scholarship
IRB (Institutional Review Board)
§A mechanism for regulatory oversight that exists within a university, medical center, or other industry in which one or more committees of informed individuals review research proposals to ensure that the study is safe and ethical for all participants
Online Public Access Catalog
○ Electronic databases (bibliographic descriptions of physical items such as books, pamphlets, and periodicals as well as electronically formatted materials)
bibliographic citation databases
○ Include peer-reviewed journals, book chapters, etc. Examples: PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane
rigor
○ Means that investigators carefully follow rules, procedures, and techniques that have been developed and agreed upon by the scientific community; the stronger the rigor, the more sound the research/teaching method was
Quality of evidence for Quantitative methods
Descriptive evidence Methodological congruence Analytical preciseness Theoretical connectedness Heuristic relevance
scholarly practice
According to AOTA's position paper, which term is used to describe using the knowledge base of the profession or discipline in one's practice
To describe the mechanism of action that underlies a common intervention technique
Applied science is used frequently within occupational therapy practice. Which of the following examples does not depict an applied science purpose?
Be comprehensive, covering all details of the evidence thoroughly
When communicating the results of evidence to consumers, practitioners should be sure to do all of the following except:
the process is cyclical
When considering scholarship in the field of Occupational Therapy, which of the following drives research?
set date time frames and key words
When performing a literature search, which of the following allows you to narrow your search?
set "date time frame" and add "key words"
When performing a literature search, which of the following allows you to narrow your search? More than one answer may apply.
Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
implies resesarch agenda and involves stesmatic study of teaching and/or learning and public sharing.
world wide web
lacks standardized indexing
scientific attitude of empiricism
means that scientific knowledge emerges from and is tested by observation and experience
functions of doi
oAssigns each article a unique identifier and underlying routing systems that functions as a clearinghouse to direct readers to content oUnderlying linking mechanism embedded in the reference lists of electronic articles that allows click-through access to each reference
Identify the elements that define research ( choose all that apply)
systematic, principled, structured and logical addresses issues and solves practical problems involves a process of investigation (maybe?) is made available to an immediate work group
A scientific attitude of skepticism
the concept that any assertion of knowledge should be open to doubt, further analysis, and criticism
quality of evidence
the extent to which the researchers minimize bias in the study design by controlling for variables that could bias the results or the interpretation of results
Title of the paper, student's first and last name, course title, instructor's name, and date submitted
Written assignments require a separate title page with the following information double-spaced and centered on the page
False
You can do a query of 1 database ( Medline, Cinhal, Cochrane) and get the same information.
inductive reasoning
a bottom up logic. The scientific parable of Newton devising his theory of gravity based on observations of the natural world (i.e., an apple falling on his head) is an example of what type of logic?
research problem
a broadly defined gap in knowledge; can be a contradiction in current knowledge within a specific area of knowledge
research question
a narrow, focused, and specific clinical or scientific question intended to generate knowledge to help close a gap
Nuremberg Code
a set of 10 research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a result of the subsequent Nuremberg trials at the end of the Second World War.
Deductive
a top down logic. Starts with conclusion then explains the facts, details, and examples that support it.
research proposal
a written plan that organizes the research process in terms of a literature review, the research questions, and the research methodology that will be applied
scholarship of discovery
"those scholarly activities that extend the stock of human knowledge through the discovery or collection of new information, such as through basic research?"
levels of evidence for quantitative resesarch
1. Strength of evidence: study design levels(cochrane), quality of evidence,statiscal precision 2.Size of the effect-The degree to which a positive (or negative) effect of an intervention exceeds the usual outcomes that would happen in the absence of the intervention 3.relevance of evidence-The degree to which the assessment used to measure the effectiveness (or harmfulness) of an intervention is appropriate and useful for the people and problem under study
Principles of belmont
1. respect for persons- self determination,choices, protection, consent., 2. beneficence-minimal risk as possible and maximize benefits to be gained 3. justice-not taking advantage of vulnerable populations. impose burden or risk and benefits on same group of people.
Cochrans levels of evidence for study design
1.systematic reviews, meta analysis, 2. randomized control, 3. non randomized controlled cohort studies, follow up obserations, between subject designs,case control, 4. case series, historically controlled studies, 5.mechanisms based reasoning, case study research)
research methodology
: a broad category that includes selecting and applying a research design, defining sample groups from a given population, applying an approach to assessment or data collection, and choosing how the data will be analyzed to produce findings
Ethical responsibility
: involves being aware of the need to engage in research by staying up to date with practice developments and innovations that are supported by careful and systematic research; ensures that clients receive the appropriate level of care
Statement of Impact
A statement that references data that point to the importance of the topic under study
a qualitative phenomenological
A study investigating the subjective perspectives of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities living in a group home would be an example of a:
description of results and conclusion, objectives of study, methodological approach including data analysis
An abstract typically contains which of the following:
The inductive stage required intuitive leaps, thus creating an inherently flawed foundation for subsequent deductive examination. and inductive arguments were founded on self-evidence ground and assumptions
Classicism may be attributed with developing some of the original principles of the scientific method. The principal problem with classicism was that
The degree of agreement when multiple repetitions of testing are done by the same rater
During a research study, multiple therapists will be assessing and re-assessing the same participants. The principal investigator wants to utilize an assessment that demonstrates high inter-rater reliability. Inter-rater reliability means:
IRB Levels of Review
Exempt- no review less than minimal risk Expedited- minimal risk, some sort of manipulation on participants in this category Full Board- potential risk, full board convenes
authors last names and date of publication
For all paraphrased and summarized content, the citation must include
The mechanism of change for the intervention
Formative research best seeks to identify what characteristic of an intervention of study?
construct validity
In order to establish the psychometrics of a new instrument developed to measure symptoms of depression in a post-stroke population, a study is conducted that examines how well the assessment captures all behaviors, symptoms, and somatic presentations of depression. This form of psychometric testing would be examining the instrument's:
best research evidence, clinical expertise, patient values and preferences
In the OT profession Evidence Based Practice represents the integration of several concepts. Which of the following best illustrates this relationship.
Scholarship of Integration
Interpretation and synthesis of knowledge across discipline boundaries and create new perspectives and theories; requires communication & interdisciplinary collaboration.CREATIVE CONNECTIONS
resistance to research
Is not consistent with professional responsibility
true
The Occupational Therapy Code of Ethics and Ethics standards state that " in all situations, occupational therapists, occupational therapy assistants, and students must provide accurate information in both oral and written form". This statement guides the professions stance regarding plagarism
scholarship of Application/PRactice/Engagement
Kind of like applied research. Apply knowledge generated by S of Discovery or Integration to address real problems at all levels of society.
basic science
Occupational science generates knowledge regarding explanations of humans performing daily functions and behaving within occupational contexts. In doing this, its research purpose serves as a:
clinical reasoning
Occupational therapists offer a unique perspective towards identifying and addressing deficits with clients' occupational participation. The area of research that examines how occupational therapists identify problems and make treatment decisions is:
The collective clinical expertise of an outpatient occupational therapy department
Occupational therapy has a professional obligation to maintain a systematic and shared body of knowledge. Which of the following does not serve toward the development of evidence for this requirement?
formative utility
Psychometric research may be used to evaluate an assessment according to multiple criteria. Which domain is not a measure of psychometric research?
The philosophical foundations of research may be seen by their influence on contemporary research methods. Which of the following statements is true regarding this influence?
Quantitative and quantitative approaches are consistent with the tradition of logical positivism, critical modernism and postmodernism
True
Research design refers to the fundamental strategy or play of how the research will be structured.
statistical precision
The accuracy with which the outcome or effect of the intervention was measured and estimated using appropriate statistical analyses
controlled trial
There are multiple methodological designs that may be employed while conducting qualitative research studies. Which of the following is not a qualitative method?
Logical Positivism
The philosophy that argued that any theory is a possible, but not necessarily infallible, explanation; its ability to approach the truth is contingent on whether statements that are logically deduced from it hold up in the natural world.
social constructivism
The philosophy that argued that knowledge does not demonstrate facts regarding the natural world, but rather is created as a particular perspective of a particular group of people who have a particular purpose in mind.
classicism
The philosophy that argued that pure logic may be used to connect the natural world to scientific knowledge, and that absolute truth may be developed through this process.
critical modernism
The philosophy that argued that theory imparts meaning on, rather than extracts meaning from, the natural world. It is a creation of the human mind that makes sense of the world, and may be corrected through empirical research.
An experimental design includes subjects being randomly assigned to a condition group, whereas a quasi-experimental design does not.
The primary difference between an experimental and quasi-experimental study design is:
desired status
The purpose of needs assessment research is to identify the gap between a client's or population's present status and that individual's or group's:
philosophical rigor
There are three major ways in which to define and classify research. Which of the following is not one of the primary classifications?
At the end of the abstract of article
Where should you look to identify additional keywords for a literature search?
cochrane clinical answers
Which of the following databases would you use if you wanted to find systemmatic reviews to help guide your interventions?
APA guidelines are specific to occupational therapy literature and other professions use different guidelines.
Which of the following statements is false regarding APA guidelines?
Research Producers
Which research role typically involves advanced training, which may be acquired through doctoral or postdoctoral degrees?
discussion
Which section of a research paper provides a reviewer with the most information regarding the level of evidence a particular study contributes to knowledge regarding a given topic area?
Methods
While reading a published research study, the reader would like to know more information in regards to the studies recruitment methods. Where in the research article would the reader most likely find that information
research hypothesis
clearly written statement of the expected results of quantitative study
consent vs assent
consent is aprocess which informs participants about the purpose of study and what is being asked and if they choose to particpiate. Only legal adults can consent. Assent is the agreement of someone not able to give legal consent. Oral assent: ages 7-11 Written assent is required for 12-15 year olds 16-17: get a different consent form and can be given to 12-15 year olds upon request.
research aims
describes the purpose of the study or what it intends to accomplish; also known as specific aims
doi
digital object identifier. Provides a means of persistent identification for managing information on digital networks
ethical review
ensure that subjects' efforts and any risk involved are warranted by the study's importance. ethical research reviewed by IRB
conflict of interest
● A situation in which the researcher derives personal benefit from the research at the expense of subjects and/or the institution in which the research is being conducted. Includes suppression of findings that would not leave good impact to the investigator
evidence-based practice
● An approach to practice that assumes the active application of current research findings to inform practice decisions and treatment options.
what can evidence based practice be used for
● Anticipated course and outcomes of a particular impairment, symptom, or dx. ● The relevance/accuracy of an assessment tool ● The nature, conduct, and expected outcome of an intervention in question. ● Used to improve client outcomes & to justify an intervention to fund sources
research advcator
● Appreciation of the value of research that can accrue from training and/or experience ● Requires no advanced training Serve in professional associations that fund/support research; lobby policymakers and legislators;
research consumer
● Individuals who utilize research to solve problems and/or inform decisions
research collaborator
● Individuals who work in a supportive role to contribute to the production of research. ● Common role for therapists primarily working in a clinical setting *Serve as subjects/participants; refer and screen potential subjects collect data; implement services that are being tested; provide clinical advice/expertise;
Declaration of Helsinki
● Sets forth principles regarding the ethical conduct of human subjects research ● 32 principles- researcher's responsibility to determine the applicable rules and procedures for any study being initiated
professional responsbility
● a therapist's obligation to use research to enhance the quality of decision-making; negotiate the uncertainty that comes with practice through implementation of rigorous and transparent evidence
Research misconduct
● fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research. Intentional knowing reckless
gray literature
●Information that is not published or available in usual formats such as journals ● Not all gray literature has been peer-reviewed Ex. AOTA position papers, abstracts of conference papers, dissertations, unpublished reports
