second month produced $800 in sales. To the nearest whole number percent, what was the percent decrease in sales? W) 33% X) 40% Y) 50% Z) 67%

ANSWER: W) 33%

TOSS-UP 23) MATH Multiple Choice Divide 16 into two parts, such that twice the smaller number is 4 less than the larger number. What are the two numbers? W) 4, 12 X) 6, 10 Y) 7, 9 Z) 8, 8

ANSWER: W) 4, 12

BONUS BONUS W) 5:1 X) 5:3 Y) 3:5 Z) 1:5

ANSWER: W) 5:1

BONUS 20) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Children with a certain disease known as Cri du Chat [KREE doo SHAT] syndrome have a distinctive cat-like cry, along with cognitive impairments, motor and speech impairments, behavioral problems, and unusual facial features. What is the underlying cause of this disease? W) A chromosome 5 deletion X) Trisomy 21 Y) Prenatal alcohol exposure Z) An extra Y chromosome

ANSWER: W) A CHROMOSOME 5 DELETION

TOSS-UP 3) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice All chordates [KAWR-dayts] possess which of the following? W) A notochord X) A spinal cord Y) Lungs Z) A four-chambered heart

ANSWER: W) A NOTOCHORD

TOSS-UP 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following components of a reaction is decreased when an organic catalyst is added to speed up the rate of a reaction? W) Activation energy X) Heat of reaction Y) Potential energy of the reactants Z) Occupancy time on the enzyme

ANSWER: W) ACTIVATION ENERGY

TOSS-UP 19) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice A glacier splits a population of rabbits in two. Which of the following best describes what might happen in the two populations over a long period of time? W) Allopatric speciation X) Sympatric speciation Y) Sexual selection Z) Migration

ANSWER: W) ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

TOSS-UP 19) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes Bernoulli's principle? W) As the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure of the moving fluid decreases X) The individual actions of an organism during its lifetime are the driving force of adaption Y) The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced Z) All atoms of a given element are exactly alike and atoms of different elements could join to form compounds

ANSWER: W) AS THE SPEED OF A MOVING FLUID INCREASES, THE PRESSURE OF THE

TOSS-UP 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Whales of the suborder Mysticeti [mis-ti-SEE-ti] use what structure to capture their food? W) Baleen X) Teeth Y) Peduncle Z) Fluke

ANSWER: W) BALEEN

TOSS-UP 5) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice In nuclear reactors, control rods are used to absorb free neutrons without undergoing fission themselves. Which of the following is a frequently used substance to make control rods? W) Boron X) Carbon Y) Iron Z) Water

ANSWER: W) BORON

TOSS-UP 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Some colleagues decide to play a prank on you. They create a mixture of two elements, then tell you they have discovered a new element. They show you that this element has properties of both metals and nonmetals. Over time, however, it simply shows the properties of metals. Which of the following properties would the "new element" lose over time? W) Brittleness X) Ability to conduct heat Y) Magnetic attraction Z) Shine

ANSWER: W) BRITTLENESS

TOSS-UP 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Many fish possess a swim bladder filled with air for what purpose? W) Buoyancy X) Circulation Y) Digestion Z) Respiration

ANSWER: W) BUOYANCY

BONUS 11) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following scenarios is an example of Brownian motion? W) Certain molecules diffusing across a cellular membrane X) Unicellular organisms moving through water by the propulsion of flagella Y) Fish swimming together in schools Z) Active transport of molecules across a cellular membrane

ANSWER: W) CERTAIN MOLECULES DIFFUSING ACROSS A CELLULAR MEMBRANE 13) MATH Multiple Choice A side of a square is represented by (x - 5). Which of the following expressions represents the area of the square?

BONUS 19) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the most abundant element dissolved in ocean water? W) Chlorine X) Sodium Y) Magnesium Z) Sulfur

ANSWER: W) CHLORINE

TOSS-UP 23) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Proteins can be separated by which of the following? W) Chromatography X) Electrolysis Y) Distillation Z) Reverse osmosis

ANSWER: W) CHROMATOGRAPHY

BONUS 5) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following fish exhibit protandry and are all male when hatched? W) Clownfish X) Platy Y) Tarpon Z) Indigo hamlet

ANSWER: W) CLOWNFISH

TOSS-UP 14) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following terms best describes the inheritance of the A and B antigen genes in human blood? W) Co-dominance X) Incomplete dominance Y) Penetrance Z) Expressivity

ANSWER: W) CO-DOMINANCE

TOSS-UP 2) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The universe is which of the following, according to the latest theory? W) Continuously expanding X) Continuously contracting Y) Sometimes expanding and sometimes contracting Z) Staying the same size

ANSWER: W) CONTINUOUSLY EXPANDING

TOSS-UP 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A flame test is conducted during which different chemical compounds are lit on fire and the resulting colors are observed. A flame that is primarily blue in color with green on the outer parts of the flame would most likely be indicative of which of the following elements in the compound? W) Copper X) Calcium Y) Strontium Z) Sodium

ANSWER: W) COPPER

TOSS-UP 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Disaccharides [dy-SAK-uh-ryds] are sugars that are composed of two monosaccharide [mon-uh-SAK-uh-ryd] monomers. Which of the following types of reaction occurs during the formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides? W) Dehydration X) Hydrolysis Y) Double replacement Z) Single replacement

ANSWER: W) DEHYDRATION

BONUS 23) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A friend tells you that he thinks that all processes that change a substance's color are chemical changes. Which of the following processes could you use as an example of a color change that is NOT a chemical change? W) Dilution X) Tarnishing Y) Burning Z) Rusting

ANSWER: W) DILUTION

BONUS 21) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Yenla is studying how a moth population changes over time. Her first sample indicates that 7500 are spotted and 2500 are striped. Ten years later, she samples the same area and finds that 3000 of the moths are spotted and 7000 are striped. What evolutionary process is occurring? W) Directional selection X) Disruptive selection Y) Sexual selection Z) Stabilizing selection

ANSWER: W) DIRECTIONAL SELECTION

TOSS-UP 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The kinetic energy of an object is which of the following? W) Directly proportional to the square of the velocity X) Independent of the speed at which it is moving Y) Always a vector quantity Z) Independent of the mass of the object

ANSWER: W) DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SQUARE OF THE VELOCITY

TOSS-UP 6) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The water vascular system is found in which of the following phyla [FY-luh]? W) Echinodermata [i-ky-nuh-DUHR-muht-uh] X) Arthropoda Y) Mollusca Z) Lophophorata [LOF-uh-fawr-a-tuh]

ANSWER: W) ECHINODERMATA

TOSS-UP 3) MATH Multiple Choice If x/2, x/5, and x/7 are whole numbers, x may be which of the following? W) 20 X) 70 Y) 100 Z) 8000

ANSWER: X) 70

TOSS-UP 7) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following statements about elastic and inelastic collisions is true? W) Elastic conserve momentum and kinetic energy; inelastic conserve only momentum X) Elastic conserve only kinetic energy; inelastic conserve momentum and kinetic energy Y) Elastic conserve only momentum; inelastic conserve only kinetic energy Z) Elastic conserve only kinetic energy; inelastic conserve only momentum

ANSWER: W) ELASTIC CONSERVE MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY; INELASTIC

TOSS-UP 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true with regard to the organization of the periodic table? W) Elements are grouped into their natural states as solids, liquids, and gases X) Elements are in order of increasing atomic number Y) Elements are grouped into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals Z) Elements are divided into periods, groups, and series

ANSWER: W) ELEMENTS ARE GROUPED INTO THEIR NATURAL STATES AS SOLIDS,

TOSS-UP 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Catabolic reactions break down large molecules into smaller ones. These reactions are usually which of the following? W) Exothermic X) Enzymes Y) Endothermic Z) Anabolic

ANSWER: W) EXOTHERMIC

TOSS-UP 23) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Ferns differ from gymnosperms and angiosperms in which of the following ways? W) Ferns do not produce seeds, while gymnosperms and angiosperms do X) The dominant life stage of ferns is haploid, while gymnosperms and angiosperms are diploid Y) Ferns do not have non-motile sperm, whereas angiosperms and gymnosperms do Z) Ferns do not have xylem or phloem [FLOH-em], whereas gymnosperms and angiosperms do

ANSWER: W) FERNS DO NOT PRODUCE SEEDS, WHILE GYMNOSPERMS AND

TOSS-UP 4) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following animals possesses a lateral line? W) Fish X) Salamander Y) Snake Z) Turtle

ANSWER: W) FISH

TOSS-UP 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Pressure is defined as: W) Force divided by unit area X) Force divided by mass of air above the object Y) Force divided by unit volume Z) Power divided by unit force

ANSWER: W) FORCE DIVIDED BY UNIT AREA

BONUS 21) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Hydrogen peroxide is often used to clean wounds. It reacts with catalase to do which of the following? W) Generate pure oxygen X) Acidify the immediate area Y) Generate toxins that stop bacterial cell wall production Z) Generate pure nitrogen

ANSWER: W) GENERATE PURE OXYGEN

TOSS-UP 19) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the protein that binds nuclear material in DNA? W) Histone X) Nucleosome [NOO-klee-uh-sohm] Y) Chromatin Z) Ribonucleotides [ry-boh-NOO-klee-uh-tyds]

ANSWER: W) HISTONE

TOSS-UP 19) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Assuming no errors in cellular or genetic mechanics, which of the following increases genetic diversity in organisms that reproduce sexually as opposed to asexually? W) Homologous recombination [huh-MOL-uh-guhs] X) Translation Y) Transcription Z) Replication

ANSWER: W) HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION

TOSS-UP 2) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice The Latin phrase in vitro now commonly means what? W) In an artificial environment X) In an open environment Y) In a living organism Z) In a dead cell

ANSWER: W) IN AN ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENT

BONUS 21) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an adaptation for deepdiving marine mammals? W) Increased extremity blood circulation X) Muscles containing high concentrations of myoglobin [my-uh-GLOH-bin] Y) Bradycardia [brad-i-KAHR-dee-uh] Z) Apneustic breathing [ap-NOO-stik]

ANSWER: W) INCREASED EXTREMITY BLOOD CIRCULATION

TOSS-UP 21) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Arthropods [AHR-thruh-pods] evolved exoskeletons to better adapt to their environments. However, exoskeletons also present certain challenges. Which of the following statements does NOT describe a disadvantage associated with exoskeletons? W) Increased risk of desiccation X) Restricted sensory input Y) Restricted movement Z) Limited body size

ANSWER: W) INCREASED RISK OF DESICCATION

TOSS-UP 23) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Halogen lights are a special kind of incandescent lamp that has a small amount of a halogen gas added to the glass coating. Which of the following is an example of a chemical from the halogen group? W) Iodine X) Silver Y) Lead Z) Carbon

ANSWER: W) IODINE

TOSS-UP 7) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the dominant food source for the largest whale on Earth? W) Krill X) Squid Y) Penguins Z) Seals

ANSWER: W) KRILL

TOSS-UP 23) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A hillside composed of clastic sediments exposes a thick band of deep red color. Which of the following was likely present when this sediment formed? W) Large quantities of oxygen and iron X) Large quantities of carbon dioxide dissolved in lifeless ocean water Y) A frigid atmosphere Z) Plant matter that accumulated in a reducing environment

ANSWER: W) LARGE QUANTITIES OF OXYGEN AND IRON

TOSS-UP 5) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following phases of matter has atoms or molecules that assume the shape of their container and are NOT easily compressible? W) Liquid only X) Liquid and solid Y) Liquid and gas Z) Gas only

ANSWER: W) LIQUID ONLY

TOSS-UP 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is an example of abrasion weathering? W) Loose rocks collide with each other, wearing each other down X) Oxygen combines with iron to form iron oxide Y) Water enters the cracks of rocks and freezes, causing the cracks to expand Z) Hydrogen ions in water replace elements such as potassium or calcium in rocks

ANSWER: W) LOOSE ROCKS COLLIDE WITH EACH OTHER, WEARING EACH OTHER

TOSS-UP 7) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following membrane-bounded vesicles contains hydrolytic enzymes used for intracellular digestion? W) Lysosome [LY-suh-sohm] X) Peroxisome Y) Mitochondria [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh] Z) Endoplastic reticulum [EN-duh-plaz-mik ri-TIK-yuh-luhm]

ANSWER: W) LYSOSOME

TOSS-UP 6) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a bacteria or a virus and is usually NOT passed down in humans genetically? W) Mad cow X) Lyme Y) Shingles Z) Rabies

ANSWER: W) MAD COW

TOSS-UP 4) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a nonvascular plant? W) Moss X) Fern Y) Horsetail Z) Rhododendron

ANSWER: W) MOSS

TOSS-UP 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice While body surfing off the coast of Florida, you are stung by a sea jelly. Which of the following cells is responsible for your irritation? W) Nematocyst [NEM-uh-tuh-sist] X) Choanocyte [KOH-uh-nuh-syt] Y) Hepatocyte [HEP-uh-tuh-syt] Z) Trichome [TRIK-ohm]

ANSWER: W) NEMATOCYST

TOSS-UP 20) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following elements can form a monatomic gas at standard temperature and pressure? W) Neon X) Oxygen Y) Nitrogen Z) Fluorine

ANSWER: W) NEON

TOSS-UP 12) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Two sound waves with the same frequency are traveling collinearly and off in phase by one half of one wavelength. Which of the following describes what an observer standing in the path of the waves would hear in comparison to if there were only one wave? W) Nothing X) Half the intensity of the single wave Y) The same intensity as the single wave Z) Double the intensity of the single wave

ANSWER: W) NOTHING

BONUS 23) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A volcano erupts, and the lava dries extremely rapidly so that there is essentially no crystal growth. Which of the following rocks may be formed? W) Obsidian X) Basalt Y) Granite Z) Rhyolite [RY-uh-lyt]

ANSWER: W) OBSIDIAN

TOSS-UP 8) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice By mass, which of the following ecosystems represents the largest pool of carbon? W) Oceans X) Rainforests Y) Sea ice Z) Temperate forests

ANSWER: W) OCEANS

BONUS 19) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What law describes the relationship between voltage, current, and impedance in an electric circuit? W) Ohm's X) Coulomb's Y) Lenz's Z) Faraday's

ANSWER: W) OHM'S

TOSS-UP 21) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice If you were a pirate in the 15 century, you might very well suffer from scurvy. In order to prevent the disease, which of the following should you consume? W) Oranges X) Calcium carbonate Y) Rice Z) Penicillin

ANSWER: W) ORANGES

TOSS-UP 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the most common element found in the Earth's crust and magma? W) Oxygen X) Aluminum Y) Iron Z) Silicon

ANSWER: W) OXYGEN

TOSS-UP 2) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria would most likely be found in which of the following? W) Peas and beans X) Grasses Y) Pine trees Z) Chrysanthemums and zinnias

ANSWER: W) PEAS AND BEANS

BONUS 18) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following would most likely contain an alkaloid? W) Plants X) Fish Y) Reptiles Z) Mammals

ANSWER: W) PLANTS

TOSS-UP 14) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Coal deposits today are the remains of which of the following prehistoric organisms that have undergone carbonization? W) Plants X) Water animals Y) Land animals Z) Bacteria

ANSWER: W) PLANTS

BONUS 18) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Exopolymeric substances, or EPS, are exuded by microorganisms during times of environmental stress. Which of the following is NOT a function of EPS? W) Protection against starvation X) Protection against mechanical damage Y) Protection against desiccation Z) Protection against viral attack

ANSWER: W) PROTECTION AGAINST STARVATION

BONUS 22) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice You are looking through a microscope at an unlabeled sample of human tissue. You notice the tissue is multinucleated, and contains striations. What tissue are you examining? W) Skeletal muscle X) Areolar [uh-REE-uh-luhr] connective tissue Y) Cardiac muscle Z) Fibrocartilage

ANSWER: W) SKELETAL MUSCLE

BONUS 24) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is classified as a homogeneous [hoh-muh-JEE-nee-uhs] mixture? W) Solution X) Gel Y) Foam Z) Emulsion

ANSWER: W) SOLUTION

BONUS 17) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice In order to begin the digestive process, which of the following menu items would require the most salivary amylase? W) Spaghetti X) Green salad Y) Steamed clams Z) Fillet of fish

ANSWER: W) SPAGHETTI

TOSS-UP 18) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is the same for all electromagnetic waves traveling in a vacuum? W) Speed X) Velocity Y) Energy Z) Wavelength

ANSWER: W) SPEED

BONUS 9) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice In the human skull, which of the following sinuses sits most posteriorly? W) Sphenoid [SFEE-noid] X) Ethmoid [ETH-moid] Y) Maxillary Z) Frontal

ANSWER: W) SPHENOID

BONUS 18) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Field lines can be difficult to represent in a drawing because they are actually three-dimensional. Which of the following is a common mistake you might make when drawing field lines? W) Starting on a negative charge and ending on a positive surface X) Placing lines close together for stronger fields Y) Drawing the lines going out to infinity for an isolated charged body Z) Drawing shorter lines when further from the source charge

ANSWER: W) STARTING ON A NEGATIVE CHARGE AND ENDING ON A POSITIVE

TOSS-UP 25) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following most accurately describes the difference between graphite and diamond? W) The carbon atoms are arranged in hexagonal planes in graphite, while they are arranged in a crystal structure in a diamond X) The carbon atoms in graphite are held together by weak hydrogen bonds, while they are held together by strong covalent bonds in a diamond Y) The carbon atoms in graphite are mixed in with impurities, while diamond contains no impurities Z) The carbon atoms in graphite are bonded to more other atoms than the carbon atoms in diamond

ANSWER: W) THE CARBON ATOMS ARE ARRANGED IN HEXAGONAL PLANES IN

TOSS-UP 1) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Assume a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. Which of the following will happen to the cell? W) The pressure inside the cell will increase X) The pressure inside the cell will remain the same Y) The pressure inside the cell will decrease Z) Dissolved particles outside the cell will move into the cell

ANSWER: W) THE PRESSURE INSIDE THE CELL WILL INCREASE

BONUS 7) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice For a particular chemical reaction, delta H is negative and delta S is positive. Which of the following is true? W) The reaction is spontaneous at any temperature X) The reaction is never spontaneous Y) The reaction is only spontaneous when the temperature is greater than the heat of the reaction Z) The reaction is only spontaneous if the absolute value of delta H is greater than delta S

ANSWER: W) THE REACTION IS SPONTANEOUS AT ANY TEMPERATURE

BONUS 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is true of periodic trends? W) The smaller the atom, the greater the ionization energy X) The larger the electronegativity, the smaller the ionization energy Y) Elements with the highest metallic character are located at the upper left corner of the periodic table Z) The process of removing an electron from an atom is always exothermic

ANSWER: W) THE SMALLER THE ATOM, THE GREATER THE IONIZATION ENERGY

TOSS-UP 20) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A student is standing in an elevator that is moving. Taking upward to be positive and downward to be negative, which of the following could NOT be true? W) The student has a velocity equal to zero and a positive acceleration vector X) The student has an acceleration equal to zero and a positive velocity vector Y) The student has a positive acceleration vector and a negative velocity vector Z) The student has a negative acceleration vector and is slowing down

ANSWER: W) THE STUDENT HAS A VELOCITY EQUAL TO ZERO AND A POSITIVE

TOSS-UP 1) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is true? W) There is no preferred motionless frame from which to judge all motion X) When an object exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted back on it, except when friction is present Y) The change in velocity of an object due to a force is proportional to the mass of the object Z) Frictional forces are proportional to the velocity of an object

ANSWER: W) THERE IS NO PREFERRED MOTIONLESS FRAME FROM WHICH TO JUDGE

TOSS-UP 5) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the ultimate purpose of the Calvin cycle? W) To convert carbon dioxide into sugars X) To convert waste products to oxygen Y) To convert sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids into ATP Z) To separate water into hydrogen and oxygen

ANSWER: W) TO CONVERT CARBON DIOXIDE INTO SUGARS

TOSS-UP 14) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following biomes has the lowest net primary production? W) Tundra X) Tropical rainforest Y) Savannah Z) Coniferous forest [koh-NIF-er-uhs]

ANSWER: W) TUNDRA

TOSS-UP 20) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice In which of the following habitats would you be most likely to find an animal that has a short but intense reproductive period only once a year? W) Tundra X) Desert Y) Savanna Z) Tropical forest

ANSWER: W) TUNDRA

BONUS 5) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following does NOT describe ideal fluid flow? W) Viscous [VIS-kuhs] X) Laminar Y) Incompressible Z) Steady state

ANSWER: W) VISCOUS

BONUS 21) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice The difference between xylem [ZY-luhm] and phloem [FLOH-em] is which of the following? W) Xylem transports water and dissolved nutrients, while phloem transports dissolved organic materials in an aqueous solution [AK-wee-uhs] X) Phloem transports water and minerals, while xylem transports sugars Y) Phloem is not found in plants, while xylem is only present in plants Z) Xylem is not found in plants, while phloem is only present in plants

ANSWER: W) XYLEM TRANSPORTS WATER AND DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS, WHILE

BONUS 18) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is an example of anaerobic respiration? W) Yeast performing fermentation to release ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide X) A rose using carbon dioxide to produce glucose in the Calvin cycle Y) A mouse cell using one molecule of glucose to produce 36 ATPs Z) A plant performing photosynthesis to produce energy for storage

ANSWER: W) YEAST PERFORMING FERMENTATION TO RELEASE ETHYL ALCOHOL AND

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP W) p > q X) p < q Y) p = q Z) p ≤ q

ANSWER: W) p > q

BONUS 19) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer What two products are most commonly formed when a strong acid and a strong base react?

ANSWER: WATER AND A SALT

TOSS-UP 3) MATH Multiple Choice Which of the following is a real number that does NOT have a reciprocal? W) -1 X) 0 Y) 1 Z) 𝜋

ANSWER: X) 0

BONUS 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following sound wave frequencies in hertz would a human be most likely to hear? W) 10 X) 1,000 Y) 50,000 Z) 100,000

ANSWER: X) 1,000

TOSS-UP 16) MATH Multiple Choice A wagon wheel has 8 spokes. What percentage of the area of the wheel is represented by a spoke and the space between it and the next spoke? W) 8% X) 12.5% Y) 40% Z) 45%

ANSWER: X) 12.5%

BONUS 23) MATH Multiple Choice Katy wants to create several different 7-character screen names. She wants to use arrangements of the first 3 letters of her first name (K-A-T), followed by arrangements of the 4 digits in 1987, the year of her birth. How many different screen names can she create in this way? W) 72 X) 144 Y) 288 Z) 576

ANSWER: X) 144

BONUS 1) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice In what year was the idea that humans would contribute to climate change via emissions and the greenhouse effect first published? W) 1850 X) 1896 Y) 1958 Z) 1969

ANSWER: X) 1896

TOSS-UP 16) MATH Multiple Choice The price of an item was reduced by 10%, and then later reduced by 20%. The two reductions were equivalent to a single reduction of which of the following percentages? W) 15% X) 28% Y) 30% Z) 72%

ANSWER: X) 28% 16) MATH Multiple Choice If the operation "star" is defined by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑏 𝑎 [a star b equals a to the b minus b to the a], which of the following is the largest?

TOSS-UP 17) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice If in a given circuit with a 4.0 ohm resistor, the potential difference across it is 12 volts, what is the current traveling through it, in amperes? W) 1 X) 3 Y) 4 Z) 48

ANSWER: X) 3

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP W) -4 X) 4 Y) -9 Z) 9

ANSWER: X) 4

TOSS-UP 12) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice On Earth, Billy weighs 980 newtons. On Planet X, the acceleration due to gravity near the surface is half that of Earth. How much does Billy weigh in newtons on Planet X? W) 98 X) 490 Y) 980 Z) 1960

ANSWER: X) 490

TOSS-UP 15) MATH Multiple Choice Adam drove 126 miles in 2 hours and 15 minutes. What was his average speed in miles per hour? W) 46 X) 56 Y) 59 Z) 63

ANSWER: X) 56 15) MATH Short Answer Find all real numbers that satisfy the inequality |3 − 2𝑥| > 7 [the absolute value of the quantity 3 minus 2 x is greater than 7].

BONUS 19) MATH Multiple Choice If 150% of 5c is b, what percentage of 2b is c? 1 2 2 W) 5 % X) 6 % 3 Y) 15% Z) 75% 2 3

ANSWER: X) 6 %

TOSS-UP 14) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes a cyclotron? W) A circular nuclear reactor X) A circular atomic particle accelerator Y) A round cathode ray tube Z) A special x-ray machine that uses a circular exposure chamber

ANSWER: X) A CIRCULAR ATOMIC PARTICLE ACCELERATOR

TOSS-UP 2) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Light passes through a rectangular slit in a box and produces a small spot of light on a screen at the back of the box. What is located between the slit in the box and the screen? W) A concave lens X) A convex lens Y) A prism Z) A flat piece of glass

ANSWER: X) A CONVEX LENS

BONUS 19) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Plasmodium falciparum [plaz-MOH-dee-uhm fal-see-PUHroom] is one of four causative agents of malaria in humans and, like the other three, is which of the following? W) A virus X) A protozoan parasite Y) A fungal parasite Z) A bacterial parasite

ANSWER: X) A PROTOZOAN PARASITE

BONUS 25) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Many diseases, including cystic fibrosis, are caused by recessive homozygosity [hoh-muh-zy-GOS-i-tee] of a particular gene. Since these diseases are caused by recessive genes, one might think that they should have been eliminated long ago. What is the leading theory on why diseases like cystic fibrosis still exist? W) Individuals with the disease are able to have children before the effects of the disease emerge X) A single recessive allele of the gene causing the disease may confer a selective advantage Y) Two copies of the recessive allele of the gene causing the disease may confer a selective advantage Z) Individuals that are heterozygous [het-er-uh-ZY-guhs] for the gene causing the disease are as healthy as normal individuals

ANSWER: X) A SINGLE RECESSIVE ALLELE OF THE GENE CAUSING THE DISEASE MAY

TOSS-UP 18) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a tundra? W) Presence of large carnivores X) Absence of migrant animals Y) Herbaceous vegetation [hur-BAY-shuhs] Z) Permafrost

ANSWER: X) ABSENCE OF MIGRANT ANIMALS

TOSS-UP 6) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Somatic mutations are which of the following? W) Germline X) Acquired Y) Inherited Z) Always synonymous

ANSWER: X) ACQUIRED

TOSS-UP 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Lightning can NOT form between which of the following media? W) Cloud and air X) Air and ground Y) Cloud and cloud Z) Ground and cloud

ANSWER: X) AIR AND GROUND

TOSS-UP 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Diamond, graphite, and fullerenes [FOOL-uh-reens] are all examples of which of the following? W) Isotopes of carbon X) Allotropes of carbon Y) Formula units of carbon Z) Compounds of carbon

ANSWER: X) ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

TOSS-UP 23) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is the best example of a suspension mixture? W) A bowl of mixed fruit X) An oil and vinegar salad dressing Y) Latex paint Z) An ethanol and water mixture

ANSWER: X) AN OIL AND VINEGAR SALAD DRESSING

TOSS-UP 6) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Leprosy is a bacterial disease that results in skin lesions and nerve damage. Which of the following animals is known to be a common host of this disease? W) Raccoons X) Armadillos Y) Coyotes Z) Opossums

ANSWER: X) ARMADILLOS

BONUS 18) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following organisms is least likely to perform well in a hypoxic region of the ocean? W) Sperm whale X) Blue marlin Y) Humboldt squid Z) Vampire squid

ANSWER: X) BLUE MARLIN

BONUS 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice All except which of the following are true of both mitochondria [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh] and chloroplasts? W) Both have their own genetic material separate from the cell nucleus X) Both divide at the same time as the cells in which they are found Y) Both use chemiosmosis to power energy conversions Z) Both reproduce through binary fission

ANSWER: X) BOTH DIVIDE AT THE SAME TIME AS THE CELLS IN WHICH THEY ARE

BONUS 2) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following types of trees includes individuals that were saplings when the great pyramids were built and are still alive today? W) California redwood X) Bristlecone pine Y) Bald cypress Z) Norfolk pine

ANSWER: X) BRISTLECONE PINE

BONUS 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Suppose a chemical reaction occurs, and a reddish brown gas is released. Which of the following could possibly be this gas? W) Chlorine X) Bromine Y) Iodine Z) Argon

ANSWER: X) BROMINE

TOSS-UP 18) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What quantity represents the ratio of charge to potential difference between conductors? W) Equipotential X) Capacitance Y) Charge separation Z) Voltage

ANSWER: X) CAPACITANCE

TOSS-UP 10) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a molecular triatomic compound with a linear molecular shape? W) Water X) Carbon dioxide Y) Calcium chloride Z) Hydrogen peroxide

ANSWER: X) CARBON DIOXIDE

TOSS-UP 8) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following structures is present in plant cells but absent in animal cells? W) Mitochondrion [my-tuh-KON-dree-uhn] X) Cell wall Y) Nucleolus [noo-KLEE-uh-luhs] Z) Endoplasmic reticulum [EN-duh-plaz-mik ri-TIK-yuh-luhm]

ANSWER: X) CELL WALL

BONUS 13) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Cell theory, one of the most fundamental principles of modern biology, consists of three main ideas. Which of the following is NOT one of cell theory's main ideas? W) All organisms are composed of one or more cells X) Cells cause infectious disease Y) The cell is the basic unit of organization for organisms Z) All cells come from preexisting cells

ANSWER: X) CELLS CAUSE INFECTIOUS DISEASE

TOSS-UP 21) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Humans cannot completely digest plants because we cannot break down their cell walls. Which of the following is an enzyme you would expect to be present in an herbivore? W) Amylase [AM-uh-lays] X) Cellulase Y) Pepsin Z) Chymotrypsin [ky-moh-TRIP-sin]

ANSWER: X) CELLULASE

BONUS 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following pairs of countries is NOT located on the same tectonic plate? W) Great Britain and Russia X) China and India Y) Greenland and Mexico Z) Malaysia and Norway

ANSWER: X) CHINA AND INDIA

TOSS-UP 25) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice In which of the following types of interspecific interaction is there no negative effect on either species involved? W) Competition X) Commensalism Y) Herbivory Z) Predation

ANSWER: X) COMMENSALISM

TOSS-UP 23) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is an accurate description of the liquid phase of matter? W) Constant volume and fixed shape X) Constant volume, but variable shape Y) Constant shape, but variable volume Z) Variable volume and shape

ANSWER: X) CONSTANT VOLUME, BUT VARIABLE SHAPE

TOSS-UP 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true regarding radioactive decay? W) In gamma decay, no transmutation occurs X) Different isotopes of the same element will decay at the same rate Y) Radioactive decay may cause an atom to lose protons or neutrons Z) Radioactive decay is a process by which unstable atoms emit ionizing particles

ANSWER: X) DIFFERENT ISOTOPES OF THE SAME ELEMENT WILL DECAY AT THE SAME

TOSS-UP 7) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Your body senses balance using semicircular canals, which are located in which of the following? W) Hippocampus X) Ears Y) Thyroid Z) Optic nerve

ANSWER: X) EARS

TOSS-UP 5) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Mercury and some other toxins have the ability to bioaccumulate in higher trophic levels. This is partially due to the fact that these toxins are soluble in which of the following? W) Water X) Fat Y) Protein Z) Salts

ANSWER: X) FAT

BONUS 7) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following statements about human intestinal fluid is NOT true? W) It is a clear, yellow fluid X) Five or six liters of intestinal fluid are produced each day Y) It has a slightly basic pH of 7.6 Z) It is mostly water

ANSWER: X) FIVE OR SIX LITERS OF INTESTINAL FLUID ARE PRODUCED EACH DAY

TOSS-UP 11) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a halogen? W) Boron X) Fluorine Y) Calcium Z) Tin

ANSWER: X) FLUORINE

TOSS-UP 19) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true? W) Electric field is a vector quantity X) Force is a scalar quantity [SKAY-ler] Y) The force on a negative particle is opposite to the field direction Z) Electric field is uniform when magnitude and direction remain unchanged

ANSWER: X) FORCE IS A SCALAR QUANTITY

TOSS-UP 11) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Angiosperms [AN-jee-uh-spurms] are plants that do what? W) Reproduce exclusively by spores X) Have flowers and fruits Y) Parasitize other plants Z) Produce seeds, but not flowers

ANSWER: X) HAVE FLOWERS AND FRUITS

TOSS-UP 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a method of genetic recombination in bacteria? W) Transduction of genetic material via phage X) Homologous [huh-MOL-uh-guhs] recombination through meiosis [my-OH-sis] Y) Uptake of genetic material from the environment Z) Exchange of plasmids by conjugation with other bacteria

ANSWER: X) HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION THROUGH MEIOSIS

TOSS-UP 25) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice You graph a series of equipotentials between two point charges of equal but opposite charge. Which of the following would NOT be true? W) The equipotentials cross all lines of force at right angles X) If you graphed all possible equipotentials, there would be no straight lines Y) If you graphed all possible equipotentials, the potentials would be mirrored across an axis perpendicular to the line that runs through the two charges Z) The voltage is the same at any point along one of the equipotential lines

ANSWER: X) IF YOU GRAPHED ALL POSSIBLE EQUIPOTENTIALS, THERE WOULD BE NO

TOSS-UP 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following types of rock is formed directly from magma or lava? W) Metamorphic X) Igneous Y) Stationary Z) Sedimentary

ANSWER: X) IGNEOUS

TOSS-UP 2) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT one of the properties of the plasma state of matter? W) It is a fluid X) It doesn't respond to electromagnetic forces Y) It contains charged ions Z) It contains free electrons

ANSWER: X) IT DOESN'T RESPOND TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES

TOSS-UP 20) MATH Multiple Choice If a and b are two rational numbers such that a < b, then which of the following is true about (a+b)/2? W) It is less than both a and b X) It is between a and b Y) It is greater than both a and b Z) Its size relative to a and b can't be determined from the given information

ANSWER: X) IT IS BETWEEN A AND B

TOSS-UP 17) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following observations would show that soil has a high pH? W) When mixed with wet baking soda, it forms carbon dioxide X) It turns red litmus paper blue Y) It turns blue litmus paper red Z) It has a sour taste

ANSWER: X) IT TURNS RED LITMUS PAPER BLUE

BONUS 4) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of our Sun? W) It has a spectral classification of G X) Its luminosity has decreased over time Y) It has a life span of about 10 billion years Z) It will eventually expand to become a red giant

ANSWER: X) ITS LUMINOSITY HAS DECREASED OVER TIME

BONUS 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes why water has the ability to dissolve ionic compounds? W) It has high compressibility X) Its molecules are polar Y) It contains salt Z) It has high surface tension

ANSWER: X) ITS MOLECULES ARE POLAR

TOSS-UP 1) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Why is hair a good candidate for conducting sequencing of ancient DNA? W) Hair contains high quantity DNA X) Keratin in hair protects DNA from degradation Y) The presence of melanin yields better sequencing data Z) DNA in hair is free from mutations

ANSWER: X) KERATIN IN HAIR PROTECTS DNA FROM DEGRADATION

TOSS-UP 7) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the difference between magma and lava? W) Lava cools more slowly than magma X) Lava interacts with oxygen on the Earth's surface, while magma remains beneath the surface Y) Magma erupts from volcanoes and hot spots, while lava flows below or on the surface Z) Magma is the liquid form of lava, while lava is the hardened rock from magma

ANSWER: X) LAVA INTERACTS WITH OXYGEN ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE, WHILE

TOSS-UP 15) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Epiphytes [EP-uh-fyts] primarily obtain water and nutrients through what? W) Roots X) Leaves Y) Other plants Z) Haustoria [haw-STOHR-ee-uh]

ANSWER: X) LEAVES

TOSS-UP 11) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What phase of matter can NOT be found in a fluorescent light that is powered on? W) Solid X) Liquid Y) Gas Z) Plasma

ANSWER: X) LIQUID

TOSS-UP 23) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Sharks do not have a swim bladder. What major organ controls buoyancy in sharks? W) Gallbadder X) Liver Y) Spiral organ Z) Lungs

ANSWER: X) LIVER

BONUS 7) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following plants has a life cycle dominated by gametophytes [guh-MEE-tuh-fyts]? W) Fern X) Moss Y) Pine tree Z) Wheat

ANSWER: X) MOSS

BONUS 4) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The Earth has many types of mountains. Which of the following is the best example of a folded mountain? W) Mountains formed when a part of the Earth's crust is broken into large blocks, which are shifted by crust movement X) Mountains formed when tectonic movements squeeze rock layers together like an accordion Y) Mountains formed when molten rock rises through the crust and pushes up the rock layers above it Z) Mountains formed when molten rock erupted onto the Earth's surface

ANSWER: X) MOUNTAINS FORMED WHEN TECTONIC MOVEMENTS SQUEEZE ROCK

BONUS 6) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT considered an elementary particle? W) Quark X) Neutron Y) Photon Z) Electron

ANSWER: X) NEUTRON

BONUS 10) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following best explains why oil and water will quickly separate when mixed? W) Oil is polar, while water is nonpolar X) Oil is nonpolar, while water is polar Y) Water is less dense than oil Z) Water is more dense than oil

ANSWER: X) OIL IS NONPOLAR, WHILE WATER IS POLAR

TOSS-UP 21) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice According to the botanical definition, examples of fruits include which of the following? W) Tomato, coconut, acorn, celery, and garlic X) Orange, cantaloupe, acorn, tomato, bell pepper Y) Garlic, onion, tomato, orange, mango Z) Eggplant, tomato, apple, potato, onion

ANSWER: X) ORANGE, CANTALOUPE, ACORN, TOMATO, BELL PEPPER

BONUS 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a measure of primary productivity? W) Oxygen production X) Oxygen consumption Y) Glucose production Z) Carbon dioxide consumption

ANSWER: X) OXYGEN CONSUMPTION

TOSS-UP 19) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Tapeworms can infect the human digestive tract, where they grow and persist for long periods of time, causing relatively moderate symptoms such as diarrhea and anemia. Therefore, tapeworms are best described as which of the following? W) Commensalists X) Parasites Y) Mutualists Z) Parasitoids [PAR-uh-si-toids]

ANSWER: X) PARASITES

TOSS-UP 13) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice When your body tissues need more calcium, what endocrine structure is activated to signal the release of more calcium into your blood? W) Follicular cells of the thyroid X) Parathyroid gland Y) Adrenal glands Z) Pituitary glands

ANSWER: X) PARATHYROID GLAND

BONUS 9) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Agar is derived from what organism? W) Brown algae X) Red algae Y) Green algae Z) Fungi

ANSWER: X) RED ALGAE 10) MATH Multiple Choice On the graph of the function y = (x + 2)2, what is the x-value of the point with the least y-value?

BONUS 23) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a vitamin D deficiency disease of the young, often marked by the faulty ossification of bone? W) Rhinitis [ry-NY-tis] X) Rickets Y) Scurvy Z) Psoriasis [suh-RY-uh-sis]

ANSWER: X) RICKETS

TOSS-UP 9) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Sharks and salmon have evolved different adaptations. Which of the following statements is true? W) Sharks lay eggs while salmon give birth to live young X) Sharks have cartilaginous [kahr-tl-AJ-uh-nuhs] skeletons while salmon have bony skeletons Y) Salmon possess gills while sharks do not Z) Sharks possess opercula while salmon do not

ANSWER: X) SHARKS HAVE CARTILAGINOUS SKELETONS WHILE SALMON HAVE BONY

TOSS-UP 15) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? W) Multiple sclerosis X) Shingles Y) Lupus Z) Rheumatoid arthritis

ANSWER: X) SHINGLES

TOSS-UP 22) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT made primarily out of glucose? W) Maltose X) Silk Y) Starch Z) Cotton

ANSWER: X) SILK

TOSS-UP 21) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an example of an electromagnetic wave? W) Visible light X) Sound waves Y) Microwaves Z) Gamma rays

ANSWER: X) SOUND WAVES

BONUS 20) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an annelid? W) Earthworm X) Tapeworm Y) Bearded fireworm Z) Leech

ANSWER: X) TAPEWORM 21) MATH Multiple Choice Two raised to what power is equal to 4 ÷ 1/8 [4 to the power of x divided by one eighth]?

BONUS 1) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The gut of what arthropod serves as a home to the cellulose-digesting protist known as Trichonympha [trik-uh-NIMF-uh]? W) Tarantula hawk X) Termite Y) Pillbug Z) Praying mantis

ANSWER: X) TERMITE

TOSS-UP 10) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice In archery, which of the following represents good accuracy but bad precision? W) The arrows all hit the bulls-eye X) The arrows are all near the bulls-eye, but are far from each other Y) The arrows all hit far from the bulls-eye, but are close to each other Z) The arrows all hit far from the bulls-eye and are far from each other

ANSWER: X) THE ARROWS ARE ALL NEAR THE BULLS-EYE, BUT ARE FAR FROM EACH

BONUS 17) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A cat on a pier sees a fish below in the water. The actual position of the fish is below and in front of the cat at 45° from the normal. The cat has a pellet gun and excellent marksmanship. He aims for exactly where he sees the fish and shoots. Considering the properties of light, what happens? W) The cat hits the fish X) The bullet sails over where the fish actually is Y) The bullet sails underneath where the fish actually is Z) The bullet goes to the left or right of where the fish actually is

ANSWER: X) THE BULLET SAILS OVER WHERE THE FISH ACTUALLY IS

TOSS-UP 5) MATH Multiple Choice Given the equation 𝑥 2 = √ 𝑥, which of the following conclusions is true? W) The equation is true for all real x X) The equation is true when x = 0 Y) The equation is true when x is negative Z) The equation is true for no real x

ANSWER: X) THE EQUATION IS TRUE WHEN x = 0 5) MATH Short Answer If the area of a sector of a circle with a central angle of 60º is 24π, what is the radius of the circle?

BONUS 13) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What determines how cells in a developing embryo will differentiate? W) Symmetry after the first division of cells X) The location of the cells in the embryo Y) The number of cells in the embryo Z) The DNA present in the cells of the embryo

ANSWER: X) THE LOCATION OF THE CELLS IN THE EMBRYO

TOSS-UP 3) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The "great ocean conveyor belt" refers to what? W) The series of strong currents that shipping companies follow X) The path of water as it circulates throughout the world's ocean Y) The influx of migrants from Europe and Asia across the sea to the New World Z) A collection of prominent currents, such as the Gulf Stream and the East Australian Current

ANSWER: X) THE PATH OF WATER AS IT CIRCULATES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD'S

TOSS-UP 4) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the primary source of all weather on Earth? W) Clouds X) The Sun Y) Geographic features Z) Human actions

ANSWER: X) THE SUN

TOSS-UP 9) MATH Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is NOT true about the diagonals of a rectangle? W) They are always congruent X) They are always perpendicular Y) They always bisect each other Z) They intersect at one point

ANSWER: X) THEY ARE ALWAYS PERPENDICULAR 9) MATH Multiple Choice Given points A with coordinates (5, k), B with coordinates (2, 0), and C with coordinates (-2, 6), what is the value of k for which the measure of angle ABC = 90°?

BONUS 4) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Why are so-called nectar robbers a problem for plants? W) They cause inappropriate cross-pollination X) They do not help pollinate plants Y) They steal the plant's pollen Z) They cause self-pollination

ANSWER: X) THEY DO NOT HELP POLLINATE PLANTS

BONUS 19) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The concept of "static cling," whereby electrons can be interchanged amongst materials with different degrees of electron affinity, is known as which of the following effects? W) Electrostatic X) Triboelectric Y) Piezoelectric [py-ee-zoh-i-LEK-trik] Z) Pyroelectric [py-roh-i-LEK-trik]

ANSWER: X) TRIBOELECTRIC 20) MATH Short Answer What is the coefficient of x2 in the expansion of (2𝑥 − 3)3 [open parenthesis 2 x minus 3 close parenthesis cubed]?

TOSS-UP 14) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following isotopes is most useful in geological dating of zircon minerals and meteorites? W) Iodine-131 X) Uranium-238 Y) Radium-226 Z) Carbon-14

ANSWER: X) URANIUM-238

TOSS-UP 15) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from what? W) Carbon dioxide X) Water Y) Glucose Z) Rubisco

ANSWER: X) WATER

TOSS-UP 21) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Vernal pools are which of the following? W) Ponds that are found throughout the Mediterranean region X) Wetlands that come and go with the seasons Y) Water bodies that are dry in the summer Z) Lakes that shift slightly every year

ANSWER: X) WETLANDS THAT COME AND GO WITH THE SEASONS

BONUS 3) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following electron configurations represents an excited state energy level? W) [He]2s22p5 X) [He]2s22p43s1 Y) [Ne]3s2 Z) [Ne]3s23p6

ANSWER: X) [He]2s22p43s1

TOSS-UP 21) MATH Multiple Choice If x lies between 1 and 2, which of the following is the smallest? W) − 𝑥 X) −𝑥 2 Y) −𝑥 Z) −√ 𝑥 1

ANSWER: X) −𝑥 2

BONUS 2) LIFE SCIENCE Short Answer Plants that are said to be non-vascular are lacking what two types of conductive tissues?

ANSWER: XYLEM AND PHLOEM

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP W) X) 1 2 3 4 4 3 Z) 2 Y)

ANSWER: Y)

BONUS 8) MATH Multiple Choice What is the fourth vertex, K, of parallelogram HIJK, if point H is (-2, -3), point I is (4, 4), and point J is (6, 7)? W) (0, 1) X) (1, 1) Y) (0, 0) Z) (-1, 0)

ANSWER: Y) (0, 0)

BONUS 18) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A 10 kilogram block is suspended from a thick cord of negligible mass attached to the ceiling. Given that g is 10 meters per second squared, What is the force on the ceiling by the cord, in newtons? W) 0 X) 1 Y) 100 Z) 10,000

ANSWER: Y) 100

TOSS-UP 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Coulombic repulsion is about how many times as strong as Newtonian gravitational attraction? W) 102 X) 1020 Y) 1040 Z) 10100

ANSWER: Y) 1040

TOSS-UP 19) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Insects comprise closest to which of the following fractions of all known species on Earth? W) 1/6 X) 1/3 Y) 2/3 Z) 3/4

ANSWER: Y) 2/3

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP x W) 2x - 6 X) 2x - 3 Y) 2x + 3 Z) 2x + 6

ANSWER: Y) 2x + 3

BONUS BONUS W) 2*5 [2 star 5] X) 3*2 [3 star 2] Y) 3*4 [3 star 4] Z) 4*3 [4 star 3]

ANSWER: Y) 3*4

BONUS 9) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A block is being pulled up a ramp by a rope. The block experiences friction against the surface of the ramp. How many forces in total are acting on the block? W) 2 X) 3 Y) 4 Z) 5

ANSWER: Y) 4

BONUS 14) MATH Multiple Choice Michael's bike has tires that are 26 inches in diameter. Which of the following is closest to the number of revolutions his tires make in traveling one mile? W) 676 X) 726 Y) 776 Z) 826

ANSWER: Y) 776

TOSS-UP 12) MATH Multiple Choice Looking at a package of 13-watt, energy efficient light bulbs, Debra read that the new 13-watt bulbs give off the same amount of light as an incandescent 60-watt bulb. Using the new bulbs will result in a wattage decrease closest to which of the following percentages? W) 70% X) 75% Y) 78% Z) 80%

ANSWER: Y) 78% 12) MATH Short Answer In degrees, what is the supplement of the complement of x + 20°?

BONUS 3) MATH Multiple Choice A class of 10 students earns the following 10 grades: 100, 80, 79, 40, 75, 90, 95, 74, 100, 100. What is the median grade? W) 80 X) 83.3 Y) 85 Z) 90

ANSWER: Y) 85

TOSS-UP 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice For the balanced combustion reaction of methane to produce carbon dioxide and water, which of the following would NOT be expected? W) The reaction is exothermic X) The reactants are gases Y) A catalyst is necessary Z) The reaction produces heat

ANSWER: Y) A CATALYST IS NECESSARY

TOSS-UP 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT needed to produce an electromagnet? W) A current source X) A conductive material Y) A magnetic core Z) A current sink

ANSWER: Y) A MAGNETIC CORE

TOSS-UP 23) MATH Multiple Choice A polyhedron [pol-ee-HEE-druhn] has six faces. Exactly five of these are triangles. Which of the following could this polyhedron be? W) A quadrilateral pyramid X) A quadrilateral prism Y) A pentagonal pyramid Z) A pentagonal prism

ANSWER: Y) A PENTAGONAL PYRAMID

BONUS 24) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a method by which speciation is known to occur? W) A group of similar animals moves to a new landmass with no natural predators X) A busy highway is built through a forest Y) A predator randomly selects animals from a prey population to consume Z) Chromosome ploidy changes during plant reproduction

ANSWER: Y) A PREDATOR RANDOMLY SELECTS ANIMALS FROM A PREY POPULATION

TOSS-UP 20) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a polysaccharide [pol-eeSAK-uh-ryd] that is used for storing energy in plants? W) Glycogen [GLY-kuh-juhn] X) Chitin [KY-tin] Y) Amylose [AM-uh-lohs] Z) Fructose

ANSWER: Y) AMYLOSE

BONUS 23) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following artificial sweeteners must be avoided by people who suffer from phenylketonuria [fen-l-kee-toh-NOOR-ee-uh]? W) Sucralose [SOO-kruh-lohs] X) Saccharin [SAK-er-in] Y) Aspartame [uh-SPAHR-taym] Z) Cyclamate

ANSWER: Y) ASPARTAME

TOSS-UP 3) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a true statement about electric and gravitational fields? W) Both can act in a vacuum X) Both obey an inverse-square law Y) Both are only attractive Z) Both are proportional to the product of the quantity that causes the field

ANSWER: Y) BOTH ARE ONLY ATTRACTIVE

TOSS-UP 17) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice You manufacture a chemical called Bowlinium that is a blue liquid at room temperature. You vigorously mix the Bowlinium with some yellow oil and clear water. Over time, two layers separate out: a green layer on top, and a clear layer on the bottom. Which of the following conclusions about this experiment is MOST correct? W) Bowlinium is less dense than water X) Bowlinium is more dense than water Y) Bowlinium is less dense than water and as dense as oil Z) Bowlinium has the same density as oil

ANSWER: Y) BOWLINIUM IS LESS DENSE THAN WATER AND AS DENSE AS OIL

BONUS 23) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following plant groups includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts? W) Gymnosperm [JIM-nuh-spurm] X) Pteridophyta [tuh-rid-uh-FY-tuh] Y) Bryophyta [bry-uh-FY-tuh] Z) Angiosperm [AN-jee-uh-spurm]

ANSWER: Y) BRYOPHYTA

TOSS-UP 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT required for photosynthesis to occur? W) CO 2 X) H 2 O Y) C 6 H 12 O 2 Z) Photons

ANSWER: Y) C 6 H 12 O 2

TOSS-UP 1) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Coal formed from the remains of plants that died more than 300 million years ago. In what period did these plants live? W) Precambrian X) Cenozoic Y) Carboniferous [kahr-buh-NIF-er-uhs] Z) Cretaceous [kri-TAY-shuhs]

ANSWER: Y) CARBONIFEROUS

TOSS-UP 19) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following types of carbohydrate is found in animals and is considered to be structural? W) Glycogen [GLY-kuh-juhn] X) Cellulose Y) Chitin [KY-tin] Z) Fructose

ANSWER: Y) CHITIN

BONUS 14) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Under which of the following conditions would a plant's stomata most likely be open? W) Cold and dry X) Hot and dry Y) Cold and moist Z) Hot and moist

ANSWER: Y) COLD AND MOIST

TOSS-UP 18) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an example of hydrolysis [hyDROL-uh-sis] of a biomolecule? W) Conversion of fats to fatty acids and glycerol [GLIS-uh-rol] X) Conversion of proteins to amino acids Y) Conversion of nucleotides to DNA [NOO-klee-uh-tyds] Z) Conversion of starch to monosaccharides [mon-uh-SAK-uh-ryds]

ANSWER: Y) CONVERSION OF NUCLEOTIDES TO DNA

BONUS 19) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the greatest source of organic material that reaches the sea floor? W) Dissolved organic material X) Minerals dissolved in superheated water from hydrothermal vents Y) Dead and sinking phytoplankton Z) Dead and sinking animals

ANSWER: Y) DEAD AND SINKING PHYTOPLANKTON

TOSS-UP 17) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice While dissecting a plant in your botany class, which of the following tissues would you NOT see? W) Epidermis X) Xylem [ZY-luhm] Y) Ectoderm [EK-tuh-durm] Z) Sclerenchyma [skli-RENG-kuh-muh]

ANSWER: Y) ECTODERM

TOSS-UP 10) MATH Multiple Choice Ben started with an allowance of $1.50. His allowance was doubled every week for the next 5 weeks. Which of the following types of function does this represent? W) Quadratic X) Linear Y) Exponential Z) Absolute value

ANSWER: Y) EXPONENTIAL

TOSS-UP 25) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice What phase is the stage of the cell cycle in which proteins are made in preparation for DNA replication? W) M X) S Y) G1 Z) G2

ANSWER: Y) G1

TOSS-UP 11) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Batteries require energy transfer in a redox reaction. Which of the following describes one possible type of cell in a battery? W) Magnetic X) Electrolytic Y) Galvanic Z) Electrochemical

ANSWER: Y) GALVANIC

TOSS-UP 18) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice You are playing outside when the neighbor's child comes running up to you screaming that he's been bitten by a snake. You look at the small wound, and immediately notice a very foul smell on his hands. Which of the following snakes most likely bit him? W) Gopher snake X) Rosy boa Y) Garter snake Z) Rattle snake

ANSWER: Y) GARTER SNAKE

TOSS-UP 8) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a central mechanism for homeostasis in which the product of a metabolic or physiological pathway regulates its production by inhibiting an earlier step in its own production? W) Synergistic excitation X) Positive stimulation Y) Negative feedback Z) Up regulation

ANSWER: Y) NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

TOSS-UP 2) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice In pea plants, the yellow seed trait is completely dominant over the green seed trait. Suppose you cross a pea plant that is heterozygous [het-er-uh-ZYguhs] for the yellow seed trait with a pea plant containing green seeds. What colors of seed will the offspring have? W) Green X) Yellow Y) Half of the offspring will have green seeds and half will have yellow seeds Z) A seed color that is halfway between green and yellow

ANSWER: Y) HALF OF THE OFFSPRING WILL HAVE GREEN SEEDS AND HALF WILL HAVE

BONUS 17) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice If Huntington's disease is determined by a dominant allele and is always fatal, then which of the following explains its continued inheritance? W) Huntington's disease only shows up in a fraction of the individuals who carry the allele X) There is heterozygote advantage for the alleles that cause the disease in tropical regions Y) Huntington's disease shows up later in life, typically after the individual has reproduced Z) Huntington's disease has a cure that allows individuals who have it to not show any symptoms and reproduce

ANSWER: Y) HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE SHOWS UP LATER IN LIFE, TYPICALLY AFTER

TOSS-UP 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following elements would be expected to have the most polar bond when bonded with oxygen? W) Sulfur X) Fluorine Y) Hydrogen Z) Nitrogen

ANSWER: Y) HYDROGEN

BONUS 18) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following muscles is NOT considered a principal muscle for facial expression? W) Orbicularis oris [or-bee-kyoo-LUH-ris] X) Buccinator [BUHK-suh-nay-ter] Y) Hyoglossus [hy-oh-GLOS-uhs] Z) Platysma [pluh-TIZ-muh]

ANSWER: Y) HYOGLOSSUS

TOSS-UP 24) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an accurate comparison between meiosis [my-OH-sis] and mitosis [my-TOH-sis]? W) During metaphase in mitosis, chromosomes line up at the equator, while during metaphase I, homologous [huh-MOL-uh-guhs] pairs line up at the equator X) In prophase in mitosis, chromosomes are made of two sister chromatids [KROH-muh-tids], while in prophase I, homologous chromosomes form tetrads Y) In both anaphase in mitosis and anaphase I of meiosis, sister chromatids separate Z) Mitosis produces two identical cells, while meiosis produces four daughter cells

ANSWER: Y) IN BOTH ANAPHASE IN MITOSIS AND ANAPHASE I OF MEIOSIS, SISTER

TOSS-UP 7) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a transition metal? W) Calcium X) Potassium Y) Iron Z) Hydrogen

ANSWER: Y) IRON

BONUS 24) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice In a nuclear reactor, moderators play a key role in helping to slow down rapidly moving neutrons. Which of the following is NOT a moderator frequently used in nuclear reactions? W) Deuterium oxide X) Water Y) Iron Z) Graphite [gra-FYT]

ANSWER: Y) IRON

TOSS-UP 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is true about permafrost? W) It exists in the Antarctic but not the Arctic X) It is not affected by the warming climate Y) It can support plant growth near the surface Z) It is a practical permanent substrate for roads and buildings

ANSWER: Y) IT CAN SUPPORT PLANT GROWTH NEAR THE SURFACE

TOSS-UP 19) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the primary purpose of floral nectar? W) It is produced as a food source for the plant X) It is produced as a byproduct of plant metabolism Y) It reduces the randomness of pollination Z) It is used as an antibiotic to protect the plant from microbes

ANSWER: Y) IT REDUCES THE RANDOMNESS OF POLLINATION

BONUS 13) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following statements about Duchenne muscular dystrophy is NOT true? W) It is a sex linked, inherited, muscle-destroying disorder X) It involves degeneration of individual muscle fibers Y) It usually presents with an unequal weakness of voluntary muscles on both sides Z) It involves a progressive atrophy of skeletal muscle

ANSWER: Y) IT USUALLY PRESENTS WITH AN UNEQUAL WEAKNESS OF VOLUNTARY

TOSS-UP 13) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding disaccharides [dy-SAK-uh-ryds]? W) Maltose is composed solely of glucose monomers X) Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose monomers Y) Lactose is composed of fructose and galactose monomers Z) Cellobiose [sel-oh-BY-ohs] is composed solely of glucose monomers

ANSWER: Y) LACTOSE IS COMPOSED OF FRUCTOSE AND GALACTOSE MONOMERS

TOSS-UP 11) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice The extinction of large hooved mammals from Central America has been implicated in the reduction of what types of plants, which relied on them for seed dispersal? W) Small seeded plants, like berries X) Grasses, such as wheat Y) Large pitted plants, like avocados Z) Plants with pods, such as peas

ANSWER: Y) LARGE PITTED PLANTS, LIKE AVOCADOS

TOSS-UP 17) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a common destiny for vesicles secreted from the Golgi apparatus? W) Nucleus X) Mitochondrion [my-tuh-KON-dree-uhn] Y) Lysosome [LY-suh-sohm] Z) Microtubule

ANSWER: Y) LYSOSOME

TOSS-UP 1) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following lists contains only metals? W) Magnesium, phosphorus, lead X) Phosphorus, argon, lead Y) Magnesium, manganese, lead Z) Magnesium, helium, manganese

ANSWER: Y) MAGNESIUM, MANGANESE, LEAD

TOSS-UP 19) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following trees is NOT a gymnosperm [JIMnuh-spurm]? W) Cypress X) Ginkgo Y) Magnolia Z) Lodge pole pine

ANSWER: Y) MAGNOLIA

TOSS-UP 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following can NOT produce genetic variation in a bacterial population? W) Transduction X) Transformation Y) Meiosis [my-OH-sis] Z) Conjugation

ANSWER: Y) MEIOSIS

TOSS-UP 11) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice The cancer that is frequently associated with asbestos exposure is which of the following? W) Melanoma X) Myeloma [my-uh-LOH-muh] Y) Mesothelioma Z) Multiple sclerosis

ANSWER: Y) MESOTHELIOMA

BONUS 24) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice In 1986, Lynn Margulis proposed the endosymbiont [endoh-SIM-be-ont] theory. Which of the following is NOT evidence for this recent theory? W) Mitochondria [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh] and chloroplasts reproduce by fission X) Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA, which is arranged in a circular pattern as found in prokaryotes [proh-KAR-ee-ohts] Y) Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain peptidoglycan [pep-TI-doh-GLY-kuhn] in their outer membranes like some prokaryotes Z) Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes that resemble ribosomes [RY-buh-sohms] in prokaryotes

ANSWER: Y) MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS CONTAIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN IN

TOSS-UP 2) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice In humans, freely hanging earlobes is completely dominant to attached earlobes. If you have attached earlobes but both of your biological parents have freely hanging earlobes, then which of the following statements is true? W) At least one of your parents is homozygous [hoh-muh-ZY-guhs] for the dominant trait X) Both of your parents must be homozygous for the dominant trait Y) Neither of your parents is homozygous for the dominant trait Z) Nothing can be said about the genotype of your parents because there is not enough information

ANSWER: Y) NEITHER OF YOUR PARENTS IS HOMOZYGOUS FOR THE DOMINANT

TOSS-UP 6) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Using the International System of Units, which of the following units would be most appropriate to express force? W) Electron volts X) Watts Y) Newtons Z) Joules

ANSWER: Y) NEWTONS

BONUS 25) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following can NOT be classified in the class Cephalopoda [sef-uh-luh-POD-uh]? W) Squid X) Cuttlefish Y) Nudibranch Z) Chambered nautilus

ANSWER: Y) NUDIBRANCH

TOSS-UP 10) MATH Multiple Choice A triangle with sides of length 3, 5, and 6 is classified as which of the following? W) Acute X) Right Y) Obtuse Z) The classification can't be determined from the information given

ANSWER: Y) OBTUSE 10) MATH Short Answer If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 for 𝑥 > 0, and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5, determine the value of 𝑔−1 �𝑓 −1 (15)� [g inverse of f inverse of 15].

TOSS-UP 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Wolbachia [wohl-BAK-eea] bacteria are maternally transmitted in insect hosts. Wolbachia tend to localize to what region of their insect host? W) Digestive tract X) Head Y) Ovaries Z) Lungs

ANSWER: Y) OVARIES

BONUS 14) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a baleen whale? W) Bryde's X) Minke Y) Pilot Z) Gray

ANSWER: Y) PILOT

TOSS-UP 11) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Plants evolve adaptations to help them survive in different environments. One adaptation is an alternative pathway for photosynthesis. Which of the following is a Crassulacean [kras-uh-LAY-shuhn] acid metabolism (CAM) plant? W) Sugar cane X) Corn Y) Pineapple Z) Sugar maple tree

ANSWER: Y) PINEAPPLE

BONUS 1) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following does NOT properly relate force and potential energy? W) In a uniform gravitational field, force is directly proportional to negative mass times gravity X) Conservative forces push the system toward lower potential energy Y) Potential energy for a spring is inversely proportional to force exerted by the spring Z) Force is proportional to the negative slope of the potential energy function

ANSWER: Y) POTENTIAL ENERGY FOR A SPRING IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO 2) MATH Multiple Choice Two perpendicular lines are represented by the equations 2x - 3y = 6 and 6x + ky = 4. What is the value of k?

BONUS 25) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is an example of chemosynthesis? W) A Venus flytrap breaking down the phosphates in a fly X) A plant obtaining fixated nitrogen from bacteria rich soil Y) Prokaryotes [proh-KAR-ee-ohts] obtaining energy from sulfur compounds from the sea vents on the ocean floor Z) A human being breaking down vitamins and minerals for metabolic digestion

ANSWER: Y) PROKARYOTES OBTAINING ENERGY FROM SULFUR COMPOUNDS FROM

TOSS-UP 17) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of water in photosynthesis? W) Donates electrons to replace those removed from chlorophyll in photosystem II X) Donates H+ that will be used to generate a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP Y) Provides H+ to reduce NADPH to NADP+ Z) Generates oxygen through hydrolysis

ANSWER: Y) PROVIDES H+ TO REDUCE NADPH TO NADP+

TOSS-UP 14) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following animals would you have to eat in order to ingest a potentially lethal dose of tetrodotoxin [te-troh-duh-TOK-sin]? W) Snowflake eel X) King cobra Y) Puffer fish Z) Platypus

ANSWER: Y) PUFFER FISH

TOSS-UP 1) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice For reasons known only to her, Susie wants her houseplant Reggie the Radish to make as much oxygen as possible. Which of the following should Susie do to increase Reggie's rate of oxygen production? W) Bring in more plants to reduce the levels of carbon dioxide in the room X) Put the plant in the corner of the room where there is less light present Y) Put a humidifier next to the plant Z) Set the thermostat to the lowest temperature possible in the room

ANSWER: Y) PUT A HUMIDIFIER NEXT TO THE PLANT

TOSS-UP 22) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Assuming that the following structures are unlabeled and unstained, which would be least likely to be visualized using a light microscope with the standard resolution of 0.2 microns? W) Nucleus X) Cell wall Y) Ribosome [RY-buh-sohm] Z) Mitochondria [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh]

ANSWER: Y) RIBOSOME

TOSS-UP 1) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice All EXCEPT which of the following organisms DOES NOT belong to the phylum Echinodermata [i-ky-nuh-DUHR-muht-uh]? W) Sea cucumber X) Sea urchin Y) Sea anemone [uh-NEM-uh-nee] Z) Brittle star

ANSWER: Y) SEA ANEMONE

BONUS 19) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Atopic dermatitis is a medical condition affecting which part of the human body? W) Liver X) Hair Y) Skin Z) Heart

ANSWER: Y) SKIN

BONUS 5) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following will most likely reduce genetic variation in a population? W) Disruptive selection X) Directional selection Y) Stabilizing selection Z) Genetic drift

ANSWER: Y) STABILIZING SELECTION

BONUS 23) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Aerobic organisms fuel their metabolism by reducing molecular oxygen through respiration. Some organisms are able to undergo anaerobic respiration, where another oxidized molecule is substituted for oxygen. Which of the following would be a good substitute for oxygen in anaerobic respiration? W) Sulfite X) Sulfoxide Y) Sulfate Z) Sulfide

ANSWER: Y) SULFATE

BONUS 14) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is true regarding mass and weight? W) The weight of an object determines its mass X) Mass and weight are independent of each other Y) Weight is affected by gravity; mass is not Z) An object's mass can vary depending on the environment, but its weight will not

ANSWER: Y) WEIGHT IS AFFECTED BY GRAVITY; MASS IS NOT

BONUS 25) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice You want to design an experiment to measure the moment of inertia of a hollow spherical ball, or at least to theoretically calculate the ball's moment of inertia. Which of the following would NOT be sufficient to do so? W) Observe that the ball is actually an extremely thin shell, and measure its mass in grams and its outer radius in meters X) Measure the ball's mass in grams, its inner radius in meters, and its outer radius in meters Y) Suspend the ball from a wire oscillating in simple harmonic motion with a known torsional restoring constant K, and measure the velocity of the ball at the lowest point of its oscillation Z) Suspend the ball from a wire oscillating in simple harmonic motion with a known torsional restoring constant K, and measure the period of the ball

ANSWER: Y) SUSPEND THE BALL FROM A WIRE OSCILLATING IN SIMPLE HARMONIC

TOSS-UP 9) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following types of reaction is represented by the example: N 2 + 3H 2 → [yields] 2NH 3 ? W) Decomposition X) Combustion Y) Synthesis Z) Substitution

ANSWER: Y) SYNTHESIS

TOSS-UP 25) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is true of the gravitational force between two point masses? W) When two masses are half as far apart, the force exerted on one by the other will be two times as large X) When one mass is twice as large as the other, the force exerted on the smaller mass is twice as large as the force exerted on the larger mass Y) The absolute value of the universal gravitational constant is not known with high accuracy relative to other natural constants Z) The universal gravitational constant of the Earth is larger than the universal gravitational constant of the Moon

ANSWER: Y) THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF THE UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT IS

TOSS-UP 18) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice An adaptation is any kind of modification in bodily structure or behavior that increases an organism's chance of survival in their environment. Which of the following is NOT an example of an adaptation in an organism to its current environment? W) The large eyes of an owl for improved night vision X) The spines of a cactus for improved water retention Y) The appendix of a human for improved protein digestion Z) The jaws of a Venus Flytrap for improved ability to capture insects

ANSWER: Y) THE APPENDIX OF A HUMAN FOR IMPROVED PROTEIN DIGESTION

BONUS 25) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of the Earth's magnetic field? W) It is created by the molten iron in the Earth's outer core X) It changes over time Y) The intensity of the field is the same at the poles and at the equator Z) It is possible that in a few hundred thousand years, the Earth's magnetic north pole will be reversed

ANSWER: Y) THE INTENSITY OF THE FIELD IS THE SAME AT THE POLES AND AT THE

TOSS-UP 22) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a potential control mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotic [yoo-KAR-ee-oh-tik] organisms? W) The breakdown of RNA X) The transport of mRNA from the nucleus Y) The lactose operon Z) Transcription

ANSWER: Y) THE LACTOSE OPERON

BONUS 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is true about sound perception? W) The intensity of sound is independent of loudness X) The frequency of sound is logarithmically related to the intensity Y) The loudness of a sound is logarithmically related to the intensity Z) Sounds measured in decibels are independent of the threshold of hearing

ANSWER: Y) THE LOUDNESS OF A SOUND IS LOGARITHMICALLY RELATED TO THE

TOSS-UP 9) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice In humans, red-green color blindness is caused by a recessive sex-linked trait on the X chromosome. If a man and a woman produce a color blind son, assuming no spontaneous mutation, which of the following must be true? W) The father is color blind X) Both parents carry the allele for color blindness Y) The mother carries the allele for color blindness Z) Neither parent carries the allele for color blindness

ANSWER: Y) THE MOTHER CARRIES THE ALLELE FOR COLOR BLINDNESS

TOSS-UP 3) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A student hears the siren of a steadily approaching police car. Which of the following is true? W) The sound waves decrease in speed as the car nears X) The sound waves increase in speed as the car nears Y) The perceived frequency of the siren is greater than the frequency heard when the police car is at rest Z) The perceived frequency of the siren is less than the frequency heard when the police car is at rest

ANSWER: Y) THE PERCEIVED FREQUENCY OF THE SIREN IS GREATER THAN THE

BONUS 25) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Most sounds are point sources or line sources. Which of the following is true of a line source? W) The sound produces spherical spreading and noise level decreases by 3 decibels when distance is doubled X) The sound produces spherical spreading and noise level decreases by 6 decibels when distance is doubled Y) The sound produces cylindrical spreading and noise level decreases by 3 decibels when distance is doubled Z) The sound produces cylindrical spreading and noise level decreases by 6 decibels when distance is doubled

ANSWER: Y) THE SOUND PRODUCES CYLINDRICAL SPREADING AND NOISE LEVEL

BONUS 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following statements about the speed of sound is NOT true? W) Sound travels faster in water than in air X) The speed of sound in an ideal gas is independent of frequency Y) The speed of sound in an ideal gas is independent of temperature Z) Longitudinal and transverse waves from the same frequency can have different speeds

ANSWER: Y) THE SPEED OF SOUND IN AN IDEAL GAS IS INDEPENDENT OF

TOSS-UP 16) MATH Multiple Choice For a system of two linear equations, which of the following is true if their graphs intersect and have the same slope? W) There is a unique solution X) There are exactly two solutions Y) There are infinitely many solutions Z) There is no solution

ANSWER: Y) THERE ARE INFINITELY MANY SOLUTIONS

BONUS 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of metals? W) They exist as extended planes of atoms X) They are malleable and ductile Y) They conduct electricity but do not conduct heat Z) They can be combined to form alloys

ANSWER: Y) THEY CONDUCT ELECTRICITY BUT DO NOT CONDUCT HEAT

BONUS 12) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following compounds is NOT used as fuel in a nuclear reactor? W) Uranium-233 X) Uranium-235 Y) Uranium-236 Z) Plutonium-239

ANSWER: Y) URANIUM-236

BONUS 22) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Pellagra [puh-LAG-ruh] results from a deficiency of what? W) Vitamin B12 X) Vitamin B5 Y) Vitamin B3 Z) Magnesium

ANSWER: Y) VITAMIN B3

TOSS-UP 23) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is an example of Newton's second law of motion? W) When a block is traveling at velocity v, it will continue unless acted upon by a force X) Angular momentum cannot be created or destroyed Y) When the same force is applied to a block of mass M as is applied to a block of mass 2M, the block with a greater mass accelerates more slowly Z) When a block collides with another block, energy is transferred

ANSWER: Y) WHEN THE SAME FORCE IS APPLIED TO A BLOCK OF MASS M AS IS

BONUS 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a trace fossil? W) Petrified wood X) Brachiopod shell [BRAY-kee-uh-pod] Y) Worm burrow Z) Dinosaur bone

ANSWER: Y) WORM BURROW 16) MATH Short Answer Subtract -97 + a from 3 + a.

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP W) x2 - 25 X) x2 + 25 Y) x2 - 10x + 25 Z) x2 + 10x + 25

ANSWER: Y) x2 - 10x + 25 13) MATH Multiple Choice If (x - y)/(x + y) = 2/3, what is the ratio of x to y?

BONUS 1) MATH Multiple Choice If a line passes through point (1, 6) and has a slope of 4, which of the following is the equation of the line? W) x = 2y + 4 X) x = 4y + 2 Y) y = 4x + 2 Z) y = 2x + 4

ANSWER: Y) y = 4x + 2

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP W) 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 X) 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 1 Y) 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 Z) 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 1

ANSWER: Y) 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

BONUS 3) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A 10 kilogram mass hangs from a string in an elevator that is accelerating upwards at 2.0 meters per second squared. What is the tension in the string in newtons? W) 10 X) 78 Y) 98 Z) 118

ANSWER: Z) 118

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP W) -5 X) -5/3 Y) 3/5 Z) 5

ANSWER: Z) 5

BONUS 13) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanism due to what? W) Convergent plates X) Divergent plates Y) Transform plates Z) A hot spot

ANSWER: Z) A HOT SPOT

TOSS-UP 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is central to the Lewis definition of acids and bases? W) Acids donate hydrogen ions, while bases accept hydrogen ions X) Acids produce hydrogen ions, while bases produce hydroxide ions Y) Acids donate protons, while bases accept protons Z) Acids accept electron pairs, while bases donate electron pairs

ANSWER: Z) ACIDS ACCEPT ELECTRON PAIRS, WHILE BASES DONATE ELECTRON

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP W) x > -2 X) 𝑥 ≧ −2 and 𝑥 ≦ 12 Y) Null set Z) All real numbers

ANSWER: Z) ALL REAL NUMBERS

BONUS 6) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) classifies physical constants into various categories. Which of the following is NOT considered a universal physical constant? W) Planck constant X) Speed of light in a vacuum Y) Electric constant Z) Alpha particle mass

ANSWER: Z) ALPHA PARTICLE MASS

TOSS-UP 6) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice The crop plants kohlrabi, kale, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and cauliflower are all human cultivars of the wild mustard plant. Which of the following best describes the process by which these modern plants came into existence? W) Adaptation to new environments X) Genetic drift Y) Founder effect Z) Artificial selection

ANSWER: Z) ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

TOSS-UP 21) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A vector of magnitude 14 is added to a vector of magnitude 2. The magnitude of the resulting vector is which of the following? W) 12 X) 16 Y) Between 2 and 14, inclusive Z) Between 12 and 16, inclusive

ANSWER: Z) BETWEEN 12 AND 16, INCLUSIVE

BONUS 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Gibbs free energy values determine whether a reaction is spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Which of the following Gibbs free energy values would cause the fastest reaction rate? W) 0 X) -1.5 Y) -15 Z) Cannot be determined from the given information

ANSWER: Z) CANNOT BE DETERMINED FROM THE GIVEN INFORMATION

BONUS 6) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following usually indicates a physical change? W) Change in odor X) Release of light Y) Formation of a gas Z) Change of phase

ANSWER: Z) CHANGE OF PHASE

TOSS-UP 12) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a method by which heat travels? W) Radiation X) Convection Y) Conduction Z) Convention

ANSWER: Z) CONVENTION

BONUS 6) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an example of an angiosperm [AN-jee-uh-spurm]? W) Daffodils X) Mistletoe Y) American elm Z) Douglas fir

ANSWER: Z) DOUGLAS FIR

BONUS 18) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following does NOT describe phospholipid functionality? W) Amphipathic [am-fuh-PATH-ik] X) Cell membrane component Y) Signal transduction participant Z) Enhances cell membrane fluidity

ANSWER: Z) ENHANCES CELL MEMBRANE FLUIDITY

BONUS 9) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Suppose you want to ripen fruit by exposing it to a plant hormone. Which of the following would be most effective? W) Auxins [AWK-sins] X) Gibbberellins [jib-uh-REL-ins] Y) Cytokinins [sy-tuh-KY-nins] Z) Ethylene gas

ANSWER: Z) ETHYLENE GAS

BONUS 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice A biologist hypothesizes that palatable mocker swallowtail caterpillars mimic non palatable swallowtail caterpillars. She makes hundreds of decoy caterpillars out of modeling clay to put on plants. She will count the number of decoys that are destroyed by experienced predators. How might she paint the decoys to test her hypothesis most efficiently? W) Half to look like mocker swallowtails and half to look like non palatable caterpillars of another species X) All to look like mocker swallowtails Y) Half to look like mocker swallowtails and half to look like swallowtails Z) Half to look like mocker swallowtails and half to look like palatable caterpillars of another species

ANSWER: Z) HALF TO LOOK LIKE MOCKER SWALLOWTAILS AND HALF TO LOOK LIKE

BONUS 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Wolbachia [wohl-BAK-eea] bacteria are maternally transmitted in insect hosts. Which of the following is NOT a method by which Wolbachia manipulate the reproductive processes of their hosts in order to promote their proliferation through a host population? W) Killing male offspring X) Inducing parthenogenesis [par-thuh-noh-JEN-uh-sis] Y) Causing infected males to develop as females Z) Increasing the proportion of haploid offspring

ANSWER: Z) INCREASINGTHE PROPORTION OF HAPLOID OFFSPRING

BONUS 11) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is true of Coulomb's law? W) It describes the interaction of two magnets in a magnetic field X) It is independent of the separation distance between the two points of charge Y) It measures the total energy in an electric field Z) It is a vector function

ANSWER: Z) IT IS A VECTOR FUNCTION

TOSS-UP 12) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the angular momentum of an isolated system? W) It remains constant in magnitude X) It remains constant in direction Y) It is a vector quantity Z) It is determined by dividing moment of inertia by angular velocity

ANSWER: Z) IT IS DETERMINED BY DIVIDING MOMENT OF INERTIA BY ANGULAR

TOSS-UP 2) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following does NOT correctly describe force in the context of a moving object? W) It is a vector X) It has a magnitude Y) It is dependent on mass Z) It is independent of acceleration

ANSWER: Z) IT IS INDEPENDENT OF ACCELERATION

TOSS-UP 4) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Bacteria are responsible for the majority of nitrogen fixation on the planet. Which of the following is also responsible for nitrogen fixation? W) Plankton X) Plants Y) Insects Z) Lightning

ANSWER: Z) LIGHTNING

TOSS-UP 11) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following animals would NOT be classified in the phylum [FY-luhm] cnidaria [ny-DAIR-ee-uh]? W) Portuguese man-of-war X) Ostrich plume hydroid Y) Aggregating anemone [uh-NEM-uh-nee] Z) Long-spined sea urchin

ANSWER: Z) LONG-SPINED SEA URCHIN

BONUS 1) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the difference between mitosis [my-TOH-sis] and meiosis [my-OH-sis]? W) Mitosis refers to cell division while meiosis refers to cell repair X) Mitosis produces haploid cells while meiosis produces diploid cells Y) Meiosis has fewer stages than mitosis Z) Meiosis typically produces haploid gametes while mitosis does not

ANSWER: Z) MEIOSIS TYPICALLY PRODUCES HAPLOID GAMETES WHILE MITOSIS

TOSS-UP 9) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is the most usable form of nitrogen for non-leguminous [non li-GYOO-muh-nuhs] plants? W) Ammonia X) Nitrogen gas Y) Nitrites Z) Nitrates

ANSWER: Z) NITRATES

TOSS-UP 8) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Suppose your biological mother has blood type A and your biological father has blood type AB. Which of the following is definitely NOT your blood type? W) A X) B Y) AB Z) O

ANSWER: Z) O

BONUS 17) LIFE SCIENCE Mutliple Choice Among adult humans, there is a wide range of individual heights. When the heights of members in a population are plotted, a bell shaped curve is formed. Which of the following types of inheritance patterns would most likely cause this phenotypic [fee-nuh-TY-pik] outcome? W) Complete dominance X) Incomplete dominance Y) Co-dominance Z) Polygenic inheritance

ANSWER: Z) POLYGENIC INHERITANCE

BONUS 19) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Aquifers are areas of underground bodies of rock through which large amounts of water can flow and be stored. Which of the following rock arrangements will make for the least productive aquifer? W) Well-sorted, small-grained rocks that are loosely packed X) Well-sorted, small-grained rocks that are tightly packed Y) Poorly sorted rock with grains of many different sizes that are loosely packed Z) Poorly sorted rock with grains of many different sizes that are tightly packed

ANSWER: Z) POORLY SORTED ROCK WITH GRAINS OF MANY DIFFERENT SIZES THAT

TOSS-UP 4) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following cellular organelles does NOT contain DNA? W) Chloroplasts X) Mitochondria [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh] Y) Nuclei Z) Ribosomes [RY-buh-sohms]

ANSWER: Z) RIBOSOMES

TOSS-UP 1) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Numerous individuals contributed to the development of the scientific method, and thus modern science. Which of the following scientists placed an emphasis on mathematics, drew upon the writings of Muslim scientists, and described a repeating cycle of observations, hypothesis generation, experiments, and independent verification? W) Aristotle X) John Dalton Y) Roger Bacon Z) Robert Boyle

ANSWER: Z) ROBERT BOYLE

BONUS 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What scientist is credited with showing that all cells come from preexisting cells? W) Antony van Leeuwenhoek [LAY-vuhn-hook] X) Theodor Schwann Y) Robert Hooke Z) Rudolf Virchow [FIR-khof]

ANSWER: Z) RUDOLF VIRCHOW

BONUS 25) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice In which of the following types of rock would you expect to find fossils? W) Stationary X) Metamorphic Y) Igneous Z) Sedimentary

ANSWER: Z) SEDIMENTARY

BONUS 10) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following will most likely produce the Tyndall effect? W) Warm ocean currents rising to meet cold ocean currents X) A fish creating ripples in a small pond Y) Sending sound waves through a homogenous mixture [hoh-muh-JEE-nee-uhs] Z) Shining light through a heterogeneous mixture [het-er-uh-JEE-nee-uhs]

ANSWER: Z) SHINING LIGHT THROUGH A HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE

TOSS-UP 12) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a strong acid? W) Hydrosulfuric acid [hy-droh-suhl-FYOO-rik] X) Acetic acid Y) Phosphoric acid Z) Sulfuric acid

ANSWER: Z) SULFURIC ACID

TOSS-UP 14) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice When a substance contains more of a dissolved compound than can be dissolved by the solvent under standard conditions, it is referred to as which of the following? W) Saturated X) Dissaturated Y) Over saturated Z) Super saturated

ANSWER: Z) SUPER SATURATED

TOSS-UP 20) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Seismographs, used to keep track of earthquakes, use which of the following variables to measure earthquakes? W) The amplitude and frequency of water waves X) The rotational motion of the recording drum Y) The differential motion between two vibrating structures Z) The differential motion between a free mass and a supporting structure anchored to the ground

ANSWER: Z) THE DIFFERENTIAL MOTION BETWEEN A FREE MASS AND A SUPPORTING

TOSS-UP 18) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following sets of information would NOT be sufficient to calculate the acceleration of an object with an initial velocity of 0? W) The final velocity of the object and the time taken to reach that velocity X) The final velocity and the displacement of the object Y) The final speed, displacement, and time taken to reach that speed Z) The final speed, final position, and time taken to reach that position

ANSWER: Z) THE FINAL SPEED, FINAL POSITION, AND TIME TAKEN TO REACH THAT

BONUS 3) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The dynamic equilibrium [ee-kwuh-LIB-ree-uhm] of a reaction is best characterized by which of the following? W) Equal amounts of products, enzymes, and reactants X) Complete use of all enzymes Y) The forward rate of reaction has reached the maximum rate Z) The forward and reverse rates of reaction are equal

ANSWER: Z) THE FORWARD AND REVERSE RATES OF REACTION ARE EQUAL

BONUS 14) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice The membrane of a cell consists of a lipid bilayer. How are phospholipids [fos-foh-LIP-ids] oriented in the bilayer? W) The nonpolar phosphate end faces the exterior of the membrane X) The nonpolar phosphate end faces the interior of the membrane Y) The hydrophilic fatty acid chain faces the interior of the membrane Z) The hydrophobic fatty acid chain faces the interior of the membrane

ANSWER: Z) THE HYDROPHOBIC FATTY ACID CHAIN FACES THE INTERIOR OF THE 15) MATH Multiple Choice Solve the following equation for x over the real numbers: 8x = 16 [8 to the power of x equals 16]?

BONUS 4) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Sometimes, there is more of a particular ion inside of a cell than there is outside of the cell. Which of the following will a cell do if it requires even more of this particular ion? W) Nothing, since the ions diffuse into the cell across the membrane X) The lipid molecules of the membrane "flip" the ions across Y) The ions are transported into the cell via channel proteins Z) The ions are transported into the cell via transport proteins

ANSWER: Z) THE IONS ARE TRANSPORTED INTO THE CELL VIA TRANSPORT PROTEINS

BONUS 14) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following statements does NOT accurately characterize the Earth's revolution around the Sun, according to Milankovitch's theory? W) The tilt of the Earth's axis fluctuates between 22° and 24.5° from vertical X) The Earth follows an elliptical orbit around the Sun Y) The Earth wobbles as it spins Z) The plane of Earth's orbit is constant

ANSWER: Z) THE PLANE OF EARTH'S ORBIT IS CONSTANT 15) MATH Short Answer Find the value of k for which the quadratic equation x2 - x + k = 0 has a repeated root.

TOSS-UP 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice At a particular temperature T and pressure P, carbon dioxide is in the vapor phase. Which of the following is NOT possible if the pressure of the vapor is increased while the temperature stays the same? W) The vapor remains a vapor X) The vapor enters the compressible liquid phase Y) The vapor enters the solid phase without entering the liquid phase first Z) The vapor enters the solid phase and then enters the liquid phase

ANSWER: Z) THE VAPOR ENTERS THE SOLID PHASE AND THEN ENTERS THE LIQUID

TOSS-UP 22) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is a defining characteristic of plankton? W) They are photosynthetic X) They are multicellular Y) They are microscopic Z) They float

ANSWER: Z) THEY FLOAT

TOSS-UP 7) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Imagine you are dropped at a random place on planet Earth. You are not told where you are. However, you are told that the average temperature here is 78° Fahrenheit and that over 180 inches of rain fall here every year. In what kind of biome do you most likely find yourself? W) Taiga [TY-guh] X) Temperate rain forest Y) Tropical seasonal forest Z) Tropical rain forest

ANSWER: Z) TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

TOSS-UP 4) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following statements about wood in a tree is NOT true? W) Wood is made of secondary xylem [ZY-luhm] and fibers X) The oldest wood is at the center of the tree while younger wood is towards the periphery Y) Annual rings consist of both early (spring) wood and late (summer) wood Z) True wood is only found in monocots, while dicots do not produce true wood

ANSWER: Z) TRUE WOOD IS ONLY FOUND IN MONOCOTS, WHILE DICOTS DO NOT

TOSS-UP 3) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle? W) Neutrons in a nucleus out-numbering the protons X) Triple ionization of the lanthanide [LAN-thuh-nyd] series Y) The sharing of more than one electron by any two atoms Z) Two electrons in the exact same state in an atomic shell

ANSWER: Z) TWO ELECTRONS IN THE EXACT SAME STATE IN AN ATOMIC SHELL

TOSS-UP 24) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Compared to almost all other types of waves, electromagnetic waves are unique because they can travel through what? W) Solids X) Plasma Y) Bone Z) Vacuum

ANSWER: Z) VACUUM

BONUS 8) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the name for the bands of ions from the solar wind and cosmic rays that have become trapped in Earth's magnetic field? W) Cassini X) Dione Y) Magnetosphere Z) Van Allen

ANSWER: Z) VAN ALLEN

TOSS-UP 19) PHYSICAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice An object is placed 10 centimeters from a double convex lens with a focal length of 20 centimeters. Which of the following types of image will be produced? W) Real and inverted X) Real and upright Y) Virtual and inverted Z) Virtual and upright

ANSWER: Z) VIRTUAL AND UPRIGHT

TOSS-UP 13) LIFE SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following environmental limits on population growth is density-independent? W) Disease X) Parasites Y) Competition Z) Weather

ANSWER: Z) WEATHER

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP

ANSWER: k = ¼

BONUS 10) MATH Short Answer In terms of n, what is the number of diagonals that can be drawn from any one vertex of a convex polygon with n sides?

ANSWER: n - 3

BONUS BONUS

ANSWER: x < -2 OR x > 5 (MUST GIVE BOTH ANSWERS)

BONUS BONUS

ANSWER: x = -3

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP

ANSWER: x = 3

TOSS-UP 23) MATH Short Answer Providing your answer in slope intercept form, what is the equation of the line passing through the points (6, -5) and (2, 7)?

ANSWER: y = -3x + 13

TOSS-UP 13) MATH Short Answer In the following proportion, solve for x over the real numbers: (𝑥−1) 6 = . 8 (𝑥+1)

ANSWER: ±7

BONUS 21) MATH Short Answer Four students, DeShawn, Betty, Carlos, and Don, are sitting on chairs lined up in a row. What is the probability that a random seating results in Betty sitting on one of the two middle chairs?

ANSWER: ½

BONUS 1) MATH Short Answer If x, y, and z are three consecutive integers with x < y < z, evaluate the product (x - y)(x - z)(y - z) [open parenthesis x minus y close parenthesis open parenthesis x minus z close parenthesis open parenthesis y minus z close parenthesis] .

ANSWER: −2

BONUS BONUS

ANSWER: −4 ± 2√5

TOSS-UP 23) MATH Short Answer If the area of square is numerically the same as the length of its diagonal, what is the length of its side?

ANSWER: √2

TOSS-UP TOSS-UP

ANSWER: 𝑥 = ±1/9

BONUS 23) MATH Short Answer What is the equation, in slope intercept form, of the perpendicular bisector of the segment whose endpoints are (-3, 5) and (7, 9)?

ANSWER: 𝑦 = −