Sample Test

How to make an hemiacetal

- The oxygen in the alcohol functions as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon, and generating a hemiacetal. - Hemiacetals are unstable and the hydroxyl group is rapidly protonated and lost as water under acidic conditions, leaving behind a reactive carbocation. LOOK AT ANOMERIC CARBON

The overall reaction scheme for enzymes of the CYP450 enzyme family is shown with R representing the substrate. NADPH + H+ + O2 + R-H → NADP+ + H2O + R-OH In this reaction, NADPH functions as: A.an oxidizing agent. B.a reducing agent. C.a catalyst. D.an electrophile.

B

XO XO XO XO XO XO Perceiving the characters shown as 6 units rather than as 12 individual characters is best explained by the Gestalt principle of: A.similarity. B.proximity. C.continuity. D.common fate.

B

Channel X transmits only the smallest substances dissolved in the extracellular fluid through the axon membrane. Which substance does Channel X transmit? A.Proteins B.Sodium ions C.Potassium ions D.Chloride ions

B because are the smallest

reducing sugar

-any monosaccharide w/ a hemiacetal ring (since they can be oxidized, they are considered reducing agents) sucrose is NOT one

Tollen's reagent

-detects presence of reducing sugar -uses Ag(NH3)2+ as oxidizing agent *in a + test, aldehydes reduce Ag+ to metallic silver

Lineweaver-Burk Plot

-double reciprocal of michaelis menten -x int: is -1/Km -y int: 1/vmax

social integration (Durkheim)

-you must create individuals who are integrated in society -no integration will cause problems; too much integration will cause problems ex: Jim Jones cult suicide (ex of too much integration)

good binding is

1 greater than 1 more binding less than one less binding

1eV

1.6x10^-19 J

1L=

1000cm^3

1m^3=

10^6 cm^3

1mL=

1cm^3

2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Reaction 1 What type of reaction is Reaction 1? A.Oxidation/reduction B.Lewis acid/Lewis base C.Double replacement D.Ionization

A

An employee is concerned with making a good impression at a new job. Struggling with feelings of being overly challenged by having to learn new office software, he repeatedly calls his computer "dumb" and "stupid." According to psychoanalytic theory, this behavior results from: A.projection. B.reaction formation. C.regression. D.sublimation.

A

In oxidative phosphorylation, cytochrome c acts as: A.a 1-electron carrier. B.a 2-electron carrier. C.a 3-electron carrier. D.a 4-electron carrier.

A

The principal quantum number is a measure of which of the following? A.Approximate radial size of an electron cloud B.Approximate shape of an electron cloud C.Number of valence electrons that orbit a nucleus D.Number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of an atom

A

The density of a human body can be calculated from its weight in air, Wair, and its weight while submersed in water, Ww. The density of a human body is proportional to: A.Wair/(Wair - Ww). B.(Wair - Ww)/Wair. C.(Wair - Ww)/Ww. D.Ww/(Wair - Ww).

A The answer to this question is A because, according to Archimedes' Principle, the ratio of the density of an object to the density of the fluid it is submersed in is equal to the ratio of the weight of the object in air to the difference of submersed weight and weight in air.

One function of the myelin sheath is to: A.insulate the axon from the surroundings. B.decrease the radius of the axon. C.produce Schwann cells. D.increase the capacitance of the axon.

A The purpose of myelin sheath is to assist with the propagation of nerve impulses. It functions in this capacity by insulating the internal cytosol from the extracellular fluid. When the nodes of Ranvier open in response to stimulus, the resulting depolarization can only be transmitted along the axon since the myelin sheath is insulating.

Which statement about technology is most consistent with social constructionism? A.Technology is the predictable application of knowledge. B.Technology is built from the collective effort of innovators. C.Technology is the human response to environmental pressures. D.Technology is embedded with the values of groups who create it.

D The correct answer is D, because the statement implies that technology is the product of groups/ individuals rather than of natural processes (in other words, technology is a social creation), which is consistent with social constructionism. Option A is incorrect because social constructionist theories generally dispute the inevitable application of knowledge (such as with scientific knowledge as applied to technology). Option B is incorrect because it does not describe how technology is itself a social product (rather than being produced with others). Option C is incorrect because it implies that technology is simply a response to natural pressures, which understates the role of social forces in the development of technology.

Some studies find that the association between discrimination and health is stronger for U.S.-born members of certain ethnic minority groups than it is for immigrant members of the same ethnic minority group. This finding suggests that the possible effect of discrimination on health is most likely related to: A.social segregation in the U.S. B.length of residence in the U.S. C.place of residence in the U.S. D.social integration in the U.S.

D With the question's focus on strength of association between discrimination and health, social integration in the U.S., option D, provides the most likely explanation. U.S.-born members of ethnic minority groups experience the system of stratification in the U.S., and its manifestations across different social institutions, throughout their lives. In contrast, immigrant members of the same ethnic minority group will have less exposure to the U.S. stratification system, and fewer experiences with U.S. social institutions (for example, consider an adult immigrant who did not go through the U.S. educational system as a child). Social segregation is a potentially relevant factor, but option A is incorrect because segregation varies across ethnic minority groups and is not closely tied to nativity status (whether a person is native or foreign born). Length of residence, option B, is superficially related to nativity status, but social integration provides a better explanation of the association between discrimination and health. Finally, place of residence, option C, is not a relevant explanation because the question does not describe geographic differences

work unit

Joules= N*m

Which statement best explains meritocracy in terms of status? Meritocracy occurs when selections are made based on: A.master status rather than achieved status. B.achieved status rather than ascribed status. C.ascribed status rather than social status. D.social status rather than achieved status.

Meritocracy is when appointments, selections, and responsibilities are assigned to individuals based on merit - intelligence, skills, credentials, and other similar factors B

Is proactive interference expected in Alzheimer patients for the word list used in the study? A.Yes, because their memory is weaker than all other groups, making them most vulnerable to proactive interference B.Yes, because their working memory appears to be functioning, and that is where proactive interference takes place C.No, because proactive interference requires information, previously stored in long term memory, which can impede the learning of new information D.No, because proactive interference requires an intact temporal cortex, and Alzheimer patients have damage to the temporal cortex

Proactive interference involves the interference of information from long term memory with new information. C

Km

Substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax

Benedict reagent

Test for Reducing Sugar Aldehyde of an aldose is readily oxidized Turn green when there is a small amount of glucose. Turn reddish orange when there is an abundance of glucose.

When choosing a buffer to use for an experiment conducted at pH 5.3, it would be best to choose one with a pKa of: A.2.14. B.4.75. C.6.5. D.7.0.

The answer is B because good experimental design protocols state that a good buffer has a pKa within 1 pH unit of the desired experimental conditions.

What is the net charge of both pantothenate and phosphopantothenate in aqueous solution at pH 7? A.0 for pantothenate and 0 for phosphopantothenate B.−1 for pantothenate and −1 for phosphopantothenate C.−1 for pantothenate and −3 for phosphopantothenate D.−3 for pantothenate and −4 for phosphopantothenate Solution: The correct answer is C.

The answer is C because, in water at pH 7, the carboxylic acid of pantothenate will lose a hydrogen ion to become a carboxylate (−1) for a net charge of −1 on pantothenate. The phosphate group of phosphopantothenate will lose two hydrogen ions (−2) and the carboxylic acid will lose one hydrogen ion (−1) for a net charge of −3 on the phosphopantothenate.

In humans, the lining of which structure is NOT primarily derived from the endoderm? A.Mouth B.Bronchi C.Bladder D.Stomach

The answer to this question is A because most of the lining of the mouth is derived from an invagination of ectoderm. Most of the epithelial tissues inside the body (B, C, D) are derived from endoderm.

Which amino acid is neutral, but zwitterionic at pH 7, despite possessing two nitrogen atoms in its formula? A.Gln B.Lys C.Tyr D.Arg

The answer to this question is A because of the amino acids that contain two nitrogen atoms, only asparagine, glutamine, and tryptophan carry an equal amount of positive and negative charge at neutral pH. Of the options listed, only glutamine appears

One method of isolating polypeptides and proteins from aqueous extracts is freeze drying. The aqueous solution of the polypeptide or protein is frozen. What procedure can be used to remove the water from the frozen sample? A.Sublimation under reduced pressure B.Distillation using steam C.Extraction with organic solvent D.Addition of magnesium sulfate

The answer to this question is A because only sublimation of the water under reduced pressure will keep the mixture cold and will maintain the protein in its native state

Organic acids, denoted by HA, are only minimally deprotonated when added to pure water. HA(aq) <----> H+(aq) + A-(aq) When dissolved in blood, however, HA fully dissociate. What factor can be used to explain this discrepancy? A.In blood, the concentration of H+(aq) is maintained at low levels by other equilibria. B.In blood, the reaction is coupled to ATP hydrolysis to make it more favorable. C.In blood, the ionic strength of the solvent medium is much higher than pure water. D.In blood, enzymes are used to catalyze the dissociation reaction.

The answer to this question is A because the chemical equation shows that H+ is a product of the reaction. Due to Le Châtelier's Principle, the equilibrium will favor products when the concentration of products is kept low.

Proteins that are encapsulated in Arf1-COP derived vesicles are bound for the: A.endoplasmic reticulum. B.cellular membrane. C.nucleus. D.cytosol.

The answer to this question is A because the passage states that Arf1-COP undergoes retrograde transport. Protein translation principally occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The proteins are then transported to the Golgi apparatus for post translational modification, processing, and packaging for proper localization. Retrograde transport would reverse the motion and return the protein to the ER.

Brefeldin A (BFA), a lactone compound isolated from fungi, has been shown to inhibit Arf1-driven vesicle formation, resulting in reversible disruption of the Golgi apparatus and tumor remission in vitro. Because of its low bioavailability, BFA is not a suitable candidate for pharmaceutical deployment; however, it has led to the identification of AMF-26 as a promising drug candidate. Based on the mode of action described for BFA in the passage, the drug would be most effective against: A.eukarya. B.viruses. C.bacteria. D.archaea.

The answer to this question is A because the passage states that BFA disrupts the Golgi apparatus, and of the choices, only eukaryotes have a Golgi apparatus.

The advantage of the Doppler ultrasound technique over the standard ultrasound technique is that it also allows: A.distinguishing between fluids and tissue. B.measuring the blood flow. C.measuring the tissue density. D.measuring the heart wall thickness.

The answer to this question is B because Doppler ultrasound takes advantage of the Doppler Effect in which a sound wave emitted by, or reflected from a moving object, will change its frequency based on the relative speed of the object, in this case, the flow of blood in a vessel

Why do kidney stones form in some individuals treated with Compound 1? A.[Ca2+] + [C2O42-] > Ksp B.[Ca2+][C2O42-] > Ksp C.[Ca2+] + [C2O42-] < Ksp D.[Ca2+][C2O42-] < Ksp

The answer to this question is B because calcium oxalate precipitates when [Ca2+][C2O42-] exceeds the solubility product constant Ksp by definition.

The scientist wanted to use antibody B clinically (to treat humans), but this proposal was rejected. Which of the following is the most logical reason for the rejection? A.Because the antibody was generated in the mouse, it can never be used in humans. B.Because the antibody was generated in the mouse, repeated usage in the same patient would elicit the production of human anti-mouse antibodies. C.Because the antibody was generated in the mouse, it will not recognize human antigens. D.Because the antibody was generated in the mouse, it can only be used in vitro.

The answer to this question is B because the human immune system will recognize the mouse antibody as a foreign substance (antigen) and generate an immune response towards it, which may include a mild to severe allergic response. The immune response will generate antibodies against the mouse antibody, limiting its usefulness as a treatment.

Which of the following statements explains why the boiling point of HF is abnormally high when compared to the boiling points of other Group 7A hydrides? A.The H-F bond is much less polar than the bonds between H and the other halogens. B.HF has the lowest molecular mass of the Group 7A hydrides. C.HF is affected by hydrogen-bonding interactions to a much greater degree than the other Group 7A hydrides. D.HF has the highest vapor pressure among the Group 7A hydrides.

The answer to this question is C. Hydrogen bonding is a special type of intermolecular force that happens when H is bonded to highly electronegative elements such as N, O, and F. Since hydrogen bonding is a higher than anticipated dipole-dipole interaction, it causes substances that exhibit it to have higher than expected boiling points and lower vapor pressures

When a striated muscle cell metabolizes glucose in the complete absence of O2, which of the following substances is NOT produced in a significant amount? A.Pyruvic acid B.Glucose-6-phosphate C.Lactic acid D.Acetyl-CoA

The answer to this question is D because in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate in the cytoplasm and is not transported to the mitochondria to be converted to acetyl-CoA. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because it requires you to recognize that the absence of oxygen will cause lactic acid fermentation to occur.

A college student is late for class and is running down the stairs with several textbooks. The student falls, dropping all of the books. The student is most likely to receive help if: A.only one other student was present when the accident occurred. B.the stairway was crowded when the accident occurred. C.the accident occurred at the end of the day. D.the college was in an urban neighborhood.

The correct answer is A because of the bystander effect, which refers to the observation that an individual who needs assistance will be less likely to be helped (or receive needed help more slowly) as the number of people nearby increases.

Researchers surveyed participants on how frequently they help others in order to study the effect of age on altruistic behavior. Compared to older participants, younger participants reported engaging in altruistic behavior more frequently. Given the research design, which statement is NOT supported? A.Participants' concerns about impression management could influence their survey responses. B.The researchers could determine whether age is directly responsible for altruistic behaviors. C.Variables such as gender and socioeconomic status could affect participants' responses. D.Altruism was operationalized as the participants' responses on the survey.

The correct answer is B because the study, as described here, assessed only self-reports of altruistic behavior and did not include the controls needed to make conclusions about whether age was causally related to actual altruistic behaviors.

Introduction of which amino acid substitution would result in the largest decrease in the entropic penalty associated with a protein folding into its native conformation? A.Ile to Asp substitution at a buried site B.Leu to Thr substitution at a surface-exposed site C.Gly to Pro substitution in a flexible loop D.Arg to Tyr substitution at a surface-exposed site

The correct answer is B. The answer to this question is B because changing a surface-exposed hydrophobic residue for a more hydrophilic residue eliminates the entropic penalty associated with ordered water molecules around hydrophobic groups. https://www.reddit.com/r/MCAT2/comments/972lzp/aamc_sample_bb_58/ When a protein is in its folded conformation you expose certain amino acids to the aqueous environment. Typically the core of the protein is hydrophobic and the aqueous environment is hydrophilic. However, if a protein has a particular conformation that requires certain hydrophobic amino acids to be exposed to the aqueous environment, this will yield a loss of entropy AKA entropic penalty because the interaction is unfavorable.

Although many patients wait up to six weeks for an appointment at a busy clinic, an acquaintance of one of the clinic's physicians is regularly seen with less than a week's notice. This scenario best illustrates the use of: A.social status. B.social capital. C.cultural capital. D.charismatic authority.

The correct answer is B. This Sociology question involves Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles that are covered by the content category "Social inequality." Using one's social networks for gain is an example of social capital; thus, B is the correct answer. The other options are not applicable to the question scenario. Social status (option A) is related to prestige among social groups. Cultural capital (option C) is class-based cultural practices. Finally, charismatic authority (option D) refers to a form of power that rests in the legitimacy of an individual.

Which statement explains why looking at a dimly lit object with peripheral vision at night results in the clearest image of the object? When one looks to the side of an object: A.two images of the object are sent to the brain, which results in a clearer image. B.its image falls in the periphery of the retina, which is denser in rods. C.its image falls on the fovea, which results in the clearest image. D.a single image of the object is sent to the brain, which results in a clearer image.

The correct answer is B. The periphery of the retina contains a higher density of light sensitive rods, which results in a clearer image in the dark. Option A is correct in stating that two images are sent to the brain of any object that is not focused on, however, this information does not aid clarity. Looking to the side of the object will hinder its image from forming on the fovea. Looking to the side of the object will result in two images (from either retina), not one.

According to Mead, the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self is the: A.id. B.ego. C.I. D.me.

The correct answer is C because the "I" is the spontaneous and autonomous part of the self, according to Mead's theory of identity. The "me" is the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others and with the general social environment. The "id" and "ego" are terms used by Freud, rather than Mead. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because it involves concept identification.

Some nonverbal behaviors are interpreted similarly across cultures, while other nonverbal behaviors show cultural variation. People in different cultures are most likely to vary in their interpretations of: A.adults' facial expressions. B.children's facial expressions. C.postures and gestures. D.frowns and smiles.

The correct answer is C because the distractors (A, B, and D) refer to facial expressions, which have been shown to be universally recognized, independent of cultural influences.

Country A has a relatively weak economy, a weak political infrastructure, and competes poorly in the globalized economy. Country A is also dependent on Country B, which has a much stronger economy. According to world systems theory, Country A is a: A.core nation. B.semi-periphery nation. C.periphery nation. D.developed nation.

The correct answer is C because the stem describes Country A as a periphery nation in World Systems Theory, which characterizes global inequalities in terms of core nations (more economically developed with strong governments and institutions) and periphery nations (less economically developed with weak governments and institutions). It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because it involves reasoning about a theory of global inequality from Sociology.

B

The modified nucleotide ms2t6A is a derivative of which amino acid? A.Tyrosine B.Threonine C.Lysine D.Tryptophan

In which phase of meiosis does nondisjunction occur? A.Anaphase I B.Metaphase II C.Prophase I D.Telophase II

This is a Biology question that falls under content category "Processes of cell division, differentiation, and specialization." The answer to this question is A because, by definition, nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during anaphase I of meiosis or the failure of sister chromosomes to separate during anaphase II of meiosis. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because it requires you to communicate an understanding of what occurs during the different phases of meiosis.

An ultrasound examination could show the motion of a fetus. In order to image this motion, the ultrasound examination devices requires what minimal information? A.The speeds of the sound and of the moving object. B.The speed of the sound, and the frequencies of the sound waves emitted and observed. C.The speeds of the sound and of the moving object, and the frequencies of the sound waves emitted and observed. D.The speeds of the sound and of the moving object, and the frequencies and wavelengths of the sound waves emitted and observed.

This is a Physics question that falls under content category "How light and sound interact with matter." The answer to this question is B because the Doppler effect is used with ultrasound waves to provide fetal images. The Doppler effect relates the frequency of the ultrasound wave as detected by a moving detector to the frequency of the wave when the source is stationary, the speed of the source, and the speed of the detector. Three of the four quantities involved in the effect are required

Mevalonate (Compound 2, Reaction 3) is expected to display prominent absorption in which region(s) of its infrared spectrum? 3200-3500 cm-1 1700-1750 cm-1 1580-1610 cm-1 A.II only B.I and II only C.II and III only D.I, II, and III

This is an Organic Chemistry item that falls under the content category "How light and sound interact with matter." The answer to this item is B because mevalonic acid contains both -CO2H and -OH groups, but does not contain a conjugated or aromatic C=C bond. The carboxyl group C=O stretching frequency falls in the region 1700-1750 cm-1, whereas the O-H stretching frequency is expected to fall in the region 3200-3500 cm-1. B

social reproduction

Transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next

Squalene

a cholesterol precursor found in whale liver and plants

cofounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

converging lens

a lens that is thickest in the middle causing parallel light rays to come together at a point

diverging lens

a lens that is thinnest in the middle causing light rays to spread apart

myopia corrected with

concave lens-diverging lens M and N are close together- nearsighted far objects are a blur

Km definition

concentrate of substrate it takes for 1/2 the max velocity It is inversely related to the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.

Hypermyopia corrected with

convex lens, converging point is way far from the retina

Astigmatism correction

cylindrical lens

quantum numbers

n, l, ml, ms

Viruses are

nonliving

Tollen's reagent

produces a silver mirror when warmed with an aldehyde, not ketone.

Archae and bacteria

prokaryotic kingdoms

snowball sampling

recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants

Monosaccharides with a hemiacetal ring are

reducing sugars

For pcr the best primers are the ones that

suitable primers have a high GC content and have G or C base pairs at the 5BB-8-1-prime.gif and 3BB-8-1-prime.gif ends.

Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

tells you the affinity of a substrate for a receptor by how fast the substarte connects to its receptor you messaure it at a standard time.. the time it takes for half of the receptors to be filled is Km (aka affinity) Km = (s) at 1/2 Vmax

Archimedes' Principle

the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object F=pgv

social integration (social cohesion)

the degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared values and other social bonds

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

social constructionism

Human actors actively construct their "reality", rather than discovering a reality that has inherent validity, through their social interactions. The beliefs and shared understandings of individuals create social realities. In the context of illness, there is a gap b/t the biological reality of a medical condition and the societally created meaning of the condition. (ex. changing conceptualizations of mental illness results in changes to the DSM). It is a dynamic, ongoing process.

sampling bias

A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.

working memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. Repeating a sentence while being presented with target words will engage the phonological loop of working memory. A group of participants was required to memorize lists of target words. During the training phase, before each target word was presented to them, the participants were asked to read a sentence aloud

Myopia is a condition of the eye where the crystalline lens focuses the light rays to a position between the lens and the retina. To correct for this condition, a thin lens is placed in front of the eye that will help to focus light on the retina. The type of lens required is: A.cylindrical. B.converging. C.diverging. D.spherical.

C

What is the net charge of the peptide Arg-Ala-Phe-Leu at pH 8? A.-1 B.0 C.+1 D.+2

C

What information about an axon is required to calculate the current associated with an NCV pulse? A.Conductivity, resistivity, and length B.Potential, conductivity, and radius C.Potential, resistivity, and radius D.Potential, resistance per unit length, and length

D This is a question about Ohm's Law, I = V/R. To determine R, the resistance per unit length, the length, and the potential V are needed. Length increases resistance

What is the concentration of Cl- ions in a 0.1 M solution of calcium chloride? A.0.02 M B.0.05 M C.0.10 M D.0.20 M

D The answer to this question is D because the formula for calcium chloride is CaCl2 and it produces twice as many Cl- ions as Ca2+ ions in solution when it dissolves.

Eukarya

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals, membrane bound oganelles

Electric field lines exit from positive and enter negative charges. The axon is negatively charged. The extracellular solution has a zero net potential.

Electric field movement positive to negative or negative to positive

power unit = work/time

Watts (W)= J/s

Flip card Phe and Pro

What aa are at the cleavage site

D

What are the components that comprise Coenzyme A (Figure 1)? A.β-Mercaptoethylamine, phosphopantothenate, dAMP with additional 3′-phosphate B.β-Mercaptopropylamine, pantothenate, AMP with additional 5′-phosphate C.β-Mercaptopropylamine, phosphopantothenate, dAMP with additional 5′-phosphate D.β-Mercaptoethylamine, pantothenate, ADP with additional 3′-phosphate

B

What is the closest distance the electrodes used in an NCV test can be placed on a nerve in order to measure the voltage change as a response to the stimulus? A.0.01 m B.0.1 m C.1.0 m D.10 m

to correct myopia what lens to use

diverging

Reducing sugars are...

fructose, glucose, galactose