SCIE Ch 6 exam
List three factors that account for the rapid increase in the world's human population over the past 200 years.
- Humans have expanded into almost all of the planet's climate zones and habitats. - Modern agriculture has emerged which has allowed us to grow more food for each unit of land area farmed. - Death rates dropped sharply because of improved sanitation and health care.
Five factors that affect death rate:
- sanitation - health care - medical advances - food distribution -nutrition - water supply - married women working
List four variables that affect the population change of an area and write an equation showing how they are related
-birth rate: # of children being born per woman in a geographical region -immigration: ppl coming into a geographical region -death rate: # of ppl dieing in a geographical region -emigration: people leaving a geographical region -Population change = (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration) if death rate is higher than birth rate, then population will decline. if birth rate is higher than death rate, then population will grow.
Rapid decline in population can cause several problems such as:
-threaten economic growth -labor shortages -less likelihood of technology development - increasing public deficits to fund high pensions and health care costs - pensions may be cut out and retirement age increased
Describe four phases of urban growth in the United States.
1) migrated from rural areas to large central cities, (2) from large central cities to suburbs and smaller cities, (3) from the North and East to the South and West and lastly, some people have fled both cities and suburbs and migrated to developed rural areas.
Explain how age structure affects population growth and economic growth.
A population has the potential to increase if a large % falls in the pre-reproductive and reproductive categories and decrease if a large % falls in the post-reproductive age. Economic growth may be predicted based on how many individuals are in a group that would be working and spending money.
How has the AIDS epidemic affected the age structure of some countries in Africa?
AIDS kills many young adults and leaves many children orphaned, causing a change in the young-adult age structure of a country and a sharp drop in average life expectancy.
How has the world's TFR changed since 1955?
Between 1955 and 2011, the average global lifetime number of births of live babies per woman dropped from 5 to 2.5.
How many of us are likely to be on the planet in 2050?
By 2050 there could be 9.6 billion people.
What are the world's three most populous countries?
China, India and the United States.
Define cultural carrying capacity:
Cultural carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generations
Economic rewards
EX: being paid to have children or not have children
What is family planning?
Family planning includes educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them.
Describe India's efforts to control its population growth.
For over 50 years, India has tried to control its population growth with only modest success. Due to cultural preferences for large families and male children, only 48% of couples use birth control, even though 90% have access to at least one modern birth control method.
Define life expectancy and infant mortality rate and explain how they affect the population size of a country
Life expectancy is the average # of years a newborn infant can expect to live, and the infant mortality rate is the number of babies out of every 1,000 born who die before their first birthday. A longer life expectance and a lower infant mortality will increase population.
What is migration?
Migration is the movement of people into (immigration) and out of (emigration) specific geographic areas.
Compare rates of population growth in developed countries and developing countries. Explain the differences that you find.
Population growth is higher in countries that are still developing compared to the countries that are already developed. Countries that are developed have birth control, health care, provide education, better jobs/ careers; while countries that are in the process of developing don't aren't able to provide all of these things to their population. So without education and career opportunity, women continue to have more and more children. Without birth control women also continue to have more and more children.
Describe and compare the aging of the U. S. and Chinese populations.
The average age of China's population is increasing at one of the fastest rates ever recorded.
Summarize the debate over whether and how long the human population can keep growing.
The different view points about the growth of human population are... • There are too many people, due to overpopulation or overconsumption. Slowing human population growth should be an important priority. • Advances in technology have allowed us to temporarily overcome environmental limits and increase the earth's carrying capacity for our species. • A growing population means more workers, consumers, and creative people. There is no need to slow the world's population growth. • Since we are currently failing to meet the basic needs for the people living today, we will be unable to meet the needs of a larger population. • If we do not sharply lower birth rates, then death rates may increase because of declining health and environmental conditions as well as increasing social disruption in some areas. • Resource use and degradation of normally renewable resources may intensify as more consumers increase their ecological footprints in more-developed countries and in rapidly developing countries.
Describe population growth in the United States and explain why it is high compared to growth rates in most other more-developed countries and in China.
The population of the United States grew from 76 million in 1900 to 306 million in 2009, despite oscillations in the country's TFR and birth rates. The U.S. has high and irregular immigration rates and less direct government population control.
About how many people are added to the world's population each year?
There were about 83 million people added during 2011. But the number of people added to the worlds population grows each year.
What is urban sprawl?
Urban sprawl is the growth of low-density development on the edges of cities and towns.
List three ways to reduce dependence on motor vehicles.
Ways to reduce dependence on motor vehicles include a user-pays approach, full-cost, raise parking fees and charge tolls on roads leading into cities, promote car-sharing networks, and promote alternatives to cars.
What is total fertility rate (TFR)?
average # of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years.
Explain why there is a bride shortage in China
because there is a strong preference for male children, who do not leave their parents at marriage or require a dowry. Some women use ultrasound to determine the gender of their fetus and get an abortion if the child is female.
Explain why most cities and urban areas are not sustainable.
because they have a high resource input of food, water, and materials that result in a high waste output.
Describe the major advantages and disadvantages of relying more on bicycles?
o Advantages - don't pollute and take up little space o Disadvantages - provide little to no protection in accidents & bad weather, cannot use on long trips
Describe the major advantages and disadvantages of relying more on rapid-rail systems between urban areas?
o Advantages - much more energy efficient, can reduce need for air travel, cars, roads and parking areas o Disadvantages - causes noise and vibration for nearby residents, requires large government subsidies to build and run
Describe the major advantages and disadvantages of relying more on mass transit rail systems?
o Advantages - use less land than roads & parking lots, causes fewer injuries and deaths due to accidents o Disadvantages - expensive to build, riders have to ride on a schedule
Describe the major advantages and disadvantages of relying more on bus rapid transit systems within urban areas?
o Advantages -reduce car use & air pollution, can be rerouted as needed o Disadvantages - can get caught in traffic and add to noise and air pollution, riders have to ride the bus on a schedule
Factors than can hinder the demographic transition:
o Rapid population growth. o Extreme poverty. o Increasing environmental gradation.
Replacement level fertility:
women has enough children to replace her and each of her sexual partners
What are the major advantages and disadvantages of motor vehicles?
• Advantages of motor vehicles include mobility, convenience, comfort, and success symbol. Disadvantages include congestion and pollution.
What is the age structure of a population?
• Age structure refers to the number or percentage of males and females in young (pre-reproductive, ages 0-14), middle (reproductive, ages 15-44), and older (postreproductive, age 45 and older) age groups.
47. Describe the relationship between human population growth in China, and the three principles of sustainability.
• China is the most populous country in the world, and thus has a large ecological footprint. In the 1960's, China was exceeding its carrying capacity to the point where the population was facing mass starvation. The strict one-child family policy has helped China reduce population growth. However, the rapidly growing middle class will consume more resources per person, increasing China's ecological footprint within its own borders and in other parts of the world that provide it with resources. This will put a strain on the earth's natural capital unless China steers a course toward more sustainable economic development.
Summarize the efforts to make Curitiba, Brazil, a sustainable ecocity.
• City planners in Curitiba, Brazil focused on mass transit rather than on the car. High-rise apartment buildings are placed near major bus routes and have stores in the bottom two floors, reducing the need for residents to travel. Cars are banned from the downtown area, which has a network of pedestrian walkways connected to bus stations, parks, and bicycle paths running throughout most of the city. The city transformed flood-prone areas along its six rivers into a series of interconnected parks. Curitiba recycles roughly 70% of its paper and 60% of its metal, glass, and plastic. Recovered materials are sold mostly to the city's more than 500 major industries, which must meet strict pollution standards.
Five undesirable effects of urban sprawl:
• Decreases energy efficiency. • Increases traffic congestion. • Destroys prime cropland, forests, and wetlands.
Describe the roles of promoting economic development, elevating the status of women, and family planning in slowing population growth.
• Growth rates slow in a country when modern technology raises per capita incomes by bringing economic development. • Women tend to have fewer children if they are educated, have the ability to control their own fertility, hold a paying job outside the home, and live in societies that do not suppress their rights. • Family planning provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them.
Nine factors that affect birth rates and fertility rates:
• Importance of children as a part of the labor force. • Cost of raising and educating children. • Availability of, or lack of, private and public pension systems. • Urbanization. • Educational and employment opportunities available for women. • Average age at marriage. • Availability of legal abortions. • Availability of reliable birth control methods. • Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms affect birth rate and fertility rate.
Summarize the story of population growth in China and the Chinese government's efforts to regulate it.
• In the 1960s, China's large population was growing so rapidly that there was a serious threat of mass starvation. • The government established the world's strictest family planning and birth control program, promoting one-child families and provides contraceptives, sterilizations, and abortions for married couples. • Married couples pledging to have no more than one child receive a number of benefits including better housing, more food, free health care, salary bonuses, and preferential job opportunities for their child. • Between 1972 and 2011, the country cut its birth rate in half and trimmed the average number of children born to its women from 5.7 to 1
Why is infant mortality rate considered a good indicator of quality of life?
• Infant mortality is a measure of a society's quality of life because it reflects the general level of nutrition and health care. o A high infant mortality rate results from insufficient food (undernutrition), poor nutrition (malnutrition), and a high amounts of infectious disease, which is making the situation worse by under- or malnutrition.
Describe immigration into the United States and the benefits and issues it raises.
• Legal and illegal immigration account for about 36% of annual population growth in the United States. Between 1820 and 1960, most immigrants were from Europe. Since 1960, most are from Latin America and Asia.
List five tools used to promote smart growth:
• Limits and regulations. • Zoning. • Planning. • Protection. • Taxes.
Summarize the urban problems of Mexico City, Mexico.
• Mexico City has severe air pollution, high unemployment, noise, overcrowding, traffic congestion, inadequate public transportation, and a soaring crime rate. More than one-third of its residents live in slums or squatter settlements that lack running water, electricity and sewage facilities.
Four advantages of urbanization:
• Provide innovation/technological advances. • Increase access to education. • Increase access to jobs. • Serve as centers of industry, commerce, and transportation.
What are some problems related to rapid population decline due to an aging population?
• Rapid population declines due to an aging population may cause a lack of support services such as health care.
What is smart growth?
• Smart growth encourages more environmentally sustainable development that requires less dependence on cars, controls and directs sprawl, and reduces wasteful resource use.
Issues raised by immigration:
• Some say reducing immigration would help stabilize population size and reduce the country's enormous environmental impact. • There were an estimated 11 million illegal immigrants in the United States in 2011. Some want to deport all illegal immigrants while others want to set up programs that allow illegal immigrants to remain in the country as long as they are working towards citizenship
Describe the American BABY BOOM and some of its economic and social effects.
• The American baby boom added 79 million people to the U.S. population between 1946 and 1964. • The large numbers of baby boomers first created a youth market and are now creating the late middle age and senior markets. • As the baby boomers turn 65, the number of seniors will grow sharply through 2030.
Why does the United States have a lower life expectancy and higher infant mortality rate than a number of other more-developed countries?
• The U.S. lower life expectancy may be due to more than 45 million Americans lacking health care insurance, while Canada and many European countries have universal health care; and adults in the United States have one of the world's highest obesity rates. Three factors helped to keep the U.S. infant mortality rate higher than it could be: inadequate health care for poor women during pregnancy and for their babies after birth, drug addiction among pregnant women, and a high birth rate among teenagers.
Distinguish between crude birth rate and crude death rate.
• The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. The crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
What is the demographic transition and what are its four stages?
• The demographic transition is a hypothesis explaining population change that occurs as countries become industrialized and their populations tend to grow more slowly. o Preindustrial. o Transitional. o Industrial. o Postindustrial.
What are this chapter's three big ideas?
• The human population is increasing rapidly and may soon bump up against environmental limits. • We can slow human population growth by reducing poverty, encouraging family planning, and elevating the status of women. • Most urban areas, home to half of the world's people, are unsustainable but they can be made more sustainable and livable within your lifetime.
Describe some of the problems faced by the poor who live in urban areas
• The poor who live in urban areas face a lack of medical services, poor sanitation, and increased poverty.
List three trends in global urban growth
• Trends in global urban growth are that urban populations are increasing, the number and sizes of large urban areas is mushrooming, urban growth is much slower in developed countries than in less-developed countries, and poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized.
Benefits of immigration:
• U.S. has a historical role as a place of opportunity for the world's poor and oppressed. • Immigration adds cultural diversity and innovation. • Most immigrants and their descendants start new businesses(Mexican resturants), create jobs, add cultural vitality, and help the United States to succeed in the global economy. • Immigrants will work low paying jobs that Americans won't
Six disadvantages of urbanization:
• Unsustainable. • Lack vegetation. • Water problems. • Pollution and health problems. • Affect local climates. • Cause light pollution.
List eight goals of ecocity design:
• Use solar and other locally available, renewable energy resources and design buildings to be heated and cooled as much as possible by nature. • Build and redesign cities for people, not cars. • Use energy and matter resources efficiently. • Prevent pollution and reduce waste. • Recycle, reuse, and compost at least 60% of all municipal solid waste. • Protect and encourage biodiversity by preserving surrounding land and protecting and restoring natural systems and wetlands. • Promote urban gardens and farmers markets. • Use zoning and other tools
Describe the new urban village of Vauban, Germany.
• Vauban is an energy-efficient suburb in Germany that is almost free of cars. Most parking is forbidden. Homes are within walking distance of trains, stores, banks, restaurants, and schools. There are numerous bike paths and a car-sharing club. Mass transit allows residents to work or shop in a nearby city. There are no single-family homes, only energy-efficient row houses that use passive solar energy.
