Schizophrenia Spectrum and other psychoses (connect quiz)

Prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia are evident

prior to onset of the acute phase.

Delusion of reference

belief that random events are directed at oneself

derailment or loose associations

individual may switch from one topic to another

It is estimated that, within the U.S. ____ percent of the population will develop schizophrenia at some time in their lives

1 to 2

People diagnosed with schizophrenia have a life-expectancy between ____ and ___ years shorter than people without the disorder

10; 20

between _____ and ___ percent of people diagnosed with schizophrenia commit suicide

5; 10

According to the research of Irving Gottesman, which of the following children are at highest risk of developing schizophrenia

A child with two biological parents and a monozygotic twin who are schizophrenic

Jack, a four-year-old boy, had a paper cut on his finger. His mother kissed his finger gently and soothed him. But once Jack stopped crying, she said "you're so clumsy, can't you do anything right?" this an example of

A double bind

Which of the following statements is true of delusional disorder: A. Individuals have delusions that last at least one month, but do not show any other symptoms of schizophrenia B. In addition to delusions, individuals also exhibit at least one other positive symptoms of schizophrenia C. It appears to affect men more than women D. Its onset tends to be earlier in life than most disorders

A. Individuals have delusions that last at least one month, but do not show any other symptoms of schizophrenia

Which of the following is the most common type of delusion: A. Persecutory B. Somatic C. Grandeur D. Thought insertions

A. Persecutory

When are residual symptoms most evident?

After the acute phase of the disorder

Katsuo has experienced as loss of the ability to experience pleasure. Katsuo is most likely exhibiting

Anhedonia

Which of the following is the most common hallucination

Auditory

The odd and eccentric behaviors seen in schizophrenia can resemble the symptoms of ____ disorder

Autism spectrum

What is the concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins?

Compiled results of several studies indicate a rate of 46%

The psychiatrist credited with labeling schizophrenia as dementia praecox was _____.

Emil Kraepelin

Which of the following is true about the prognosis for people with schizophrenia? A. 35 to 50 percent of people diagnosed with schizophrenia commit suicide B. 50 to 80 percent of people with schizophrenia will be re-hospitalized at a later point in their lives for another episode C. Most people with schizophrenia show a progressive deterioration in functioning across their life span D. People with schizophrenia tend to suffer from fewer infectious and circulatory diseases than those without psychopathology

B. 50 to 80 percent of people with schizophrenia will be re-hospitalized at a later point in their lives for another episode

Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is described as an inability to initiate or persist at common, goal-directed activities, including those as work, school, and home? A. Alogia B. Avolition C. Affected Flattening D. Blunted Affect

B. Avolition

Which of the following statements is NOT true of dopamine and schizophrenia A. Several lines of evidence have supported the original dopamine theory that symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by excess levels of dopamine in the frontal lobe and limbic system B. Phenothiazines and neuroleptics increase the functional levels of dopamine, which helps to reduce psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia C. The traditional theory was proved too simple, and evidence supports that many people with schizophrenia do not respond to Phenothiazines, which may indicate that other neurotransmitters are involved in the disorder D. Critics of the original dopamine theory argue that the theory does not adequately explain the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

B. Phenothiazines and neuroleptics increase the functional level of dopamine, which helps to reduce psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions of grandeur

Belief that one has great power, knowledge, talent or that one is a famous or powerful reincarnated person

persecutory delusions

Belief that oneself or one's loved ones are being persecuted, watched, or conspired against by others

Julia suddenly experienced delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech but these symptoms lasted for only 3 days. She is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

Brief psychotic disorder

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia: A. Catatonia B. Derailment C. Avolition D. Delusions

C. Avolition

Which of the following is true about factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia? A. Strong evidence for a single genetic component to schizophrenia exists and fully explains the connection between genetics and the disorder B. All people with schizophrenia show structural and functional abnormalities in the brain C. Prenatal and birth difficulties have been implicated as factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia D. Prenatal exposure to viruses during the third trimester of gestation decreases the risk of developing schizophrenia as it allows the fetal immune system to build resistance

C. Prenatal and birth difficulties have been implicated as factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia

Which of the following statements about stress and schizophrenia is true? A. there is no empirically demonstrated link between stress and schizophrenia B. Stressful circumstances can cause schizophrenia in people without a genetic disposition to the disorder C. Stressful events in adulthood may be especially important among people with schizophrenia who experienced adverse childhood experiences D. No link is demonstrated between stress during childhood, adult stress, and schizophrenia

C. Stressful events in adulthood may be especially important among people with schizophrenia who experiences adverse childhood experiences

A lack of responsiveness to the outside work is referred to as _____ in patients with schizophrenia

Catatonia

T.J. was asked if he liked the song that was playing on the radio. His response was "song too long, long to wrong, wrong not right, right not fight". This is know as

Clangs

A person with schizophrenia: A. will only experience delusions with the same theme B. Can only experience one delusion at a time C. Always experiences a persecutory delusion D. Can experience several different delusions at the same time

D. Can experience several different delusions at the same time

Which of the following statements is not true of family-oriented therapies A. Families are taught about the disorder's biological causes, its symptoms, and the medications and their side effects B. Family members learn communication skills as well as problem-solving skills to reduce the overall level of stress in the family C. Family member learn behavioral techniques for encouraging appropriate behavior and discouraging inappropriate behavior by the their family member with schizophrenia D. Family-oriented techniques, even combined with drug therapy, appear to be less effective at reducing relapse rates

D. Family-oriented interventions, even when combined with drug therapy, appear to be less effective at reducing relapse rates

Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is a person most likely to overcome with the help of medication A. Avolition B. Restricted Affect C. Alogia D. Hallucination

D. Hallucination

With regards to updates made in the DSM-5, which of the following is NOT true with respect to schizophrenia A. Delusions and/or hallucination must be present B. The subtypes have been eliminated C. There is evidence of continued disturbance for at least 6 months D. Only the paranoid subtype still exists

D. Only the paranoid subtype still exists

Which of the following statements is true about the difference between self-deceptions and delusions: A. Delusions are possible, whereas self-deceptions often are not B. People harboring delusions think about their beliefs occasionally, but people with self-deceptions are constantly preoccupied with their beliefs C. People harboring self-deceptions attempt to convince others of these beliefs, but delusional people do no such thing D. People harboring self-deceptions typically acknowledge that their beliefs may be wrong, but delusional people often are resistant to arguments that contradict their delusions.

D. People harboring self-deceptions typically acknowledge that their beliefs may be wrong, but delusional people often are resistant to arguments that contradict their delusions.

In the DSM-5, schizotypal personality disorder is recognized as part of A. personality disorders B. schizophrenia Spectrum disorders C. disorders of cognition D. both personality disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders

D. both personality disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Although she never met the actor Chris Rock, June believes that he is in love with her. This is an example of a

Delusion

People with _____ may belief that the comments of a local politician at a rally are directed at the them

Delusion of reference

Ivan believes that aliens from a parallel universe are controlling his thoughts. Ivan is most likely experience a

Delusion of thought insertion

Jamal believes he is being followed but shows no other psychotic symptoms. Other than his delusion, he does not act oddly or have difficulty functioning. He is most likely to be diagnosed with _____ disorder

Delusional

Schizophrenia was initially referred to as

Dementia praecox

What neurotransmitter is thought to play a role in schizophrenia

Dopamine

Structural and brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia

Enlarged ventricles- fluid-filled spaces, reductions in the prefrontal areas of the brain; abnormal connection between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala and hippocampus; social, emotional, and behavioral deficits appear long before development of core symptoms of schizophrenia Damage to the developing brain- delivery complications, perinatal hypoxia, viral exposure, increased susceptibility during the second trimester Prefrontal cortex and other key areas- less activity in prefrontal cortex, abnormal hippocampus activation, abnormalities the the volume and shape of hippocampus and that the cellular level

genetic factors associated with schizophrenia

Family studies- according to psychologist Irving Gottesman, children of two parents with schizophrenia and monozygotic twins of people with it share the greatest number of genes with people with schizophrenia; as the genetic similarity to a person with schizophrenia decreases, an individuals risk of developing it also decreases; having a biological relative with it does not mean that the person will develop it Adoption studies- when a parent is psychotic, the child may be exposed to illogical thought, mood swings, and chaotic behavior; Seymour Kety and colleagues found that biological relatives of adoptees with schizophrenia were 10 times more likely to have it than were the biological relatives of adoptees who did not have it. the adoptive relatives of adoptees with schizophrenia showed no increased risk Twin studies- the concordance rate for monozygotic twins is 46% with the concordance rate for dizygotic twins is 14%; which a person carries a genetic risk for schizophrenia, many other biological and environmental factors may influence whether and how the disorder manifests itself; when MZ twins who were discordant for schizophrenia were compared to MZ twins who both had it, researchers found that the MZ twins discordant for schizophrenia showed many differences in the molecular structure of the DNA; the MZ twins concordant for it showed fewer molecular differences in their DNA

Faith believes that she is the reincarnation of Cleopatra. Faith is most likely suffering from _____.

Grandiose Delusion

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia: A. Restricted affect B. Hallucinations C.Anhedonia D. Avolition

Hallucinations

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Involves unusual thoughts or perceptions Delusions Hallucinations Disordered thinking Bizarre behavior Primary characteristics of schizophrenia Loosening of associations (cognitive slippage) Continual shifting from topic to topic without any apparent logical or meaningful connection between thoughts

______ are words that mean something only to the person speaking them

Neologisms

The contents of delusions vary across cultures and, within specific cultures, they may vary

Over time

Fred believes that the FBI has put a wiretap on his phone, and they are trying to entrap him. Most likely, Fred is experiencing a _____.

Persecutory Delusion

A severe reduction of complete absence of emotional responses to the environment in people with schizophrenia is called

Restricted Affect

Lawrence experienced delusions and hallucinations for two weeks and also had a manic episode following this two-week period. He continues to experience delusions and hallucinations. Lawrence will most likely receive a diagnosis of

Schizoaffective disorder

psychotic disorders that share features with schizophrenia

Schizoaffective disorder- Individuals experience schizophrenic symptoms and mood symptoms meeting the criteria for a major depressive episode, a manic episode, or an episode of mixed mania/depression; mood symptoms must be present for much of the period of schizophrenic symptoms; requires at least two weeks of hallucinations or delusions without mood symptoms Schizophreniform disorder- Individuals meet criteria A, D, and E for schizophrenia but show symptoms that last only one to six months; people with a good prognosis have a quick onset of symptoms, functioned well previously, and experience confusion but not blunted or flat affect; individuals who do not show two or more of these features do not have good prognostic features Brief psychotic disorder- people with a sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or disorganized behavior; episode lasts only between one day and one month, after which the symptoms completely vanish; symptoms sometimes emerge after a major stressor Delusional disorder- people have delusions lasting at least one month regarding situations that occur in real life; they do not show any other symptoms other than the behaviors that may follow their delusions, they do not act oddly or have difficulty functioning; appears to affect females more than males; later onset Schizotypal personality disorder- lifelong pattern of significant oddities in self-concept, their ways of relating to others, and their thinking and behavior. do not have a strong and independent sense of self and may have trouble setting realistic and clear goals. emotional expression may be restricted or odd. they have few close relationships and trouble understanding the behaviors of others. they tend to perceive people as deceitful and hostile and may be socially anxious or isolated because of their suspiciousness

Carlos has always functioned well but shows symptoms of schizophrenia for 1-6 months without the restricted affect. His prognosis is good but he will most likely be diagnosed as having _____.

Schizophreniform

Calista shows a pervasive pattern of social deficits and has a great deal of discomfort in close relationships. Her coworkers describe her as odd as she speaks in a peculiar manner, is often suspicious, and is inappropriate in her display of emotion. She would most likely be diagnosed with _____.

Schizotypal personality disorder

visual hallucinations

Seeing things while awake that appear to be real, but instead have been created by the mind

Compared to men with schizophrenia, women with schizophrenia

Show milder negative symptoms between periods of active-phase symptoms

Although evidence supports the theory of social drift with respect to people with schizophrenia, some recent research showed a different outcome. Which of the following statements reflects this more recent research?

Social status and environment affect schizophrenia rather than just the other way around

Describe the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Social withdrawal, restricted affect, anhedonia, avolition, asociality lack of motivation, poverty of speech, blunted affect, poor insight, poor judgment, poor self-care, cognitive deficits

What is a cognitive strategy for treating clients with schizophrenia

Teaching patients ways of disputing their delusional beliefs or hallucinatory experiences

thought insertion delusion

The delusion that certain of one's thoughts are not one's own, but rather are inserted into one's mind.

schizophrenogenic mother

The idea that a mother is both overprotective and rejecting toward her child, and this relationship creates schizophrenia in the child

Original Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

The symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by excess levels of dopamine in the brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system. Phenothiazines or neuroleptics tend to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by reducing the functional level of dopamine in the brain many people do not respond to the phenothiazines, even people with it who respond to phenothiazines tend to experience more relief from positive symptoms than negative symptoms; levels of dopamine change relatively soon after drug therapy begins, while changes in symptoms often takes longer

Delusions are to _____ as hallucinations are to _____.

Thoughts; Perceptions

Psychosis refers to knowing the difference between

What is real and what is not real

Double bind

a situation in which an individual is given two different and inconsistent messages.

Catatonia

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

avolition

a symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

are most prominent in the prodromal and residual phases.

somatic delusions

belief that one's appearance or part of one's body is diseased or altered

Delusions of being controlled

believing that one's thoughts, feelings, impulses, or actions are controlled by external forces (thought insertion, thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal)

Family members of people with schizophrenia are at elevated risk of have ______ disorder

bipolar

Family members of people with schizophrenia are at elevated risk of having ______, and vice versa

bipolar disorder

Psychosocial factors such as stress and certain types of family functioning can

cause a relapse of symptoms in those who already have the disorder

It is difficult to understand what carter is saying because he tends to slip from one topic to a seeming ly unrelated topic with little coherent transition. Carter is exhibiting

derailment

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

disturbance of affect, blunting (severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression), flat affect, inappropriate affect (might laugh hysterically while describing someones death)

delusions

false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

auditory hallucinations

hearing voices, noises, music, or sounds that are not actually real

Anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure

aphasia

inability to speak

Compared to people with schizophrenia in developed countries, people with schizophrenia in developing countries

may have social environments that facilitate better adaptation and recovery

Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been show to be _______ in treating symptoms of schizophrenia

more effective than typical antipsychotic drugs

Most theorist view schizophrenia as a _____ disorder

neurodevelopmental

neologism

new word or expression

The DSM-5 states that in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, and individual must show two or more symptoms of the psychosis consistently for at least

one month

Interventions that reduce family expressed emotion tend to _______ the rate of relapse in schizophrenic family members

reduce

Alogia

relative absence of speech

clang associations

rhythmic patterns associated with psychotic speech

restricted affect

severely diminished or limited emotional responsiveness

olfactory hallucinations

smelling odors that are not really present

_____ interventions include increasing contact between people with schizophrenia and supportive others, often through self-help support groups

social

Psychosocial Perspectives on Schizophrenia

social drift- because symptoms interfere with a person's ability to complete an education or keep a job, people with schizophrenia tend to drift downward in social class Urban birth- People with schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis are more likely to have been born in a large city rather than a small town. overcrowding increases the risk that a pregnant woman or newborn will be exposed to infectious agents Stress and relapse- stressful events may not cause someone to develop schizophrenia, but they may trigger new episodes in people with the disorder. Family- schizophrenogenic mothers dominate their children, not letting them develop an autonomous sense of self and makes then feel worthless and unlovable (double binds); people with schizophrenia whose families are high in expressed emotion are more likely to suffer relapses of psychosis; families are often forgiving of the positive symptoms because they view them as uncontrollable, but can be be unforgiving of negative symptoms because they view them as controllable

Tabitha believes that an alien being is growing inside of her. Tabitha is most likely experiencing a(n) _____ hallucination

somatic

Judith was experiencing sleep deprivation and thought that spiders were crawling on her skin. Judith was most likely experiencing a(n)_____.

tactile hallucination

A common side effect of neuroleptics that consists of involuntary movements of the tongue, mouth, or jaw is

tardive dyskenesia

Social drift refers to

tendency of people with schizophrenia to drift downward in social class

tactile hallucinations

the false perception of tactile sensory input that creates a hallucinatory sensation of physical contact with an imaginary object.

A person with schizophrenia may exhibit disorganized speech patterns that are completely incoherent to listeners. This is known as

word salad

Prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia

• "Quasi-psychotic" experiences and thoughts • Unusual perceptual experiences/illusions • Odd thinking and speech • Odd behavior that is not grossly disorganized • Negative symptoms