Sample Test
Which personality theorist stated, "It's as if Freud supplied us the sick half of psychology and we must now fill it out with the healthy half?
Abraham Maslow
Which of the following shows the MOST appropriate matching of therapy to psychological problem?
Cognitive therapy for panic disorder
Sky scored 100% on her statistics exam. According to Weiner's attributional model, if Skye makes an internal-stable attribution for her success, she is MOST likely to say...
I have always been good at statistics; I guess I just have a natural ability in that area
Which of the following individuals is noted for developing the theory of cognitive dissonance
Leon Festinger
What does the research have to say about the general effect of everyday problems and the minor nuisances of life?
Minor stresses may have significant harmful effects on both physical and mental health
In the research on romantic attraction, which of the following did researchers discover to be the key determinant of a person's initial attraction to someone else
Physical attractiveness
Which of the following are disorders that occur in ALL cultures?
Schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder, and depression
Daaryl is taking a personality test in which he is shown a series of simple scenes. He is supposed to tell a story about what is happening in each scene and suggest what the characters are feeling. The test that Daryl is taking is the...
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
You would most likely to accept the suggestion that the country needs a reduction in corporate taxes if it was made by
a noted economics professor
Theorists who believe that dissociative identity disorder is an authentic disorder argue that cases of the disorder are rooted in
a severe emotional trauma that occurred in childhood
Brian has been feeling anxious and tense as his final exams approach. He schedules an appointment with his doctor to find out if there is something he can take to help him feel more relaxed and less anxious. If Brian's doctor prescribes a medication for the symptoms that Brian is experiencing, it would MOST likely be
Xanax
Unjustly blaming victims for their misfortune defines...
a defensive attribution
The headline in The National Busybody reads "97-Pound Mom Lifts SUV off Toddler." Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome was mom MOST likely in at the time?
alarm
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, we are said to be experiencing
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
The most frequently prescribed class of medication in the United states is
antidepressants
A person who does NOT conform to the accepted norms of morality and behavior and is impulsive, callous, and manipulative is referred to as having
antisocial personality disorder
Killian lets her husband keep all the financial records for the family, and she expects him to make all the decisions that affect them. She refuses to make any decisions on her own, and if anything unexpected occurs, she calls her husband at work to ask for his advice. If Killian has a personality disorder, her symptoms are MOST consistent with those associated with disorders in the
anxious/fearful cluster
In general, the LEAST stressful conflict is the
approach-approach conflict
Which of the following statements is NOT correct? The separate personalities that coexist in an individual with dissociative identity disorder
are usually all aware of the existence of the other personalities
How is Eysenck's theory similar to behavioral theory
both theories argue that conditioning influences the development of personality
Therapists who tend to see symptoms as the problem rather than as signs of more internal, underlying problems are
behavior therapists
Behavioral genetics, the evolutionary approach, the Eysenck's theory all approach the study of personality from the
biological perspective
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was designed specifically to measure
change
Research suggests that changes in technology have
changed patterns of group development
Hope often sits for hours in extremely rigid positions; during these times, she seems to lose contact with the external world and does not respond to people who try to speak to her. At other times, she becomes extremely hyperactive and rambles on incoherently. Hope's symptoms are MOST consistent with those seen in
catatonic schizophrenia
Garret is frustrated and angry when his request for a pay raise is turned down. After work, Garret goes to his gym and hits the punching bag for 10 minutes. Garret finds that he feels less tense and wound up after his workout. This change in Garret's mood is consistent with the concept of
catharsis
Systematic desensitization is a technique based on
classical conditioning
Philip has a favorable attitude toward John Welkes, who is currently running for reelection. He knows that Welkes voted in favor of a number of issues that Philip supports, and he knows that Welkes always works hard for local residents. This knowledge base forms part of the ____ component of Philip's attitude toward John Welkes.
cognitive
The beliefs people have concerning the object of an attitude describes the ___ component of an attitude
cognitive
Clients receiving ____ are taught to detect and evaluate their negative, self-defeating thoughts and statements.
cognitive therapy
Different approaches to psychotherapy are designed to accomplish different outcomes. Which of the following correctly lists three types of therapy that are designed to change the thinking, change the physiological functioning, and change the knowledge of unconscious conflicts of a client, respectively?
cognitive therapy, drug therapy, psychoanalysis
Aversion therapy is a therapy designed to
create a negative response to a stimulus that has elicited problematic behavior
In comparison to traditional antipsychotic drugs, atypical antipsychotic drugs are
equally effective in treating schizophrenia and have fewer unpleasant side effects
The apparent causation and developmental history of an illness is referred to as its
etiology
Ivy excitedly tells you that she has been invited to sing at the coronation of the new King of Cyprus. You find this difficult to believe, considering Ivy sings terribly and Cyprus has an elected government, not a monarchy. Ivy's statements are clearly out of touch with reality. It appears that Ivy is experiencing
delusions of grandeur
Susan has withdrawn from social contact with others. She spends most of her time alone in her bedroom. She has stopped going to her job and no longer talks to her family on the phone. Additionally, Susan neglects her personal hygiene and rarely bathes, brushes her teeth, or changes clothes. Susan's behavior BEST illustrates which symptom of schizophrenia?
deterioration of adaptive behavior
According to Albert Ellis, the key to making realistic appraisals of stress is to
dispute irrational assumptions
Research suggests that an important factor that contributes to impaired task performance is stress
disrupts attention
The class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity, is known as
dissociative disorders
Albert Ellis believes people can alter their ____ stress by altering their ____ stressful events.
emotional response to; appraisal of
Compared to optimists, pessimists are MORE likely to deal with stress by
engaging in wishful thinking
In comparison to lithium, mood stabilizers such as valproate are
equally effective in treating bipolar disorder and have fewer adverse effects
Frequently, companies use professionals such as doctors and dentists to recommend products in advertisements since professionals are MOST likely to be perceived as having
expertise
In which form of therapy are individuals MOST clearly viewed as part of an ecosystem that affects their behavior?
family therapy
Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud called
fixation
During the genital stage, sexual energy is primarily
focused toward peers of the opposite sex
The Freudian period that begins with puberty is the
genital stage
if you are trying to persuade others to your point of view on AIDS research, you would be wise to
give a two-sided argument, arouse fear, and offer a solution
The effect that occurs when a group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision is known as
group polarization
When the jury entered the jury room, most of the members thought that the defendant in the case was probably innocent, but some weren't certain. After discussing the case for four hours, all 12 jurors are now firmly convinced that the defendant did not commit the crime. The strengthening of the jurors' opinions following group discussion is consistent with which of the following processes?
group polarization
Which type of therapy will MOST likely be used more frequently in the future due to economic pressures in mental health care?
group therapy
One widely used rule to determine whether an individual accused of a crime qualifies as insane is if the individual
has a mental disorder that makes the individual unable to distinguish right from wrong
Jeffrey Dahmer was judged to be legally sane, even though he admitted to butchering, cannibalizing, and then having sex with the dead bodies of over a dozen young men. The judgment of legal sanity meant that
he was able to appreciate the fact that his actions were legally or morally wrong at the time of the crime
What area of psychology is concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness?
health pschology
Carmen has always done well in her math courses even though she has never taken a statistics class before, she is confident she will do well in the one she just signed up for next semester. In this example Carmen shows evidence of having...
high self-efficacy in math
The component of Type A personality associated with coronary heart disease appears to be
hostility
Events that are stressful for one person may not be stressful for another; this may be the result of the fact that
how individuals appraise a situation determines whether they are likely to perceive events as stressful
Jacqueline has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. If Jacqueline were to complete a personality assessment, it is likely that her personality profile would list her as
impulsive, overly sensitive, and low in self-esteem
According to evolutionary psychologists, we tend to view members of outgroups
in terms of various negative stereotypes
Freud is to unconscious conflicts as Rogers is to
incongruence
Carl Rogers believed that psychological disorders are caused by
inconsistency between one's self-concept and reality
Which one of the following is NOT an effect associated with recreational drug use?
increased risk for sexual impotence
Cary attends a religious service with a friend whose religion is different from Cary's. Since Cary does not know exactly what gestures to perform, she follows the lead of those around her. Cary's behavior could BEST be described as conforming based on
informational influences
People tend to see the diversity among the members of the ____ but overestimate the homogeneity of the ____.
ingroup; outgroup
According to Hans Eysenck, personality is largely
inherited
Ethel is 75 years old and has been coping with major depression for the past six months. Based on the results reported in the Featured Study, which investigated the impact of combining insight therapy and medication, you should predict that Ethel will show the BEST response to treatment if her therapist combines
interpersonal psychotherapy with a tricyclic antidepressant
As a result of the fundamental attribution error, if you observe a construction worker relaxing under a tree, you would most likely to conclude that the worker
is lazy
Celine just heard that her neighbor, Rodney, was involved in an automobile accident. If Celine concludes that Rodney's children distracted him for a few seconds and that was the reason for the accident, she has..
made an external attribution
Dallas watches as Rhoda missteps in the cafeteria and spills coffee on herself and two other students. If Dallas concludes that Rhoda is an uncoordinated "klutz" who wasn't paying attention to what she was doing, he has...
made an internal attribution
For the past month, Lawrence seems to have lost interest in most of his normal activities. He feels irritable and has had difficulty sleeping. He also finds that he has difficulty making decisions. Lawrence's symptoms are MOST consistent with those seen in
major depressive disorder
Analyzing the possible gains and losses before undertaking a health-treatment program is an example of
making a risk-benefit analysis
Sonja used to work out five days a week when she was in her late teens. In her 20s, she worked out three days a week. Now she is in her 40s, and she only seems to work out when she has the time. Sonja's pattern of behavior illustrates the idea that
many health-impairing habits creep up on us
Disorders that are marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that affect one's physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes are referred to as
mood disorders
People who are physically attractive are viewed as ____than less attractive people
more friendly, well adjusted, and competent
Which of the following statements concerning ECT is FALSE?
objective evidence has shown that ECT causes structural damage to the brain
Mr.Gorst is a very patient individual who always has time for any questions his children might ask. If Mr. Gorst's children grow up to be patient individuals, the development of this personality trait would be BEST explained using the concept of...
observational learning
Sophia has always been preoccupied with schedules, lists, and trivial details. She plans everything down to the last detail and becomes very upset if things don't work out the way she has planned. Last week, Sophia went in for a psychological assessment, and based on that assessment, she was told that she might have a personality disorder. Based on her behavior, it is MOST likely that Sophia has
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
While at the dentist, six-year-old Alex listens as his mom tells the dentist she flosses her teeth at least three times a week. Alex notices that the dentist smiled at and complimented his mom on her behavior. As a result of this brief encounter, Alex's mom will be likely to continue to floss as a result of ___, and Alex will be likely to have a favorable attitude concerning flossing as a result of ____.
operant conditioning; observational learning
Romantic relationships characterized by a couple's complete absorption in one another and that include strong emotions and tender sexual feelings are termed
passionate love
Cross-cultural studies on gender differences in mate preferences find that males place a higher priority on
physical attractiveness
The term that Albert Bandura used to refer to the assumption that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence each other is...
reciprocal determinism
Due to the representiveness heuristic, many people underestimate the prevalence of psychological disorders since prototypical disorders are
relatively minor and rare
It is safest to conclude that after 40 years of research effort, the neurochemical bases of mood disorders
remains mysterious
With three finals and two papers on her schedule at the beginning of finals week, Kim was very aware of feeling her body "all keyed up" as she worried how she could possibly do everything she needed to do. By the middle of the week, Kim felt calmer and was dealing fairly well with budgeting her time and was completing tasks in a timely fashion. During the middle of finals week, Kim was MOST likely in the ____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
resistance
When final exam time rolls around, Murray finds himself eating all the time. This reaction to stress can be referred to as
self-indulgence
Which of the following behavioral responses to stress may result in Internet addiction?
self-indulgence
Health-impairing lifestyles appear to develop
slowly
Which of the following statements regarding the connection between social support and immune functioning is MOST accurate?
social support can serve as a buffer in times of high stress
In persuasion, the person who sends or conveys the communication is referred to as the
source
Marsha believes that all news reporters are cynical, doubting individuals who would sell their souls for an exclusive story. In this case, Marsha's beliefs about the traits and behaviors of news reporters are one example of
stereotypes
Circumstances that threaten, or are perceived to threaten, one's well-being and tax one's coping abilities define
stress
Dr. Jack assumes that humans share an evolutionary heritage with other animals that includes instinctive drift drive for self-preservation, but unlike animals, humans have also evolved complex cognitive abilities that permit self-awareness. Dr. Jack's views are similar tot the view of personality put forward by
terror management theory
A marketing firm has been hired to develop new advertisements for the "Safe and Sober" campaign. The goal of the campaign is to persuade people to drive more carefully. The firm is considering two different television commercials. One commercial shows graphic accidents with actual accident victims; the other shows controlled collisions with plastic crash dummies. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, you should predict that..
the commercial with the graphic accidents will arouse more fear, and therefore be more effective
Epidemiology is the study of
the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population
Terror management theory asserts that much of our behavior is motivated by our needs
to defend our worldview and preserve our self-esteem
Natalie is eight years old. Her parents have always spoiled her and given her anything that she has asked for. Based on Adler's theory of individual psychology, this parental pampering may cause Natalie...
to develop exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy
According to Freud, when an individual copes with stressful situations by trying to atone for unacceptable desires or behaviors, that individual is using the defense mechanisms of
undoing
In his studies on conformity, Asch found that if a group of people espouse an opinion contradictory to one's own opinion, one is most likely to..
voice the group's opinion
Diagnosis is to etiology as
what is to why
There is often discrepancy between...
what people say and think
