Science 10: FINAL
root pressure
*-pressure exerted in the roots of plants from osmosis* -*causes movement materials up the stem*, into tips of plants -*occurs at night* when the rate of transpiration is low, but root cells are still accumulating minerals,
mitochondria, cellular respiration
*Energy* for the cell is produced in the _________ through the process of ___________.
heat of condensation
- energy released during the reverse phase change, when 1 mol of a vapour condenses to liquid,
extensive properties
-*DO* change with amount of substance -eg. mass, volume
endocytosis
-*absorption into* the cell by vesicles that use cell energy to rearrange the cell membrane
exocytosis
-*secretion out of *the cell by *vesicles* that use cell energy to rearrange the cell membrane
Hans and Zacahrias Janssen
-1595: believed to have invented the microscope -used a two lens system -magnification of 20x
Robert Hooke
-1665: developed three lens system -focused on cork because of its properties -found empty chambers (cells) in cork slices -chambers were actually remains of the cells now
Francesco Redi
-1668: set up an experiment to disprove the idea that maggots suddenly appeared on raw meat -believed that flies laid eggs on the meat -3 flasks: open air, cloth, sealed -despite strong evidence, idea was rejected
John Needham
-1745: conducted experiment to *prove* spontaneous generation -boiled broth but micro-organisms still grew (belief that boiling killed micro-organisms) -proposed life force that produced spontaneous generation
Robert Brown
-1833: identified nucleus during study of orchids -first to recognize that opaque granular spots in the cell was important to cell function
Schleiden
-1838: All plants are made of cells -proposed nucleus was responsible for making the rest of the cell -discussed ideas with Schwann (who found similar structures in animal cells)
Rudolf Virchow
-1859: extended cell theory -*all cells arise only from pre-existing cells (cell division)* -all living things are made of cells and the materials produced by cells -all life functions happen in cells = they're the smallest unit of life
James Chadwick
-1932, discovered the neutron
Laws of Thermodynamics
-1: Total energy (including heat) in a system + surroundings remain constant Heat added to a system turns into equal amount of other form of energy Some of energy goes into increasing internal energy of system = increase temperature Some energy is used to move parts of the system = increases mechanical energy Heat added to system = mechanical energy + heat Theoretically, system could gain same amount of mechanical energy as heat input energy Reality: mechanical energy gained never comes close to theoretical maximum cause most of input energy is lost from system as heat Law supported by Joule's experiments -2: Describes the direction of energy flow in natural processes Heat always flows naturally from hot to cold You have to do work to make opposite happen -Laws describe relationships between work and energy transformations -Focus on heat energy
Albertans and Climate Change
-2002: CAN's own action plan -Plan offered alternative ways to reduce GHG other than those that would be required by the Kyoto Protocol
covalent bond
-A chemical bond formed when two atoms* share *electrons -found in molecular compounds
ionic compound
-A compound that *consists of ions* (positive and negative charges) -formed when *electrons transfer* from one atom to another -usually formed from compounds with a *metal and nonmetal* -held together by *ionic bonds forming a crystal lattice* -electrically neutral (compound has *no net charge*) because bonds make 1 negative for 1 positive = called formula unit -most are* solids in room temp* -tend to *dissolve in water* -solutions of these always* conduct electricity*
anion
-A negatively charged ion -have gained electrons (non-metals do this)
cation
-A positively charged ion -have lost electrons (metals do this) -is "PAW"sitive
force
-A push or pull on an object -Measured in newtons (N) -Based on Newton's 3 laws of motion:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
-Agreement by the world's nations to act to stabilize GHG emissions caused by human activity -Not an action plan -Set out process for making international agreements on future actions related to climate change -Marked the first time the world acknowledged that humans could cause climate change -Members agreed that any actions taken to stabilize GHG emissions must not threaten global food production or economic interests of any nation, and must support sustainable development
wasted energy/work
-All other types of unnecessary energy produced and work done
carbon source
-Any process that releases CO2 to the atmosphere -Eg. burning fossil fuels, respiration
carbon sink
-Any process that removes CO2 from the atmosphere -Eg. photosynthesis, oceans + lakes dissolving CO2
computer models
-Better computers + software gives computer simulations + models that analyze + more accurately predict effects of our activities -Different types (eg. GMC) -When choosing which model to use: scientists consider problem they're investigating + type of data available -Predictions from this is only as good as data it was based on -Type + quantities of dust/gas in atmosphere can be more accurately measured
light energy
-Called electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
CANDU
-Canadian Deuterium Uranium (one of most widely used nuclear reactor)
isolated system
-Cannot exchange either matter or energy with surroundings
enhanced greenhouse effect
-Change in Earth's net radiation budget caused by increased in human-generated GHGs
Dependent (responding) variable
-Changes based on independent variable -Always planted on vertical (y-) axis
weather
-Changes daily -Describes conditions of temperature, air pressure, cloud cover, precipitation, and humidity that occur in a certain place at a certain time
hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)
-Chemicals with similar properties as CFCs -Destroy ozone more slowly -Still just temporary solution to ozone depletion -CAN gov plan to ban this by 2020
(see diagram in written notes)
-Describe the distribution of kinetic and potential energy in an object as it is dropped.
useful energy output
-Desired energy needed to do work
peritoneal dialysis
-Dialysis where waste products from the blood pass through the peritoneum into the dialysate fluid. -able to perform at home while carrying on most activities
Hans Oersted
-Discovered that an electric current in a wire could produce magnetic effects -Electricity can produce magnetism -Eg. moving a metal wire with a passing current = moves compass
Kyoto Protocol
-Foundation was from UNFCCC -International agreement to reduce the production of GHGs -1998: Canada + 160 countries agreed in principle to set a goal of a 5% reduction in global GHG emissions by 2012 -Said CAN must reduce GHG emissions to 6% below 1990 levels. -Key feature is ERCs
fossil fuel
-Fuels that contain large amounts of carbon -Formed from the remains of living organisms -eg. Coal + oil + natural gas -production of these = CH4 + CO2 -Burning of these = CO2 + N2O Most significant increase in concentration of gases from fossil fuel combustion has been in CO2.
halocarbons
-GHG that has never before occured -Human-made chemicals that *absorbs lots of thermal energy *= powerful GHG -*Used mainly as coolants* -found in fridges + ACs -Eg. CFCs
Atomists and the cause of heat
-Group of greek philosophers -Thought that heat was somehow related to the motion of "atoms" within a substance -But others believe that atoms weren't existent = relation of heat to atomic motion forgotten till 1700s
caloric fluid
-Heat was invisible fluid -naturally flowed from hot to cold things
confidence level
-How likely something is linked to/affecting climate change
heat engine
-If heat in this flows from high to low temp area, heat can be converted into mechanical energy By only some of input heat can be converted, rest is exhaust heat
peritoneum
-In humans, a membrane which lines the abdominal cavity.
vector quantity
-Indicates "how much" (the magnitude) and the direction of the quantity -Written with a vector arrow above the symbol for the measured quantity. -Eg. km/h [E] or m/s[E] -Eg. speed symbol: v, velocity symbol: v→ -Eg. north, south, east, west -2 types of vector directions: x-axis + navigator method
Montreal Protocol
-International agreement to phase out CFC production + use -First international agreement concerning the atmosphere -Signed by 1987 by 182 nations -Protocol specifies that nations ban use of CFCs, and replace with HCFCs over a time span
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
-International group of scientist brought together by WMO and UNEP to assess info related to climate change -Has linked global warming to the increase of GHGs in the atmosphere
Alessandro Volta
-Invented the Volta pile/ first battery
biome
-Large geographical region with particular range of temperature and precipitation levels, and the plants and animals that are adapted to those climate conditions -an open system -most of the energy is from the Sun (keeps temperature, gives food) -here, energy leaves to other areas or is reflect to space -reflect the amount of solar energy and precipitation received by different regions -have a defined range of temperature and precipitation to which the plants and animals are adapted to
line/curve of best fit
-Line that splits (not connects) data in half -If there is a clear pattern among the points, you draw this -represents different things based on the graph its on
Thomas Young
-Linked Em to Leibniz's theory of Ek and Ep in moving objects -Leibniz thought object had Ek or Ep -But this guy *correctly suggested that Em combined both Ek + Ep* -*Thought that mechanical energy was related to the work a system can do* -*Led to current definition of energy*
x-axis method
-Mathematical method of setting coordinate system grid with an "x" axis and a "y" axis (similar to graph) Plotting: -Directions are stated from the x-axis (starting reference point at 0°, then going CCW) -Directions given along the x- and y-axis lines are given positive or negative values -[up] and [right] are positive -[Down] and [left] are negative -Directions between the axis lines are given only in degrees -Not a positive or negative value -Eg. problem B1.4 pg 139
global warming potential (GWP)
-Measure of the ability of a gas to trap thermal energy in the atmosphere -Because CO2 is the most common GHG, it's rating is 1 -rest are then rated relative to CO2 -lower # =
efficiency
-Measurement of how effectively a machine converts energy input into useful energy output Formula (expressed as ratio): Efficiency = useful work output/total work input Percent efficiency of a machine If efficiency is expressed as percent Because there are different types of energy conversion devices = several formulas to calculate percent efficiency: -To find percent efficiency of any device = determining percent of useful energy compared with total energy input
latitude
-Measures distance from equator using parallel lines -equator: 0° -poles: 90°N/S -in between: divided evenly from 0-90°
slope
-Measures steepness of a given line segment Formula: -______ = vertical change (rise/y-axis) ÷ horizontal change (run/x-axis)
greenhouse gas (GHG)
-Most come from the world's richer nations
thermal energy transfer
-Movement of thermal energy from an area of high to low temperature -occurs by conduction or convection
scalar quantity
-Only indicates "how much" (the magnitude) of the quantity -eg.km/h or m/s
vis viva (living force)
-Physical quantity that caused the balls in Newton's cradle to move by being transmitted through the balls
Gravitropism (geotropism)
-Plants' response to Earth's gravitational force through growth movement.
nuclear potential energy
-Potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom -Both release energy -eg. nuclear fission + fusion
Thomas Seebeck
-Proved electricity could make heat -Took strip of metal and joined it's ends to another type of metal = loop -Heated one junction, and kept other cold -Difference in temperature = moves electrons in metal = electric current -Magnetic field made by current = moved compass needle
Michael Faraday
-Proved that opposite of Oersted can also happen -Magnetism can produce electricity -Eg. moved magnet through wire = electric current
global warming
-Refers to the observed increase in Earth's average temp
general circulation model (GCM)
-Reflects observed climate data of most climates -Highly sophisticated -Incorporate laws of physics to model climate on global scale -Centre on effects of changes that affect Earth's energy balance (pg 419) on thermal energy transfer in atmosphere -Expensive = often pool resources to use this tech to best advantage -Reflects world's climate the best
solar energy
-Results from a hydrogen-hydrogen nuclear fusion reaction with the release of nuclear energy -radiant/light energy (from Sun) transmitted as electromagnetic waves -made of electromagnetic waves at diff. wavelengths = together make electromagnetic spectrum
spontaneous generation
-Romans to 19th century: the common belief that life spontaneously emerges from non-living matter
vesicles
-Sacs that surround the large particle and contain it -Similar to vacuoles in structure, but usually small and temporary
mass (m)
-Scalar quantity -Measured in kg -Does not change because the amount of matter the object possesses is constant
Thomas Edison
-Showed heat + light are forms of energy made from electricity
cohesion
-The attraction of molecules to other similar molecules (especially in water) -due to the polar nature of water molecules: -slightly positive end of one water molecule attracts the slightly negative end of water molecules
cytoplasmic movement
-The fluid movement of cytoplasm and its contents -proven by movement of chloroplasts within cells
motion
-The most obvious evidence that an energy conversion has happened -First physical quantity to be associated with the concept of energy
Law of Conservation of Energy
-This law is fundamental in situation involving mechanical energy -*Energy cannot be created or destroyed* -*Only transferred from one form to another* -*Total amount of energy (and Em) never changes* -Thus, the total amount of mechanical energy remains constant
heat
-Transfer of thermal energy from an area of high to low thermal energy -amount of thermal energy transferred -can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation
conduction
-Transfer of thermal energy through contact without particle movement -Usually between solids (because the particles are fixed in place) HOW: -particles in solid have certain average Ek -during this, particles with more Ek transfer some to other particles with lower Ek -these particles repeat the cycle
convection
-Transfer of thermal energy through the movement of particles -Usually between fluids (gas or liquid) -The movement of fluids makes a current
sustainable development
-Use of the world's resources in ways that maintain these resources for future generations with minimal environmental impact
navigator method
-Uses directions of north [N], south [S], east [E], and west [W] on a grid to identify directions Plotting: -[N] is starting reference point of 0°, then going CW from north -Directions given along axis lines have positive or negative values -[N] and [E] are positive -[S] and [W] are negative -Directions between the axis lines are given only in degrees and are not given a positive or negative value -Eg. problem B1.5 pg 140
Independent (manipulated) variable
-Variable that experimenter changes/ has control over -Always on horizontal axis when graphing -When looking at data table: increases at regular intervals
weight (W➞)
-Vector quantity -A measure of the force of gravitational attraction on an object in newtons (N) -Depends on the acceleration due to gravity (g➞) -Gravity changes, so the weight also changes
Gottfried Leibniz
-Vis viva/ living force: -2 types of energy in nature: Kinetic + Gravitational potential energy -Mistook energy for force, but definitions for kinetic + potential energy were accurate
work/energy output
-When an object gains energy as a result of work input done on it
nuclear fission
-When nucleus is split
electrical energy
-Work done by moving charges
Mechanical Mixture
-a heterogeneous mixture in which each component is in the same state, is visible, and won't mix
colloid
-a heterogeneous mixture in which the components are in different states but cannot be easily separated from each other
solution
-a homogeneous mixture in which one or more substances (solute) is dissolved in another (solvent) -appear as one
temperature
-a measure of the average kinetic energy of all particles in a sample of matter
physical property
-a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition -can be intensive or extensive
hypotonic
-a solution with *less solute* concentration than another solution -If the cell is put into this solution, *water will enter* the cell = gain mass + expand (plants = *turgid*) -eg. freshwater
hypertonic
-a solution with *more solute* concentration than another solution/inside the cell -If the cell is put into this solution, *water will leave* the cell = lose mass + shrivel (plants =* plasmolysis*) -eg. salt water
isotonic
-a solution with the solute concentration as another solution -If a cell is put into this solution, there is no net movement of water molecules = no mass gain or loss + normal (plants = flaccid) -eg. balanced water
closed system
-a system that cannot exchange matter but can exchange energy -Eg. closed can of soup
hydrocarbon combustion
-adding oxygen to form most common oxide -often involves hydrocarbons -balance carbon first, then hydrogen, then oxygen -ionic ___ will be solids -molecular ___ are gases (CO₂, NO₂, SO₂, H₂O) -______ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
molar mass (M)
-aka atomic mass -the mass of 1 mol -the mass of 6.02x10²³ atoms -measured in (g) or (g/mol) FORMULA: CO2 = 1(12.01g/mol)+ 2(16.00g/mol) • 44.01 g/mol
deformation reaction
-also called a reverse/decomposition formation reaction -products are broken down into their reactants again -compound breaks into simpler compounds or elements -AB → A + B
formation reaction
-also called a synthesis reaction -2 elements react into one compound -A + B → AB
heat of fusion
-amount of energy *absorbed* when 1 mol of substance changes from *S to L* -amount of energy *released* when when 1 mol of substance changes from *L to S* -*without* a change in temperature.
heat of vaporization
-amount of energy *absorbed* when 1 mol of the substance changes from *L to G* -amount of energy *released *when 1 mol of the substance changes from *G to L* -*without* a change in temperature
specific heat capacity (c)
-amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of the substance by 1°C. -measured in J/g x °C
insolation
-amount of solar energy received by part of Earth's surface -Depends on latitude + characteristics of biosphere
precipitate
-an insoluble solid formed out of solution -We can predict if a cation and an anion will mix to form this using the Solubility chart
angle of incidence
-angle between a ray falling on a surface + perpendicular line to that surface -Larger angle = energy spread out over larger area + less solar energy is absorbed per square km -At equator: 0° (warmer than poles) -towards poles: ____ __ ______ of the Sun's rays increases -causes more temp + daylight hours change in poles than at equator
acid
-are *aqueous solutions* containing a compound of the form: *hydrogen + anions* -contains hydrogen as the cation (first element in a formula) -can be formed from non-metal oxides reacting with water -have a pH less than 7 -taste sour -can be corrosive -don't feel slippery -react with metal -blue litmus: turns it red -red litmus: keeps it red -eg. drinks with caffeine, lemon, vinegar, some toilet cleaners, shampoos,
isotopes
-atoms of an element with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons -when an atom/ion's atomic mass changes (same element with different mass number) -change in mass is caused by number of neutrons (because number of protons is always the same, and electrons are too light) -chemical properties are still the same (because neutrons don't change the chemical properties- electrons do)
reverse osmosis
-available for home water-purification -an efficient, but expensive, method of desalinating and purifying water -movement of water from low to high water concentration -so, requires the force of pressure of a pump
climate
-average weather conditions/change that occurs in a region over a long time (usually at least 30 years)
covalent bond
-bond formed when non-metallic atoms *share* electrons -atoms in a molecule are bound together by ____ ____
pure substances
-cannot be physically separated -can be elements or compounds -matter in which all of the constituent particles are identical
turgor pressure
-caused by the movement of water into the cell = makes cell rigid + vacuole push against cell wall -the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls
cellular respiration
-cellular process used to get energy to fuel the cell's activities -reacts oxygen and glucose to form energy -Releases energy -Starts in cystoplasm, ends in mitochondria -At night: continues and any CO2 that is produced is released
physical change
-change that alters a substance without changing its compostion
chemical change
-change that occurs when a substance (or substances) change into new substances -also called a chemical reaction
endothermic reaction
-chemical reaction that absorbs energy = breaking chemical bonds -eg. photosynthesis
exothermic reaction
-chemical reaction that releases energy = forming new bonds -eg. combustion
mole
-chemists need to measure stuff in order to do stuff -but they can't count every individual atom, so they place them in groups and count the number of groups -1 group of 6.02x10²³ atoms -symbol: mol
mixture
-combination of pure substances -substances are *NOT* bonded chemically -compositions can vary
binary covalent compound
-composed of two different nonmetal elements
molecule
-compound of 2 non-metals (molecular) -includes diatomics
hydrocarbon
-compounds with hydrogen and carbon -combustible in the presences of oxygen -often involved in combustion -balance carbon first, then hydrogen, then oxygen
molecular compound
-compounds with only *nonmetals* -form *molecules* where atoms are *connected by covalent bonds* -can be *diff states at room temperature* -*poor conductors (good insulators)* -group of atoms with* no charge (not ions)* -*insoluble* -*unreactive* -*3 types*
oxide
-contains metal = react with water to form basic solutions -contains only nonmetal = react with water to form acidic solutions
system
-defined by boundaries -Set of interconnected parts -object(s) involved in the transfers of energy -Everything else is environment -3 types
angle of inclination
-degree by which Earth's poles are tilted from the perpendicular of the plane of its orbit -causes seasons? -Earth: 23.5°
formula unit
-describes the lowest ratio of ionic compounds -ex. NaCl = 1 unit = ratio is 1 to 1 -ex. PCl₃ = 1 unit = ratio is 1 to 3
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
-developed single lens system to observe living unicellular organisms (bacteria, sperm, etc.) -named organisms "animalcules" -microscopes were small and hard to use, but had high magnification (up to 250x)
osmosis
-diffusion of water across the cell membrane -passive transport
Louis Pasteur
-disproved spontaneous generation -recreated Needham and Spallanzani's experiment in a modified flask -air was allowed into flask, but micro-organisms in air couldn't navigate to broth, so stayed in tube's bend -broth stayed clean, until tilted to contact micro-organisms
altitude
-distance above Earth's surface -measured from sea level (the surface of the oceans) -exact ______ at which certain layer starts or ends will be different for different locations or at different times of the day
intensive properties
-do *NOT* change with amount of substance -eg. color, melting point
valence electrons
-electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
monatomic
-elements that can exist on their own -all noble gases -most elements (eg. calcium, carbon)
diatomic
-elements that need two atoms to exist by themselves -elements that make the "L" shape (6 and 1) -H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂ -P₄, S₈ -except phosphorus and sulfur
heat of solidification
-energy released during the reverse phase change, when 1 mol of a solid forms
trade winds
-equator: rising current of air = winds that blow steadily N + SE -from Coriolis effect (deflects things like air, depending on where its coming from)
shoot system
-everything that is above ground -includes the stem, leaves, buds, flowers, fruits, and tubers
root system
-everything underground -includes roots, root hairs, and aerial roots
Democritus
-first recorded to believe that matter was composed of tiny particles
cellulose
-forms fibrous structures for strength and support -may become associated with lignin in the formation of wood and the thick walls of xylem tissue
alcohol
-formula has an OH at the end -compound with an "ol" ending
coefficients
-multiplies with subscripts to balance the number of *atoms* in the *whole equation* -________ of a balanced equation refer to the number of moles of each atom, molecule or formula unit
electron
-negatively charged particle in the atom that occupies energy levels around the nucleus -charge: - -symbol: e⁻
neutron
-neutral particle in an atom -found by: mass # - atomic # = ______ -charge: 0 -symbol: n⁰
prokaryotic cell
-no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (if any) -found in bacteria and archaea -has single loop of DNA • No organized nucleus-genetic material in the cytoplasm • Chromosome may be in a circular shape called a plasmid • No organized organelles except for ribosomes (for making protein) • Smaller than eukaryotic cells • Oldest known form of life
heterogenous
-not uniform in composition -mixture in which the different substances are visible -does *NOT* look like a pure substance -also called mechanical mixture
ion
-number of electrons and protons in this particle differ = electrical charge
double replacement
-occurs between 2 ionic compounds/solutions where ionic compounds can mix -ionic compounds are solutions, so *reactants are aqueous* -cations and anions exchange partners to form new compounds -this reaction may form a precipitate so check solubility chart -AB + CD → AD + CB -A and C (metals) will always be first in an equation
chemical reaction
-occurs when one or more substances change to form different substances -shown typically by a chemical equation -has 8 types -also called a chemical change -always involves a change in energy -absorbs
methane (CH4)
-one of the 4 main GHGs -persistence 10 -GWP: 23 -from fossil fuel production -from rice paddies -from digestive systems of livestock -from decay without oxygen present
nitrous oxide (N2O)
-one of the 4 main GHGs -persistence 120 -GWP: 296 -from fossil fuel burning + manure + fertilizers + cars
carbon dioxide (CO2)
-one of the 4 main GHGs -persistence 50 to 200 -most common GHG = GWP: 1 -emitted the fastest during Industrial Rev -from fossil fuel production + burning + cars + electricity + industry -Most significant gas increase from fossil fuel combustion -decreased in photosynthesis/dissolving in oceans
equinox
-one of two points in Earth's orbit when # of daylight + night hours are equal -March 21-22 (sun vertical at equator) -September 22-23 (sun vertical at equator)
channel/membrane proteins
-parts of a cell membrane that attach to larger molecules (those unable to pass the membrane) and facilitate them into the cell -determine what particles can pass through the membrane -serve as enzymes (may speed reactions) -act as markers that are recognized by chemicals and molecules from the inside and outside of the cell (immune system)
albedo effect
-percent of solar radiation that surface reflects -REFLECT MORE: Light-coloured, shiny (snow + sand) -REFLECT LESS: darker, duller surfaces (soil + trees) -Earth's average: 30% -varies with seasons (CAN: higher in winter cause of snow)
lanthanides
-period 6 -rare earth metals
actinides
-period 7 -rare earth metals
transition metals
-periods 4 to 7 within groups 3 to 12
proton
-positively charged particle in the atom that also occupies the nucleus -charge: + -symbol: p⁺
facilitated diffusion
-process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels/carrier proteins -passive transport
smelting
-process of separating a metal from other elements/its ore -steel produced when iron + carbon were combined
single replacement
-reactive *element *reacts *with an ionic compound* -after the reaction, the element ends up in a compound, and one of the elements is left to itself *-one element replaces another in a compound* -*A + BC → B + AC*
Lazzaro Spallanzani
-refuted John Needham -said micro-organisms came from air, not broth -made same experiment in air-less flask = no organisms -critics said air was needed for spontaneous generation
acceleration due to gravity
-represents the strength of Earth's gravitational field -Value near the surface is: 9.81m/s² -symbol: g -you use this scalar value in all calculations involving Ep(grav)
inversion
-reversal of normal temperature patterns in the troposphere -tend to occur more close to mountains (air is forced to travel up the higher elevations) -less air circulation during this = pollutants + cold air trapped close to ground -eg: more distance = less heat (troposphere) → more distance = more heat
hydrates
-same ionic compounds that have a specific number of water molecules in the formula -ionic compounds that have a specific number of water molecules attached to them
metallurgy
-science of producing and using metals -eg. smelting
skeleton equation
-shows all the substances involved, but not the proportions
elements
-simplest forms of matter -made up of only one type of atom
base
-solution with presence of OH with metal or ammonium ion -any compound with high solubility and an OH on the right side of the formula -has a pH bigger than 7 -could be formed from metal oxides reacting with water -feel slippery -most don't attack metals -red litmus: turns it blue -blue litmus: it keeps it blue -good at dissolving + dislodging oil and grease -eg. soap, bleach, ammonia (most cleaners)
meristems
-some cells divide at a much faster rate than others within the plant -in plants: particular growth areas that results in increased sized from cell division -Different __________ produce root tissue and shoot tissue (found at tips or apex)
catalyst
-substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction -is still present in its original amounts at the end of the reaction (is not used up)
kinetic molecular theory
-suggests that all matter is made of tiny, moving particles
atmospheric dust
-suspended in the atmosphere -solid particles less than o.66 mm in diameter -may include non-living particles -created by natural and human activity -eg. soot, or living particles, such as pollen and micro-organisms
tubers
-swollen stems that store food -eg. potatoes
open system
-system that exchanges both matter and energy with surroundings Eg. Earth
subscripts
-tells the number of *atoms or polyatomics* that are needed to balance the *charges *of a *compound*
period
-the *horizontal* rows in a periodic table -7 in total -elements are in order of their *atomic #* -each ______ has the* same # of energy levels *for electrons -Eg. Elements with 3 energy levels (more than 10 electrons) are found in _____ (row) 3.
group/chemical family
-the *vertical* columns in a periodic table -18 in total -alkali metals, halogens, noble gases, etc. -elements have similar properties as those found above and below them -Main _____s have the same number of valence electrons -eg. ____ 1 is the Alkali Metals
adhesion
-the attraction of molecules from one substance (especially water), to the molecules of other substances -Because of their polar nature, water molecules are also attracted to molecules of other substances
ion symbol
-the charge of an ion -indicates how much more electrons/protons there are than protons/electrons -indicates how much electrons lost or gained
atomic mass
-the mass of protons and neutrons (total) -will always be the same in atoms or ions (when it changes, it is an isotope)
passive transport
-the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell -eg. diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
diffusion
-the natural movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration -passive transport because no added energy is required for it to occur.
mitosis
-the process of cell division/reproduction used to *grow and repair tissue* -in this process: one cell literally divides into two identical cells. -
desalination
-the process of removing salt from sea water in order to make it suitable for drinking -One way is reverse osmosis
atom
-the smallest part of an element that retains all the properties of the element -anything in its natural form -unstable -no charge (cause no protons = electrons) -wants the easiest way to be stable -# of electrons and protons = atomic # -individual _____ of one element (no subscripts, so no diatomics) -are neutral particles
chromatin
-thick ropy strands in a cell's nucleus -DNA in its active form -combination of DNA and histone proteins -stores info needed to make proteins
persistance
-time gas remains in atmosphere -Gases that persist longer = absorb thermal energy over longer time
law of conservation of mass
-total mass of a reaction never changes -*total mass of all reactants = total mass of all products* -*total number of atoms before and after the reaction will be equal*
radiant energy (radiation)
-transfer of energy by waves -emitted by any substance at a higher temperature than its surroundings -usually as infrared radiation emission of energy as particles or waves. When radiant energy encounters particles of matter, it may be reflected or absorbed -The emission of energy when no matter is needed for the energy transfer -Emitted by anything of higher temperature than its surroundings -If this energy is absorbed by surround particles, the Ek of these particles increase = increases temp -eg. Sun
active transport
-transport by way of protein carrier in the cell membrane that uses energy input -because the cell is moving particles against the concentration gradient -eg. carrier proteins, endocytosis, exocytosis
phenolphtalein
-turns colourless in acid
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
-type of halocarbon -GWP of 12 000 -were commonly used in aerosols + AC + fire extinguishers -Invented in 1946 to replace many flammable + toxic compounds formerly used by industry -1970: proved that they react with ozone = turn it into oxygen = ozone loss = now restricted -Thought to be main cause of thinning ozone layer over Antarctica + other regions
homogenous
-uniform composition (looks the same throughout) -also called solutions
stock system
-used when naming multivalent elements/ionic compounds -determines the charge to use -eg. cation ion charge is written in brackets as a roman numeral after the metal name
electron microscope
-uses beams of electrons instead of light to make images -focusing is done using electromagnets instead of moving glass lenses -make detailed images through the absorption or scattering of electron beam -if dense with electrons, materials don't let electrons pass through -1930s: developed in University of Toronto
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
-uses electrons passed through thin stained tissue embedded in plastic -onto a fluorescent screen or photographic film -allows for magnification up to 1 500 000x GREATEST MAGNIFICATION: -100 000 (to 1 million) IMAGE PRODUCED BY: -electrons passing through the material FOCUSING DONE BY: -electromagnets IMAGE PRODUCED ON: -monitor QUALITY OF IMAGE PRODUCED: -black & white, two-dimensional, internal structure, high resolving power ADVANTAGES: -very great magnification, details of internal structure DISADVANTAGES: -material must be dead (dried), image difficult to interpret
hydrologic cycle
-water cycle). At various stages in the _____, water molecules undergo change in phase (state), from solid to liquid to vapour, and back again.
eukaryotic cells
-what *you* have -found in plants and animals -a normal cell • Organized nucleus & Organized organelles (in membrane) • Two types Plant vs. Animals
nuclear fusion
-when nuclei are combined
non-metal oxide
-when reacting with water: form acidic solutions
metal oxide
-when reacting with water: form basic solutions
stable octet
-when the outer shell of an atom is full
useful work output
-work machine is supposed to do
-*elastic released (Ep(elas) → cork is propelled vertically (Ek)* -*cork rises (Ek → Ep(grav))* -*no energy lost (Wi = Ep(elas)= Ep(grav))*
Describe 7 steps of energy conversion in a launched cork.
-When pendulum is initially lifted a certain height above the table, work is done against the opposing force of gravity The energy expended to do the work is stored in the pendulum as gravitational energy When the pendulum is released and begins its swing, gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, and the pendulum speeds up. At the midpoint of the arc, the pendulum is moving at its maximum speed, and all the potential energy has been converted into kinetic energy. At this point, the kinetic energy of the pendulum is exactly equal to the initial amount of potential energy. As the pendulum begins to rise toward its maximum position of the other side of its arc, the pendulum slows down, and kinetic energy is converted back to potential energy. At highest position on the other side, the pendulum stops and has no more kinetic energy Its potential energy equals the amount of potential energy it had at the beginning because it rises to exactly the same height. Energy is conserved!
Describe _ relations to energy conversion and the Law of Conservation of Energy in a pendulum.
-This work is stored in the bow as *Ep(elas)* When the string is *released*, elastic energy is converted into *kinetic energy*, as the arrow is released As the arrow *rises* into the air, it* slows *down and *loses kinetic energy*, but it is *rising higher *above the surface of Earth, and so *gains gravitational potential energy,* This illustrates that potential energy can be converted into kinetic energy and kinetic energy into potential energy.
Describe _ steps of energy conversion in a pulled bow.
*epidermis* of stem is *replaced by cork and bark* during the secondary growth stage of development.
Describe the dermal tissue in woody plants.
a
Acceleration and velocity are related in the same way as a. velocity and position b. acceleration and position c. displacement and position d. displacement and acceleration
c
An Al³⁺ ion containes a. 13 electrons and 13 protons b. 10 electrons and 10 protons c. 10 electrons and 13 protons d. 13 electrons and 10 protons
62.5km [E]
An airplane heads east at 250 km/h. What is the plane's displacement after 15 min?
20.5m/s [up]
An arrow is shot straight up with an initial velocity of 45m/s. What is the velocity of the arrow after 2.5s?
b
An atom is found to have seven valence electrons. To which family of elements in the periodic table does this atom belong? a. noble gases b. halogens c. alkaline earth metals d. alkali metals
d
An object is said to be accelerating when it is a. changing its direction b. changing its speed c. changing its velocity d. all of the above is correct
b
An object located at 2.0m [S] moves to a location 6.0m [N]. What is this object's displacement? a. 8.0m [S] b. 8.0m [N] c. 4.0m [N] d. 4.0m [S]
80 m/s² [away from batter]
A baseball travels at 25m/s towards the batter. The batter hits the ball and it leaves that bat at 15m/s. If the ball's change of velocity took only 0.50s, what is the acceleration of the ball while being hit?
displacement = 405km [E]
A bus travels from City X due east toward City Y. If the bus travels at an average velocity of 90km/h [E], what will be the displacement of the bus 4.5h later?
1.3m/s² [S]
A car accelerates uniformly from rest to 24m/s [S] in 18s. What is the car's acceleration?
5.0m/s [S]
A car initially travelling at 15m/s [S] experiences a constant acceleration of 2.0m/s² [N] for 5.0s. What is the car's velocity at the end of the 5.0s?
112.5km [E]
A car moves east along a highway at 90.0km/h for 1h and 15min. What is the car's displacement?
2.0m/s²
A car starts from rest and accelerates at a steady rate, reaching a final velocity of 24.0m/s in 12s. *Calculate the acceleration of the car.*
12.0m/s [W]
A car starts from rest and accelerates at a steady rate, reaching a final velocity of 24.0m/s in 12s. *Calculate the average velocity of the car.*
144.0m[W]
A car starts from rest and accelerates at a steady rate, reaching a final velocity of 24.0m/s in 12s. *What is the total displacement of the car?*
c
A cat moves from 3.0m [E] to 2.0m [W]. What is the cat's displacement? a. 2.0m [W] b. 3.0m [E] c. 5.0m [W] d. 5.0m [E]
d = 39.6km
A cyclist travels along a straight road at a constant speed of 11.0m/s. How far will she travel in one hour?
tissue
A group of cells working together and performing the same function are known as a(n) ______.
organ
A group of tissues of working together to perform a function are known as a(n) ______.
7.4m/s [down]
A heavy hammer accidentally dropped from a roof. What is the velocity of the hammer 0.75 after it is released?
8.10m/s
A helicopter moving straight up is at a height of 65.0m, 12.0s after takeoff. Later, 31.0s after takeoff, the helicopter is at a height of 219.0m. What is the rate of change in height for the helicopter?
14.8 m/s
A jackrabbit can reach a velocity of +18.5 m/s from a resting position in 1.25 s. What is the rabbit's acceleration?
H. Nagaoka
ATOMIC MODEL: -based off of Thomson's -atom is *positive sphere* with *electrons travelling in ring-like pattern outside*
10%
Approximately 4.2 X 104 kJ of energy from sunlight strikes the leaves of a plant in one day. Of this energy 4 200 kJ is converted into useful energy by the plant. The efficiency of photosynthesis in this plant is _____ %. Round and record your answer to 2 digits.
distance = 7650km
Assuming an average speed of 900km/h, an airplane has enough fuel to fly for 8.5h. How far will the airplane fly this time?
6.02x10²³
Avagadro's number
c
A number of processes and forces are necessary for moving water and nutrients from the soil around the plant to the leaves. In order, these processes are: A. adhesion/cohesion, osmosis/diffusion, transpiration B. adhesion/cohesion, transpiration, osmosis/diffusion C. osmosis/diffusion, adhesion/cohesion, transpiration D. osmosis/diffusion, transpiration, adhesion/cohesion
The motion was not uniform, since the direction of motion must have changed for the jogger to start and finish at the same location.
A person claims to have jogged a distance of 1000m in 8.0min but has no displacement. *Was the jogger's motion uniform during the 8.0min time interval? Explain your answer.*
The jogger's initial and final positions were the same.
A person claims to have jogged a distance of 1000m in 8.0min but has no displacement.* Explain how this is possible.*
333m/s [E]
A person stands 250m east of a person hammering. If it takes 0.75 for the sound to reach the person, what is the average velocity of the sound?
shoot, root
A plant has two organ systems: the ________ system and the _______ system.
b
A race car races a 100 m sprint track at an average speed of 9.50 m/s. If the car's kinetic energy is 9.40 x 103J what is its mass? a. 1.98 x 103 m/s b. 208 kg c. 104 kg d. 52.1 kg
c
A rate of change is a measure of a. how much a quantity increases b. how much a quantity decreases c. how fast a quantity changes over a period of time d. the velocity or acceleration of an object
2.6s
A rock falls from the top of a high cliff. How long would it take this rock to reach a velocity of 25m/s downward?
displacement = 24m [E]
A runner travelling at a velocity of 2.5m/s [S] accelerates at constant rate to pass another runner to win the race. She accelerate at a steady 1.5m/s² for 4.0s and wins the race. *How far did she run while accelerating at the end of the race?*
final velocity = 8.5m/s [E]
A runner travelling at a velocity of 2.5m/s [S] accelerates at constant rate to pass another runner to win the race. She accelerate at a steady 1.5m/s² for 4.0s and wins the race. *How fast was she running at the end of the race?*
velocity = 212.5km/h [N]
A single-engine airplane leaves an airport and flies to another airport 850km north. It takes 4.0h to complete the flight. What is the velocity of the airplane?
c
A soccer goalie catches and holds the fast-moving ball. What happens to the kinetic energy of the ball? a. Kinetic energy stays the same because energy is conserved. b. Kinetic energy is destroyed because the ball stops moving. c. Kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy. d. Kinetic energy is transformed into heat.
1.75s
A speed boat is able to accelerate at a constant rate of 4.0m/s². How long would it take this boat to accelerate from 2.0m/s [W] to 9.0m/s [W]?
4.7m/s² [W]
A sprinter accelerates from the starting blocks to a velocity of 9.4m/s [W] in 2.0s. What is her acceleration?
velocity = 93.3km/h [W]
A truck travels from City A due west to City B, a distance of 210km. The total time for the trip is 2h and 15min. What is the average velocity of the truck?
C₃H₈ + 5O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O
Balance the following equation: *C₃H₈ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O*
3KI + AlCl₃ → 3KCl + AlI₃
Balance the following equation: *KI + AlCl₃ → KCl + AlI₃*
Al(OH)₃ + 3HCl → AlCl₃ + 3H₂O
Balance the following skeleton equation: *Al(OH)₃ + HCl → AlCl₃ + H₂O*
2HCl + Na₂CO₃ → 2NaCl + H₂O + CO₂
Balance the following skeleton equation: *HCl + Na₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂*
basic solution → d
Burning magnesium in air produces a brilliant white flame and a white powder. When the white powder is placed in water, it dissolves. What is the colour when bromothymol blue indicator is added to this solution? a. colourless b. yellow c. green d. blue
photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide and water react to *form* glucose and oxygen in a process called ________.
element
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *block of iron*
homogeneous mixture
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *brass*
element
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *copper wire*
heterogeneous mixture
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *glass of soda*
homogeneous mixture
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *homogenized milk*
compound
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *ice*
element
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *mercury in a thermometer*
compound
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *rust*
compound
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *salt*
heterogeneous mixture
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *sandy water*
homogeneous mixture
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *sugar water*
compound
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *sugar*
heterogeneous mixture
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *vinegar and oil*
d
Classify the reaction type and predict the products of the following reaction: HCl + Mg(OH)₂ → ? a. double replacement; products are MgCl and H(OH)₂ b. double replacement; products are MgCl₂ and H₂O c. neutralization; products are MgCl and H(OH)₂ d. neutralization; products are MgCl₂ and H₂O
formation/synthesis
Classify the type of reaction in the equation: *Al + Cl₂ → AlCl₃*
combustion
Classify the type of reaction in the equation: *C₁₀H₂₂ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O*
decomposition
Classify the type of reaction in the equation: *H₂O → H₂ + O₂*
formation/synthesis
Classify the type of reaction in the equation: *K + Br → KBr*
single replacement
Classify the type of reaction in the equation: *Li + AlCl₃ → Al + LiCl*
decomposition
Classify the type of reaction in the equation: *NH₃ → N₂ + H₂*
neutralization/double replacement
Classify the type of reaction in the equation: *NH₄ + H₂CO₃ → H₂O + (NH₄)₂CO₃*
single replacement
Classify the type of reaction in the equation: *Ni + HCl → NiCl₂ + H₂*
single replacement
Classify the type of reaction in the equation: *Zn + SnF₄ → Sn + ZnF₂*
HBr + KOH → KBr + *H2O*
Complete and balance the following equation: *HBr + KOH → KBr + ____*
*3*H₂SO₄ + *2*Al(OH)₃ → *Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 6H₂O*
Complete and balance the following equation: *H₂SO₄ + Al(OH)₃ → _____ + ______*
b
Convert 75km/h to m/s. a. 1.3m/s b. 21 m/s c. 1300m/s d. 75000m/s
ozone layer
DEFINE -molecule made of three oxygen atoms -layer in tropo to stratospause -absorbs large amounts of energy from Sun's rays = temperature in stratosphere increases with altitude -protects living organisms from damaging high-energy radiation EFFECTS: -Absorbs much UV from Sun -loss/thinning of it = more UV reaching surface = increase cancer rates from UV exposure + changes in NRB = increase global temp
phospholipid bilayer
DEFINE/COMPOSITION: -pair of fatty acid chains + phosphate group attached to glycerol backbone -double layer of lipids that each have a phosphate group attached -embedded with proteins and strengthened with cholesterol molecules -makes up the cell membrane LOCATION: -found around the cell, nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
mesosphere
DEFINE: -*third *atmospheric layer (above stratosphere) -decreases from *0℃ to -100℃* at the top -more distance = less heat -*50 to 80km* COMPOSITION:
climatograph
DEFINE: -A summary of average temperature and precipitation for each month of the year for a given location, presented as a graph -precipitation: always bar graph -temperature: always line graph USES: -To compare diff areas' climate: y axis must be same -help to identify factors that determine the climate of an area -can predict the biomes of regions
emission-reduction credit (ERC)
DEFINE: -Credits given to a country for actions that contribute to the global reduction of GHG emissions -Are not a reduction in the emissions of that country -Allows some flexibility in how nations meet their goals -Allows them to more easily make sustainable changes -Also seen as a way for richer nations to avoid having to reduce the GHGs they emit. AWARDED FOR: -developed country helps a developing country to reduce its emissions -developed country helps another developed country with temporary economic problem to reduce its emissions
hydrosphere
DEFINE: -accounts for all forms of water -warmed mainly by Sun + little by molten material in mantle -a closed system COMPOSITION: -97% salt water (oceans) -3% freshwater -amount of water stays same (phases change) -organisms live in and and depend on water = depend on this biosphere layer
jet stream
DEFINE: -band of fast-moving air in the stratosphere -high altitude = not as much friction = faster than winds closer to Earth's -speed + temp depend on amount of thermal energy in atmosphere -cooler months = closer to equator + faster CAUSED BY: -convection currents in atmosphere. CAUSES: -Changes in these affect severe weather formation = important to weather prediction -polar regions: affect air movement at lower atmosphere levels
thermosphere
DEFINE: -farthest atmospheric layer (above mesosphere) -increases from *-100℃ to 1500℃* (depends on shade) -temperature changes are not fully understood -*+80 km* COMPOSITION: -little gas (low density)
troposphere
DEFINE: -first layer of atmospheric gases -*0 to 10 km* -*15℃ to -60℃* at top -more distance = less heat -only layer in atmosphere with temperatures + oxygen that* can support life* -*where most weather occurs* COMPOSITION: -*80% of atmospheric gases by mass* -has most of CO₂ and H₂O in atmosphere -almost all of atmospheric dust
Coriolis Effect
DEFINE: -from Earth's rotation CAUSES: -moving particles to be deflected either to the right (if from the N hemisphere) -or to the left (if from the S hemisphere)
quantity of thermal energy (Q)
DEFINE: -how mcuh thermal energy is absorbed or released when the temp of a specific mass of substance changes by a certain number of degrees. (according to the formula) -measured in J FORMULA: -Q = mc𝚫t -*Positive Q = endothermic* (energy absorbed), temp rises -*Negative Q = exothermic* (energy released), temp drops -m is mass of the substance (g) c is specific heat capacity (J/g x °C) -𝚫t is change in temp (°C), Final temp - initial temp
stratosphere
DEFINE: -layer above troposphere -10 to 50 km -more distance = more heat - -60℃ to 0℃ at the top COMPOSITION: -some cell clumps, but no life -most of the ozone in atmosphere.
atmosphere
DEFINE: -layer of gases that surround Earth -*+500 km above* Earth COMPOSITION: -*four layers* (in different altitudes, determined by average air temperature) -Water vapour (but in extremely variable levels) -different gases *GASES*: -78% N (plant growth) -21% O (anything, cellular respiration, combustion reactions) -1% Other gases (argon, CO2, neon, helium, methane, krypton)
atmospheric pressure
DEFINE: -pressure exerted by the mass of air above Earth -Warm air = less dense than cold = warmer areas have lower ________ _________ CAUSES: -differences in this pressure = prevailing/local winds, extreme weather
lithosphere
DEFINE: -solid portion of Earth that floats above the semi-fluid portion of the upper mantle -sort of like the *outer surface + any solids inside Earth* -from *surface to -100 km* -runs under Earth's continents and oceans -warmed mainly by Sun + little by molten material in mantle COMPOSITION: -rocks, minerals and elements -home to much life
biosphere
DEFINE: -thin layer of Earth that has conditions suitable for supporting life as we know it COMPOSITION: -composed of all the living things -physical environment that supports them -three interacting components/parts
distance
DEFINITION: -A scalar quantity -measurement of how far an object moved -Symbol: 𝚫d -Eg. person moves 10 m away from chair, ________ is: 𝚫d = 10m FORMULA: -(v) x (t) = d
displacement
DEFINITION: -A vector quantity (so you need magnitude and distance) -Measurement of the change in distance and the direction or the change in position of an object from a reference point -distance from original starting point with direction -Symbol: 𝚫d → -Eg. move 10m from chair, then move 5m back. _____________ is: 𝚫d → = 5m FORMULA: -d → = (vf→ + vi→)t / 2 -d → = (vi→)(t) + 0.5(a→)(t2)
velocity
DEFINITION: -A vector quantity, so you need magnitude and direction -Describes both the rate of motion and the direction of an object -Symbol: v→ -Eg. to determine car's average velocity, you need both speedometer and a compass (to show direction) FORMULA: -velocity= displacement ÷ time -v➞ = d➞t -v➞ = (dfinal➞ - dinitial➞) ÷ (tfinal - tinitial) -If object is dropped: vi→ = 0m/s -If object is thrown: vi→ = speed at which you throw GRAPHS: -Position-time -Velocity-time
energy
DEFINITION: -Ability to do work -Same thing as work -Measured in Joules (J) -Capacity to do work FORMULA: -Change in energy = work -𝚫E = W -J = J
work/energy input
DEFINITION: -Force applied to move an object through a distance FORMULA: -W = Fd
elastic potential energy
DEFINITION: -If a force is used to stretch an elastic, the force acts against the elastic force of the material -This results in a change in the shape of the elastic and energy being stored in the object -Also the type of energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring, a trampoline, or a spring diving board -Energy stored in an elastic when the force is applied to stretch
phloem
Sugars are transported from the leaves to the roots through the ______ tissue.
a
In 1880, Charles Darwin and his son devised an experiment in which they used oat seedlings. They set up four treatment groups of developing seedlings. In the first group, they removed the tip, in the second, they covered the tip with foil, in the third, they covered the base of each seedling with foil, and they left the fourth group untouched. What were they trying to test? A. phototropism B. gravitropism C. oilotropism D. nastic response
shoot, root
In a plant the leaves and stem are part of the _____ system while the root and root hairs are part of the _____ system.
66.2 %
In a toy, a 92.4 g ball rolls into a spring and compresses the spring. If the ball is rolling at 4.28 m/s when it collides with the spring and, at maximum compression, the spring is storing 0.560 J of elastic potential energy, with what efficiency is the ball's kinetic energy converted into elastic potential energy of the spring?
guard cells, stomata
In order for gas exchange to occur more efficiently the _________ form tiny openings called _________.
c
In order to start a campfire, wood is chopped into many small pieces, called kindling. Which factor makes it easier to light a fire using kindling instead of large pieces of wood? a. temperature b. concentration c. surface area d. catalyst
one *MORE oxygen*
In polyatomic ionic compounds, what does the suffix "ate" mean?
means one *LESS oxygen*
In polyatomic ionic compounds, what does the suffix "ite" mean?
39.2m/s [down]
In the absence of air resistance, what is the change in velocity for an object that has fallen for 4.0s?
d
In the early 1900s, a Dutch researcher named Frits Went confirmed that there was a chemical produced in the stem tips of growing seedlings that stimulated growth. He named this chemical: A. SGH (seedling growth hormone) B. GH (growth hormone) C. agar D. auxin
d
In which of the following situations would the magnitude of the displacement be equal to the distance? a. climbing a spiral staircase b. walking to school and then returning home c. running a lap on the school track d. walking in a straight line from your desk tot he front of the classroom
d
In which situation would the magnitude of the displacement be equal to the distance travelled? a. running 400m on a circular track b. driving 5.0km to your friend's house and driving back home c. walking to the front of the room and returning to your desk d. running forward 100m in a straight line
Henri Becquerel
THEORY: -Certain atoms spontaneously disintegrate = emit radiation/radiant energy -Led to development of nuclear energy
Joseph Black
THEORY: -When cold object placed in hot water + removed = object becomes warmer -Heat was invisible fluid -Called caloric fluid -Naturally flowed from hot to cold things -Mistakenly thought a substance was being transferred from water to object -Observation on flow of heat became a principle of thermodynamics
Desert
LOCATION - LIGHT -high insolation TEMPERATURE -annual temp. 12°C to 27°C -hot days -cold nights (nothing with much SHC to hold thermal energy) PRECIPITATION -Precipitation < 25 cm/y -little water -driest biome WILDLIFE -little plants -succulents -drought-tolerant trees -nocturnal animals -Millipedes, centipedes, scorpions, spiders, lizards, snakes -Running birds (ostrich, roadrunner) -Antelope, goats, sheep, camels -Bats, rodents, rabbits -Coyote, kit fox, dingo dog
Rainforest
LOCATION - LIGHT -shade varies on plant density in area TEMPERATURE -usually *warm and moist* -annual temp.* 25°C to 30°C* PRECIPITATION -maybe dry for short time WILDLIFE -richest diversity -year round growth -mainly broad-leaved -Vines and shrubs -Air plants -Hummingbirds, parakeets, parrots, toucans -Snakes, lizards, frogs -Paca, agouti, peccary, armadillo, coatimundi -Monkeys, gorillas, jaguars, tigers
-Scientists agree Earth's average temperature has increased over the last century -But disagree about how much human activity contributes to global warming -Fossil records + ice cores suggest that Earth's climate underwent changes even before humans -Global warming today could be part of a natural climate cycle that occurs over thousands of years
List 2 views on climate change.
-When *change in magnitude of velocity is negative*, while *direction is positive* -When *change in magnitude of velocity is positive* and *direction is negative* -*WHEN CHANGE IN MAGNITUDE OF VELOCITY IS OPPOSITE TO DIRECTION*
List 2 ways *negative* acceleration happens.
-When change in both magnitude of velocity and direction are positive -When change in both magnitude of velocity and direction are negative -*WHEN CHANGE IN BOTH MAGNITUDE OF VELOCITY AND DIRECTION ARE THE SAME* -*No direction given = assume it's positive*
List 2 ways *positive* acceleration happens.
-Promote best practices in *fertilizer application*, and in *soil and livestock management* -Promote the *planting of trees* in areas where no trees previously existed
List 2 ways Canada's Action Plan plans to reduce GHG emissions in *agriculture and forestry. *(PT)
CLOUDS: *-reflect* some solar radiation =* cooler* air temp -*absorb* some energy from Earth's surface =* warm *planet
List 2 ways cloud cover affects temperature.
DUST: -shade surface from radiation = *reduce* solar energy that reaches = cooler -*absorbs* some energy from Sun + Earth = warmer
List 2 ways dust cover affects temperature. (AR)
-adding* energy* -increasing *molecular movement *(eg. stirring or heating)
List 2 ways of speeding up diffusion (EM)
-*Heat* flows out of system to surroundings -*Work* done by a system to its surroundings -Considered* negative* because *energy of system will decrease*
List 2 ways the energy in a system can be *decreased*. (OB)
-*Heat* can be added to the system from the surroundings -*Work* can be done on the system by the surroundings -Considered* positive work because* the system's* energy increases*
List 2 ways the energy in a system can be *increased*.
PLANTS: -*Root hairs*: tiny, thin extensions that increase the surface area of the cell available for the uptake of water. ANIMALS: -*alveoli (lungs):* are small sacs that increase the total area for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. *-Villi and microvilli*: Tiny finger-like projections that extend from the lining of your small intestine to provide more surface for the absorption of nutrients.
List 3 *features *of multicellular organisms to increase overall SA to volume ratio. (1 plants, 2 animals) (RAV)
-in the form of energy expended in* active transport *across membranes -in the growth and development of *vascular tissues* -in the replacement of the water lost through* transpiration.*
List 3 areas that the need for material transportation costs plants. (AVT)
-longer + stronger *heat waves* = worse *air pollution* = worse respiratory diseases + more diseases from *insects*
List 3 changes that Climate Change could cause on *Albertans' health. *
-There must be* movement* -There must be a* force* -Force and distance the object travels must be in the* same direction*
List 3 conditions for work to be done on an object. (MFS)
-help control amount of *combustion* that takes place (since it doesn't support it) -most *abundant* gas in atmosphere -required for *plant growth* -Certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that can be taken up by plants
List 3 importances of nitrogen. (CAP)
-cellular respiration: used to get energy by living cells -levels are maintained through photosynthesis -combustion reactions (burning)
List 3 importances of oxygen.
IT MOVES TO THE SURROUNDING CELLS, MAY: -increase *turgidity* of cells -leave plant through *transpiration* -move into the *xylem tissue* for transport through the plant
List 3 possibilities of what could happen to the water in the plant after sugars from the phloem are transported or stored in the roots, stems, or leaves. (TTX)
-water pressure in sieve tube *decreased *at the sink →*more* water + sugar pushed into cells *from cells above* →*pressure difference from active transport + osmosis = constant flow of food down sieve tube.*
List 3 steps how the pressure-flow theory continues. (DMP)
-*Active transport:* causes higher solute concentration inside cell (by absorbing minerals with root hairs) -*Osmosis*: draws water into the cells because of the high concentration of solutes inside = creating * root pressure* that *forces fluid up *the xylem. -forces water through the cells [walls] into the xylem -up *to* lower pressure in *leaves*
List 3 steps of how root pressure is created in the xylem. (AOL)
-substances gain/lose energy to undergo phase change -at phase change, energy does NOT result in temp change -*No temperature change in a phase change* -energy *released* forms new interactions *(exothermic)* -energy *absorbed breaks *current interactions between particles *(endothermic)*
List 3 ways energy transfer affects temperature and bonds/interactions between particles.
-*reduce dependence on diffusion* and to help in the transport of materials PLANTS: -*xylem* and the delivery of water from the roots to all parts of the plant -*phloem* distributes sugars throughout the plant ANIMALS: -have *several systems* involved in the transport of essential materials to all the cells
List 4 *internal transport systems* of multicellular organisms that help to balance increased size vs appropriate surface area to volume ratio. (1 overall, 2 plants, 1 animals) (DXPS)
-forest -agriculture -health -biomes
List 4 areas that climate change might affect Alberta the most in. (FAHB)
-happens too fast = have to *adapt *= some *won't survive* = *others move in* = *shift AB's biomes*
List 4 changes that Climate Change could cause on *Alberta's biomes and species. *
BAD: -Drier = slower *growth *+ more *fire* risks -More *insects* GOOD: -Retreat of ice cover = *trees grow farther north*
List 4 changes that Climate Change could cause on *Alberta's forestry *industry. (GFI F)
-temperature -concentration -surface area -presence of a catalyst
List 4 factors that affect the rate of reaction.
-Agriculture (NO2 from manure + fertilizer, CH4 from rice + livestock digestive systems) -Decaying garbage in landfills -decaying plants in areas flooded by dams (make CH4) -Halocarbons
List 4 human activities that contribute to GHGs in the atmosphere. (AGDH)
-*channel proteins create pores *or channels = *small *water-soluble particles *can pass* -*proteins attach to larger molecules* that are not able to diffuse across the membrane -proteins changes shape and physically *moves molecule across membrane* and into the cell. -Once the molecule has been transported, the *carrier protein returns to its original shape.*
List 4 steps of facilitated diffusion through a cell membrane. (PAMO)
-Gather *potassium ions *by* active transport *when light strikes leaf -more *solute* in guard cells increase -water enters *by osmosis* -guard cells *bulge* outward into crescent shape (under increased turgor pressure) -stomata opens
List 4 steps of how guard cells open stomatas. (PSOB)
-*Insolation *(and the things that affect it) = *has strongest effect* -global* wind *patterns -warm + cold *current *patterns in oceans -effect of differences in water + air's* SHC *air on area's cooling/heating
List 4 things that affect climate. (IWCS)
*-more molecules* need to be transported across the cell surface to take part in the cell's functions -*distance* for molecules to travel from cell surface will increase -to maintain its ability to transport substances: *need greater surface area to match* the increased need for molecule transport. -cell increases in size = surface area to volume *ratio decreases.*
List 4 things that would happen if a cell increased in size and volume. (MDSR)
-1590: compound *microscope invented* -1665: *Robert Hooke* noticed structures while viewing slices of cork *(cells)* -1700: *Anton van Leeuwenhoek observes living cells* with a microscope -1700: tech gets better = *more structures identified* -1838: *Schwann and Schleiden* proposed that plant and animal *tissue are made of cells*
List 5 important events in the development of Cell Theory.
-Includes ALL *trailing* zeroes -Does not include *leading* zeros -Zeroes* in-between* count FOR SUBTRACTION/ADDITION: -Find the # with the *lowest amount* of sig digs *after the decimal *= # of sig digs *after the decimal* of the answer FOR MULTIPLICATION/DIVISION: -Find the *lowest amount* of sig digs in *total *(both before and after the decimal) = # of sig digs in *total* of the answer
List 5 rules about sig digs.
-convert *one unit first *(do numerator or denominator first) -doesn't matter which one goes first -*same* units must be *on opposite sides* of fraction (eg. if unit km is numerator of 1st fraction, then km must be denominator of 2nd fraction) -*one *units (eg. 1km, 1h, etc.) *cancel *out -leftover *numerators are multiplied* to each other -leftover *denominators divide*
List 5 rules to converting units. (OSCMD)
-area's latitude (angle of inclination) -# of daylight hours -time of the year -cloud cover -albedo -atmospheric dust
List 5 things that affect insolation. (LDTCAD)
-Albedo -cloud cover -dust cover -natural greenhouse effect -insolation
List 5 things that affect net radiation budget. (ACDGI)
-*Analyses + predictions* -with more *data/accurate tech*/scientists have *greater understanding* of the factors involved in climatic events -Global events *(observed worldwide*) = higher level than local
List 5 things that raise something's confidence level. (ADTUW)
-tube (catheter) is inserted into the abdominal cavity -dialysate fluid pumped into cavity -dialysate concentrated with minerals + no toxins = wastes diffuse across the membrane and into the dialysate -fluid becomes saturated or full of wastes -removed + disposed of -fluid replaced until finished
List 6 procedures for peritoneal dialysis.
⇨Sea water *warmed* slightly ⇨ pumped through progressively smaller* filters* (anthracite coak, sand, garnet, limestone) ⇨ rejected materials increase in* solute concentration* ⇨ need* more force* to push the water through (because of charges) ⇨ *pH* levels adjusted ⇨ *chlorine* to kill any bacteria still present
List 6 procedures for reverse osmosis. (WFSFPC)
BAD: -more *droughts* (water evaporates faster) -Crop *yields drop * = *crop change * = *economic loss* (diff. crops have diff. worth per acre) -*Insect pop increases* GOOD: (in more northern areas) -Warmer = *longer growing + more yield* *+ frost-sensitive* crops can be *grown farther north*
List 7 changes that Climate Change could cause on *Alberta's agricultural *industry. (DYCEIGF)
-more severe *weather* -loss of *life* -more worse *droughts* + heat waves = bad *crops* + forest *fires* = damage* industries* and *water* quality -warmer = melt* polar* ice = less polar habitats + raise sea = *flooding* + eroding coastal communities -*biomes* changes -northern regions impacted the most -*albedo* of polar regions decrease = more solar absorbed = faster warming at poles + permafrost thaws =* rotting *vegetation = increase rate of emission of *CH4*= increase global warming even more
List 7 changes that Climate Change could cause on *world in general. *(WLDCFIWPFBARM)
-Transportation 25% -Electricity 17% -Oil and gas 18% -Buildings 10% -Agriculture and forestry 10% -Industry 10% -Other 5% -35% of CAN's GHGs come from oil, gas, and electricity production
List 7 economic sectors that release the most to least GHG emissions in 1998.
-global warming -early spring blooming -weather disasters -snow and ice cover -ocean levels -temperature increase -fish decline
List 7 evidences/examples that Earth is undergoing climate change.
-(precipitation) -living organisms take in water then release it back as vapour (respiration, transpiration) -water collects in large bodies of water (collection) or soil (infiltration) -water (evaporates) into atmosphere (condensation)
List 7 steps in the hydrologic cycle.
-data sheets provided by the manufacturers of chemicals and hazardous materials -supply detailed information about hazards, safety, spills and disposal -stands for Material Safety Data Sheets
MSDS
endothermic → heat is absorbed from surroundings during rxn.
Mixing ammonium thiocynate and barium hydroxide octahydrate in a beaker causes water on the outside of the beaker to freeze. Is this reaction endo or exothermic? Why?
Differences in pressure are caused by osmosis and transpiration: -root pressure -transpiration [pull]
Name 2 processes that has major effects on water movement in plants.
-photosynthesis -cellular respiration
Name 2 reactions in plants that produce gases as products.
-work backwards -figure out ionic name from the 3 rules of naming acidic compounds
Name 2 steps for writing *formulas* for *acidic* compounds.
-cation, then anion (without changing the symbol of the polyatomic) -use subscripts *outside brackets*
Name 2 steps for writing *formulas* for *polyatomic* ionic compounds.
-plant would die because the cells would *not be receiving the products of photosynthesis where needed* -*dehydration or excessive heat*: the movement of sugars stops
Name 2 things that would happen if phloem cells died.
-peritoneal dialysis -hemodialysis
Name 2 types of dialysis based on the principles of diffusion and osmosis and the operation of concentration gradients.
-pure substances -mixtures
Name 2 types of matter.
homogeneous and heterogeneous
Name 2 types of mixtures.
-elements -compounds
Name 2 types of pure substances.
-provide energy for *cellular processes* (protein manufacture/converts to cellulose) -*as starch* in roots, stems, or leaves (carrots, potatoes, green onions, etc.).
Name 2 uses for the sugars transported by phloem tissues (CS).
-determine what particles can *pass* through -serve as *enzymes* -act as *markers* that are recognized by chemicals and molecules from inside and outside the cell (immune system)
Name 3 roles of membrane proteins (PEM)
-*"_______ic acid"* -fill in blank with *anion's root name* -"The what I *ATE* was *IC*ky."
Name 3 steps for *naming acidic* compounds with an *"ate"* ending.
*-"hydro________ic acid"* -fill in blank with *anion's root name* -"The watersl*IDE *uses *HYDRO* stat*IC *pressure."
Name 3 steps for *naming acidic* compounds with an *"ide"* ending.
*-"______ous acid"* -fill in blank with *anion's root name* -"Don't b*ITE *it's infecti*OUS*."
Name 3 steps for *naming acidic* compounds with an *"ite"* ending.
-*cation* first (usually metal) -*anion* second (with *"ide"* ending) -use *roman numerals* to show which charge is being used for the cation (Stock System)
Name 3 steps for *naming multivalent* ionic compounds.
-cation first (usually metal) -anion second (with "ide" ending) -NO roman numerals
Name 3 steps for naming *binary* ionic compounds.
-write symbol for the cation -write symbol for the anion -determine the charges to* balance positive and negative*
Name 3 steps for writing *formulas* for *binary* ionic compounds.
-*sieve* tube cells have open ends that let the cytoplasm flow through small holes along the tube's side -these tubes remain alive but lose their *nulcei* -can be connected to *companion cells* to direct their activity
Name 3 steps of how phloem tissue is created (SNC).
-thick walled tubes *join* together (end to end) over time -ends become *perforated* -cells die and the cell walls remain = leaves long *tubes* in the plant that allows the movement of minerals and water up the plant
Name 3 steps of how xylem tissue is created (JPT)
-*PREFIX* name *PREFIX* name *IDE* -same greek prefixes as hydrates -exception: unless first prefix is "mono" -*First element in the name is the one farther to the left on the periodic table* -suffix "-ide" is added to the name of the second element -Prefixes: used to tell *how many atoms of each type* are in the molecule (prefixes can be found on the back of the periodic table) * -mono is used only for the 2nd element -Some molecular compounds do not follow simple naming rules - MEMORIZE them
Name 3 steps to *naming molecular* compounds
-make a* skeleton equation (with states)* -balance the *charges of ionic compounds (subscripts)* -balance the *equation (coefficients)*
Name 3 steps to writing an equation for *any* reaction.
-*symbol* of element/polyatomic/compound -*states* of the elements/polyatomics/compounds -*separate *products/reactions (using +, -, →) -*balance* charges and the equation (using subscript, coefficient)
Name 3 steps to writing word equations.
-magnification -contrast -resolution
Name 3 things that affects what you see through a microscope. (pg 253)
-*size* of the molecules -their* charge* -whether they are *soluble in lipids*.
Name 3 things that determine passage of materials through a membrane. (SCS)
-use cation and anions to determine which elements switch -*a metal will replace a metal* -*a nonmetal will replace a nonmetal*
Name 3 things to remember about single replacement reactions.
-monatomic -diatomic -polyatomic
Name 3 types of *molecular* compounds
-mechanical -suspension -colloid
Name 3 types of heterogeneous mixtures.
-binary -multivalent -polyatomics
Name 3 types of ionic compounds
-large, flat *leaves* -internal *transport systems* -*Features* to increase overall SA to volume ratio
Name 3 ways multicellular organisms have adapted to balance increased size vs appropriate surface area to volume ratio. (LTF)
-heating + freezing -salting -fermentation -smoking
Name 4 methods to preserve food
-solid at room temp -high melting point -soluble -solutions conduct electricity
Name 4 properties of *ionic* compounds.
-"all" acids will contain *hydrogen as its first element* -followed by *anion* -*but name depends on ending of anion* -if an acid has oxygen in it, it is called an *oxyacid*
Name 4 rules for naming *any acidic* compound.
-These common gases will be produced: *CO₂, NO₂, SO₂, H₂O* -*water will always try to form* -if* water *is produced, it will be a *gas* because it is combustion -the *equation is always the same* (you just have to *balance and add oxygen to everything*)
Name 4 rules to help you with hydrocarbon combustion reactions.
-no new substance -size change -phase change -mixture created
Name 4 signs of a physical change. (NSPM)
-(s) slightly soluble -(aq) aqueous -(l) liquid -(g) gas
Name 4 states.
-cation first (usually metal) -anion second (with "ide" ending) -use greek prefixes for naming the *water molecule*
Name 4 steps to naming *hydrates*.
-separate the ionic compound from the hydrate with a dot
Name 4 steps to writing *formulas* for *hydrates*.
-rate of *diffusion increases* -maximizes *efficiency* -promotes *survival* -lots of *opportunities for transport *of substances to occur -*distance* within is not great. -small cubes = more surface area to volume ratio
Name 5 advantages of a *greater* surface area to volume ratio. (DESTD)
-transmembrane protein -peripheral protein -carrier protein -membrane protein -channel protein
Name 5 names for the parts of the phospholipid bilayer/cell membrane that grabs proteins into channels, into the cell.
-*new substance* with same physical properties -*temperature* change -*gas/odor* produced -*color* change -*light *produced -*precipitate* formed (creation of solid from a solution) Energy change Odor Change Color Change Formation of Gas Formation of a solid (Precipitate) in solution
Name 6 signs/examples of a chemical reaction/change. (NTGCLP)
-they are the *smallest functional unit of life in living things* -need *energy* -produce *waste* -respond and adapt to their *environment* -*reproduce* -*grow*
Name 6 things that living *cells* have in common. (SEWERG)
-formation (synthesis) -deformation (reverse formation) -single replacement -hydrocarbon combustion -double replacement -neutralization (acid-base) -exothermic -endothermic
Name 8 types of chemical reactions. (FDSCDNEE)
-tundra -taiga -deciduous forest -rainforest -grassland (prairie/savanna) -desert
Name Earth's 6 biomes.
-shoot -root -both are made of specialized tissues
Name a plant's two organ systems.
-phosphates *face out* into the watery fluids on either side of the membrane (circles) -lipids *face toward each other* in the inner part of the membrane (strings)
Name the 2 layers of the phospholipid bilayer.
-xylem tissue -phloem tissue
Name the 2 parts of the *vascular tissue*.
-prokaryotic -eukaryotic
Name the 2 types of cells.
-Dermal tissue or epidermis -Ground tissue -vascular tissue
Name the 3 main types of plant tissues.
-atmosphere -lithosphere -hydrosphere
Name the 3 parts of the biosphere.
CLOSEST TO FURTHEST: -Troposphere -stratosphere -mesosphere -thermosphere -Exosphere (space) -Layers within the atmosphere are defined by altitude
Name the 4 layers of the atmosphere.
-troposphere -stratosphere -mesosphere -thermosphere
Name the atmosphere's 4 layers.
-calcium hydroxide -base
Name the following compound and indicate whether it is an acid, base, or neither: *Ca(OH)₂*
-hydrochloric acid -acid
Name the following compound and indicate whether it is an acid, base, or neither: *HCl*
-sulphuric acid (or aqueous hydrogen sulphate) -acid
Name the following compound and indicate whether it is an acid, base, or neither: *H₂SO₄*
-methanol -this molecular compound does not follow the simple molecular compound naming rules
Name this compound: CH₃OH (l)
-methane -this molecular compound does not follow the simple molecular compound naming rules
Name this compound: CH₄ (g)
-sucrose -this molecular compound does not follow the simple molecular compound naming rules
Name this compound: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ (s)
-ethanol -this molecular compound does not follow the simple molecular compound naming rules
Name this compound: C₂H₅OH (l)
-propane -this molecular compound does not follow the simple molecular compound naming rules
Name this compound: C₃H₈ (g)
-glucose -this molecular compound does not follow the simple molecular compound naming rules
Name this compound: C₆H₁₂O₆ (s)
-water -this molecular compound does not follow the simple molecular compound naming rules
Name this compound: H₂O (l)
-hydrogen peroxide -this molecular compound does not follow the simple molecular compound naming rules
Name this compound: H₂O₂ (l)
-ammonia -this molecular compound does not follow the simple molecular compound naming rules
Name this compound: NH₃ (g)
-ozone -this molecular compound does not follow the simple molecular compound naming rules
Name this compound: O₃ (g)
persulfide
Name this: S₂
Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)
Noticed: -a lot of heat was being created in the bored metal of brass cylinders used to make cannons -Supply of heat was endless, as long as workers continue boring hole -Experiments produce evidence that heat was not fluid -Because caloric theory says cannon would have run out of fluid at some point- but it didn't -Suggested heat could be created by workers' movements -First to realize that heat + mechanical energy = related
cisternae
ORGANELLE IMAGE: -part of the main golgi body -sack like
a
On a position-time graph, what does a line with zero slope represent? a. the object is stationary b. the object is moving forward at a constant speed c. the time interval is zero d. the object is moving backward at a constant speed
d
One major difference between xylem cells and phloem cells is: A. Xylem cells are very square in shape while phloem cells are not. B. Phloem cells are covered in tiny hair-like projections to increase absorption while xylem cells are not. C. Phloem cells are dead while xylem cells are alive. D. Xylem cells are dead while phloem cells are alive.
exothermic → heat is given off by the rxn
Pentaborane (a colourless liquid), B₅H₉, reacts violently with oxygen gas to form solid diborane, B₂O₃, and water, typically bursting into flame and often exploding. Is this reaction endo or exothermic? Why?
a
Pierre Lueders from Edmonton, Alberta, is a world and Olympic champion in the two-man bobsled event. Lueders trains at one of the world's most challenging runs located in Calgary Alberta. The bobsled run at the Calgary Olympic Park has a length of 1500 m and a height of 121 m. A bobsled including its riders, has a mass of 250 kg, how much potential energy doe the bobsled have as it is about to start its run? a. 297 MJ b. 297 kJ c. 29.7 MJ d. 297 J
c
Pierre Lueders from Edmonton, Alberta, is a world and Olympic champion in the two-man bobsled event. Lueders trains at one of the world's most challenging runs located in Calgary Alberta. The bobsled run at the Calgary Olympic Park has a length of 1500 m and a height of 121 m. If all the potential energy from the bobsled is converted into kinetic energy as the bobsled speeds past the finish line, what is the bobsled's velocity? a. 2374.0 m/s b. 97.4 m/s c. 48.7 m/s d. 1187.0 m/s
b
Plants are able to respond to stimuli from around them. What are these responses called? A. reactions B. tropisms C. controls D. auxins
endothermic → heat must be added to start rxn.
Pure iron metal is formed and carbon dioxide is released when iron (III) oxide ore is heated to a very high temperature in the presence of solid carbon. Is this reaction endo or exothermic? Why?
-*difference in masses = larger mass falls w/ increasing speed + smaller mass will rise with increasing speed* -eg. 2.00kg (one that falls cuz it heavy)* loses height = loses Ep + falls fast = gains Ek gains* -eg. 1.00kg (one that rises cut it light)* gain height + pulled up fast = gains Ep + Ek* -both kgs are connected by string = must move at same speed = 3 energy increase + 1 decrease -*energy lost by 2kg = mechanical energy of 1kg = energy conserved!*
Describe the relations of energy conversion and the Law of Conservation of Energy in a pulley.
+3, lost 3
Determine the most common ion formed by the following elements and describe if electrons were gained or lost to form each ion: *aluminum*
0, none lost or gained
Determine the most common ion formed by the following elements and describe if electrons were gained or lost to form each ion: *argon*
+2, lost 2
Determine the most common ion formed by the following elements and describe if electrons were gained or lost to form each ion: *calcium*
-1, gained 1
Determine the most common ion formed by the following elements and describe if electrons were gained or lost to form each ion: *chlorine*
+1, lost 1
Determine the most common ion formed by the following elements and describe if electrons were gained or lost to form each ion: *hydrogen*
-3, gained 3
Determine the most common ion formed by the following elements and describe if electrons were gained or lost to form each ion: *phosphorus*
high, low
Diffusion always causes particles to move from a region of _______ concentration to a region of ________ concentration.
-It's a capital N in the middle with one dot above, and one dot to its right. -or see slide 13 in "Chemistry Review ppt"
Draw a Lewis diagram for a *nitrogen atom.*
-4 e⁻ -2 e⁻ -6 p⁺
Draw the Bohr diagram for *carbon*:
-1 e⁻ -2 e⁻ -3 p⁺
Draw the Bohr diagram for *lithium*:
-8 e⁻ -2 e⁻ -10 p⁺
Draw the Bohr diagram for *neon*:
-6 e⁻ -8 e⁻ -2 e⁻ -16 p⁺
Draw the Bohr diagram for *sulfur*:
John Dalton
EXPERIMENT (1766-1844): -combined elements ATOMIC MODEL: -Looks like a billiard ball (*solid, uniform, sphere*) -*diff atom = diff property/element* -*Chemical reactions change* the way atoms are *grouped, not atoms *themselves -*all matter is made of atoms *(small, indivisible particles) -atoms of different elements can combine (in specific fixed ratios) to *form compounds*
metalloid
Elements that: -have both metallic and non-metallic properties -border the "staircase line" that separates metals and non-metals of periodic table
transpiration
Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
ground tissue
FUNCTION: -*Stem*: provides strength and support to the plant -*Roots: *involved in food and water storage -*Leaves*: the location where photosynthesis occurs. IMAGE: -makes up the majority of the plant (and it's mass) -found as a layer beneath the epidermis -cells are loosely packed together = air spaces between cells allow gases to diffuse rapidly through the _____ tissue.
ribosomes/rough ER
Fill in the blank with the proper organelle: The function of the ______ is to produce proteins.
(organ) systems
Groups of organs performing the same function together
tissues
Groups of similar cells performing the same function together
organs
Groups of tissues performing the same function together
-Nuclear fission = disintegrate uranium = release *nuclear energy* as radiation -Radiation →* thermal* = heat steams water -Pressured steam turns turbines = steam's *Ek *→ turbines' kinetic energy = *electrical* -Similar to conversions in coal-burning station + power stations powered by natural gas (all are thermal power stations) -Create heat to produce steam to drive turbines
How are *CANDUs* evidence of energy conversion? Describe the conversions occurring.
-coal *combustion = Ep(chem)* → *heat* -Heat = steams water -Pressured steam moves *turbines = thermal + Ek* → Ek into *electric8
How are *coal-burning power stations *evidence of energy conversion? Describe the conversions occurring.
-Water reservoir has higher level than river discharge =* Ep(grav)* -Reservoir *flows* down penstock = *Ep loses into Ek *as it speeds up -Ek* pushes turbines = electrical*
How are *hydro-electric dams* evidence of energy conversion? Describe the conversions occurring.
exothermic → heat is given off by the rxn.
Sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid solution are mixed. The temperature of the mixture increases. Is this reaction endo or exothermic? Why?
100
Solution A has a pH of 4, and Solution B has a pH of 6. How many more times acidic is solution A than Solution B?
d
Some of the fastest moving arachnids are the long-legged Sun spiders (genus Solpuga) found in semi-desert areas throughout the world. These spiders are capable of moving up to 16 km/h. Moving at maximum speed, what is the shortest time it would take a Sun Spider to run between two fig trees that are 3.6 m apart? a. 0.23 s b. 14 s c. 1.5 s d. 0.81 s
-Convert solar energy directly → electricity 2 layers of silicon phosphorus /boron Electrons are bound in silicon crystals Sunlight hits layers = give electrons energy to move freely Phosphorus becomes negative/boron is positive Layers act same way as terminals of battery = electric current Current collected by electrical contact layers - used directly or stored
How are *solar cells* evidence of energy conversion? Describe the conversions occurring.
-Eg. if body does work on object = body loses energy = object worked on gains energy -Because work + change in energy are same, both have same units: J (joules) -𝚫E = W
How are energy and work the same?
-Ep(chem) in a fuel (eg. hydrogen) → electrical -Doesn't need charging -Will make electricity if there's fuel -By products of conversion is water + heat -So used in spacecraft
How are*[hydrogen] fuel cells *evidence of energy conversion? Describe the conversions occurring.
-release of CO2 = amount removed = stable
How can the amount of GHG in the atmosphere remain stable?
a
How can you increase the kinetic energy of a person moving on a playground swing? a. Push in the same direction as the swing is moving. b. Push in the direction opposite to the motion of the swing. c. Push sideways to change the direction the swing is moving. d. Kinetic energy cannot be increased because energy is conserved.
-they make specialized cells that perform one function more effectively and efficiently -this way, the whole organism can perform many functions at once
How do *multicellular* organisms divide labour? Name 2.
specialized internal transport systems = allow efficient exchange of materials = permit the organism to grow larger
How do *multicellular* organisms grow in size?
-they only have one cell to perform all necessary functions at the same time -can't concentrate on one thing only
How do *unicellular* organisms divide labour? Name 2.
surface area to volume *ratio* + related rate of *diffusion = restricts the size *of a unicellular organism
How do *unicellular* organisms relate to size?
-GHGs absorb heat -more GHGs = less thermal energy released back = NRB surplus (more coming in than leaving) = temp increase
How do GHGs affect net radiation budget?
-currents change direction when hit large land mass -coastal regions get continuous warm (BC)/cold (NL) currents
How do continents affect ocean currents?
-Convection currents + Coriolis effect = predictable global wind patterns in the atmosphere = transfer thermal energy near equator/poles
How do convection currents, the Coriolis effect, wind patterns, and thermal energy transfer affect each other?
-Ocean currents moderate air temp because of water's large specific heat capacity
How do ocean currents moderate air temperature?
-Substances in lithosphere = have lower SHC than water -why air temp varies more with seasons in Lethbridge than in Vancouver.
How do specific heat capacity, the lithosphere, and temperature affect each other?
-by transferring energy to another object
How do things do work?
# of atoms ÷ 6.02x10²³ = # of moles
How do you convert atoms into moles?
n = m / M -n = amount (mol) -m = mass (g) -M = molar mass (g/mol)
How do you convert between mass and molar mass?
# of moles x 6.02x10²³ = # of atoms
How do you convert moles into atoms?
Rules for Bohr Model (atom): -*all levels* are drawn -*# of protons = # of electrons* -so you *DON'T have to balance* -include *# of protons and neutrons in the circle* -mass # - atomic # = # of neutrons
How do you draw a *bohr* diagram for *atoms*? (5 rules)
Rules for Bohr Model (ion): -*all levels* are drawn -first draw the *same electrons as the atom*, but if the *valence ISN'T full, then balance it* -*balance by gaining/losing electrons (whichever is easiest)*
How do you draw a *bohr* diagram for *ions*? (3 rules)
# of protons + # of neutrons
How do you find mass number?
-when there's an OH (hydroxide) in the formula
How do you know a compound is a base?
-if the formula has an H at the start, it is usually an acid
How do you know a compound is an acid?
-*when an unbalanced force is applied to it* through a distance by using energy -force acting in one direction is greater than the force acting in the opposite direction
How do you make an object move?
-cation, then anion (without changing the name of the polyatomic) -use the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion (no suffix change)
How do you name *polyatomic* ionic compounds?
-high solubility = (aq) -Low Solubility = (s) -*Everything is soluble if NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, or Group 1 is involved*
How do you use a solubility chart? List 3.
o Balanced Equations (97): There needs to be the same number of atoms on one side of the equation as the other Called the Law of Conservation of Mass. We use Coefficients (big numbers in front of formulas) to balance atoms on either side. 1. Write out formulas for all compounds and elements, add arrow and plus signs if needed 2. Identify unbalanced atoms and polyatomic ions & add coefficients where necessary. 3. Check balancing at the end -see example on final REVIew key
How do you write balanced equations? List _.
In the absence of outside forces, kinetic energy may be converted to potential energy and vice-versa, without loss, so that the total amount of mechanical energy always remains constant Potential energy ⇋ kinetic energy Ep ⇋ Ek
How does Ep = Ek?
-*diff. between NRB* at poles vs equator= *move air directly N+S* -but Earth *rotates* on axis = *winds deflected *right/left
How does NRB and Earth's rotation affect wind? (this is basically the Coriolis Effect)
-troposphere: temperature tends to decrease with altitude = *higher altitudes = cooler on average*
How does altitude affect temperature?
-due to the* kinetic energy of its particles*, which are in constant motion
How does matter have thermal energy?
-Hydrosphere higher SHC than other biospheres = bigger impact on climate (humidity, precipitation, proximity to bodies of water)
How does specific heat capacity affect the hydrosphere?
EQUATOR: *-temp increases* = gases heat = gain energy + expand = less dense air = *rises* POLES: -*temp decreases * = gases cool = lose energy + contract = denser air = *falls*
How does temperature affect convection currents at the equator and poles?
-like global winds: -Coriolis Effect changes surface ocean current patterns: -*Northern Hemisphere currents: driven CW* -*Southern Hemisphere currents: driven CCW* DIS RIGHT THO???
How does the Coriolis Effect affect ocean currents?
b
How does the Sun heat Earth? a. light b. radiation c. convection d. conduction
-If *no outside forces* (eg. friction): *total work input = total work output*
How does work/energy and output equal each other?
-GHG increase from Industrial Rev. = direct result of human activity change -Rev increased CO2 emissions at fastest rate ever -At this time: human society become more dependent on fuel consumption (especially fossil fuels) -ppl were cutting forests for resources = less carbon sinks = more CO2
How has the Industrial Revolution affected GHGs?
-Diver gains Ep(grav) by climbing diving tower -on platform: position is raised relative to water's surface -anything raised above Earth = evidence of Ep(grav)
How is *climbing stairs *evidence of energy conversion? Describe the conversions occurring.
-nuclear fusion in Sun = *solar energy* as electromagnetic waves -light energy enters chlorophyll → photosynthesis = *Ep(chem)* -Animals eat plants → Ep(chem) released as *ATP + heat*
How is *photosynthesis *evidence of energy conversion? Describe the conversions occurring.
-Drawn bow has gained Ep(elas) because of changed shape -released= change shape again as Ep(elas) → Ek
How is a change in* shape* evidence of energy conversion? Describe the conversions occurring.
-Energy transferred from hot stove → cooler pot + water = Pot + water gain heat
How is a change in* temperature* evidence of energy conversion? Describe the conversions occurring.
-atomic #: superscript at left -atomic mass: bottom
How is nuclear notation written IN the periodic table?
-mass number is superscript -element symbol in between -atomic number is subscript -used to differentiate isotopes
How is nuclear notation written NOT in the periodic table?
c
How is uniform motion represented on a position-time graph? a. a curved line with an increasing slope b. a curved line with a decreasing slope c. a straight line with a constant slope d. all of the above
32.9s
How long willit take for a person walking at 3.8m/s north to move 125m?
367s
How long would it take a dog to walk 550m [W] if its average velocity was 1.5m/s [W]?
a
How many protons does an atom of silver contain? a. 47 b. 108 c. 61 d. 60
time = 257s
How many seconds will it take a speedboat travelling at 70.0km/h[S] to cover a distance of 5.0km?
0.60s
If Gretzky shoots the puck at a speed of 90 km/h from the top of the offensive face-off circle 15 m from the net, how long will the puck take to reach the net? _________ s. Round and record your answer to 2 digits.
hypertonic, plasmolysis
If a cell is placed in a(n) ______ solution, water will be drawn out of the cell. The shrinking of the cell as a result of this process is referred to as __________.
a
If a position-time graph has a slope of zero, you can conclude that the object was a. not moving b. moving at a uniform velocity c. moving at a uniform acceleration d. moving downward at a uniform speed
b
If a velocity-time graph has zero slope, you can infer that the object being observed a. is accelerating b. is moving with uniform velocity c. is decelerating d. has zero displacement
d
If you were asked to draw electron Bohr diagrams for the following elements, which element would have a different number of occupied energy levels? a. Mg²⁺ b. F⁻ c. Ne d. Cl⁻
224J
Imagine that you carry a box of books, weighing 67.8 N, up a flight of stairs. If each step is 15.0 cm high, and there are 22.0 steps in the flight of stairs, how much work do you do on the box of books? ________J. Round and record your answer to 3 digits.
c
The SI unit for acceleration is a. s² b. km/h c. m/s² d. m/s
centriole
The ______ is the organelle found only in animal cells.
guard cells, active, hypotonic, osmosis
The absorption of potassium ions by the ________ is a(n) ______ transport process which creates an environment that is _________ to the inside of the cell. As a result water is taken into the cell by ________.
semi, the membrane lets specific materials through
The cell membrane is _____- permeable. This means that _____________________.
d
The chain on a bicycle rusts faster when the bicycle is left outside in damp conditions. Which of the following factors affect the rate at which the bicycle chain rusts? I: the surface area of the metal in the chain II: the concentration of oxygen in the air III: the temperature a. I only b. II and III only c. III only d. I, II, and III
time = 26.7h
The circumference of Earth at the equator is approximately 40 000km. A supersonic jet can fly at an average speed of 1500 km/h. How long will it take the aircraft to travel around the equator, assuming it has enough fuel?
d
The distance that an object travels between two points is a. always the same as the magnitude of its displacement b. never the same as the magnitude of its displacement c. always greater than the magnitude of its displacement d. sometimes the same as the magnitude of its displacement
a
Water has two special properties that make it possible for plants to transport water up great distances within their vascular tissues. One property is __________________, which is a tendency of water molecules to stick to each other, and the other is __________________, which is a tendency for water molecules to stick to other surfaces. A. cohesion, adhesion B. cohesion, attraction C. adhesion, cohesion D. adhesion, attraction
xylem
Water is transported from the roots to the leaves through the _____ tissue.
cuticle
Water loss in the leaves is reduced by a waxy compound known as the ________.
c
What ability of the atmosphere does the natural greenhouse effect refer to? a. to allow plants to grow b. to allow sunlight to pass through c. to absorb and emit incoming solar radiation d. to release moisture in the form of rain
d
What are materials that do not transfer thermal energy easily known as? a. radiators b. resistors c. conductors d. insulators
a
What are substances with a pH above 7 considered to be? a. basic b. acidic c. salty d. neutral
c
What are the colours of methyl red indicator and bromothymol blue indicator in separate samples of water at pH7? a. methyl red indicator is red, and bromothymol blue indicator is yellow b. methyl red indicator is yellow, and bromothymol blue indicator is blue c. methyl red indicator is yellow, and bromothymol blue indicator is green d. methyl red indicator is orange and bromothymol blue indicator is green
b
What are the specialized cells that move water from the roots to the leaves of a plant? A. phloem tissue cells B. xylem tissue cells C. water pump cells D. water tubules
a
What characteristic(s) of Earth's movement in space affect its climate? a. Earth wobbles on it axis b. the angle of Earth's tilt c. the shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun d. all of the above
-cell wall -The tendency of water to move into the plant cell creates turgor pressure that acts to support the plant's structure.
What determines the maximum volume of a plant cell?
-all matter is composed of combination of earth, water, air, and fire -elements are not separated
What did Aristotle believe about matter?
you must change the substance
What do you need to do in order to observe a *chemical* property?
b
What does a Lewis diagram show? a. unpaired electrons only b. valence electrons only c. electrons from the innermost energy level only d. all the electrons in an atom
-Straight + positive slope = uniform motion (time + distance increases) -straight = uniform motion Curve = speeding up or slowing down
What does the *slope* represent on a *distance-time* graph?
-Area under the line/graph = distance
What does the area under the line/graph represent on a *speed-time* graph?
-straight horizontal line = uniform motion (time increases, same speed) -straight + slope that isn't zero = time increases, different speed
What does the line/curve of best fit represent on a *speed-time* graph?
c
What does the slope of a *velocity-time* graph represent? a. average velocity b. average speed c. average acceleration d. average displacement
b
What does the slope of a velocity's time graph represent? a. average velocity b. average acceleration c. displacement d. time interval
-slope = velocity -Because rise/run = (in this situation) d/t, same as v = d/t -Steeper = faster
What does the slope represent on a *distance-time* graph?
-*acceleration* (cuz in speed-time graph, slope is v/t, which is same as acceleration's v/t) -Steeper = faster -Lesser = slower -0 m/s2 slope = uniform motion
What does the slope represent on a *speed-time* graph?
W➞ = mg➞
What equation finds the weight of an object using its mass?
b
What force is needed to lift a 4.54 kg bag of sugar at constant speed? a. 4.54 N b. 44.5 N c. 0.463 N d. The force cannot be calculated unless you know the distance the sugar is lifted.
-Thing *applying force* to object *transfers energy to object* (losing energy) and has to do work in order to do so
What happens to energy when force is applied?
REFLECTED SOLAR RADIATION: -go to space/absorb elsewhere in biosphere ABSORBED: -re-emitted as thermal energy = warms other biosphere layer =turned into Ek = substance's temp increases + drive wind + water through hydrologic cycle = photosynthesis = turn into Ep(chem) = passed to organisms
What happens to reflected or absorbed solar radiation after entering Earth's biosphere?
a
What is formed when HCl and NaOH solutions are combined? a. NaCl and H₂O b. NaH and ClOH c. NaOCl and H₂ d. there is no reaction
-cytoplasm -gel-like substance that contain primarily water, salts, dissolved gases, dissolved nutrients, and organelles. -moves and flows inside the cell membrane.
What is inside/under the cell membrane?
-The heat of vaporization for water is 40.65 kJ/mol
What is the H*vap *for water?
b
What is the best chemical definition of a salt? a. a material found by evaporating sea water b. a material formed by the reaction of an acid with a base c. a material containing a metal ion and an oxide ion d. a material containing a metal ion and carbonate ion
c
What is the charge on the plutonium atom (Pu) in the compound Pu₂O₅? a. 3+ b. 4+ c. 5+ d. 6+
C₆H₁₂O₆(aq) + 6O₂(g) → 6CO₂ (g) + 6H₂O (l) + energy
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
-6H₂O(l) + 6CO₂(g) → (chlorophyll + light above arrow) C₆H₁₂O₆(aq) + 6O₂ (g) -*light energy + H₂O + CO₂ → chemical energy (stored in glucose) + glucose + O₂* -doesn't happen in dark
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
CuO2
What is the chemical formula for: *copper (I) oxide*
Fe₂S₃
What is the chemical formula for: *iron (III) sulphide*
PbBr4
What is the chemical formula for: *lead (IV) bromide*
MgS2
What is the chemical formula for: *manganese (IV) sulphide*
NiF3
What is the chemical formula for: *nickel (III) fluoride*
-red -blue -blue
What is the colour of *blue* litmus paper at pH 4, 7, and 10?
-red -red -blue
What is the colour of *red *litmus paper at pH 4, 7, and 10?
d
What is the correct formula for the compound that contains magnesium and phosphate ions? a. MgPO₄ b. Mg₃PO₄ c. Mg₂(PO₄)₃ d. Mg₃(PO₄)₂
-As for Hfus, if the mass (m) of the substance changing phase is given or required, the amount (n) of the substance can be determined by converting from grams to moles, using the molar mass (M) of the substance, before the equation for Hvap is used.
What is the formula for H*fus *?FIX THIS
-Hfus = Qn, Where Hfus is the heat of fusion, in kJ/mol, Q is the quantity of thermal energy, in kJ, and N is the amount of the substance, in mol.
What is the formula for H*fus*? FIX
-Hvap = Qn Where Hvap is the heat of vaporization, in kJ/mol, Q is the quantity of thermal energy, in kJ, and n is the amount of the substance, in mol.
What is the formula for H*vap *?
-n = mM Where n is the amount of the substance, in mol m is the mass of the substance, in g, and M is the molar mass of the substance, in g/mol
What is the formula for mols (n)?
-Mechanical energy efficiency formula: *Percent efficiency = useful Em or Wo ÷ total Em or Wo x 100%* See other version pg 216
What is the formula for the percent efficiency of a machine that converts *total mechanical* energy to *useful mechanical* energy?
-Efficiency of heat transfer in a system formula: Percent efficiency = heat useful output ÷ Em total input x 100%
What is the formula for the percent efficiency of a machine that converts *total thermal* energy to *useful mechanical* energy (or vice versa)?
-Efficiency of heat transfer in a system formula: *Percent efficiency = heat useful output ÷ heat total input x 100%*
What is the formula for the percent efficiency of a machine that converts *total thermal* energy to *useful thermal* energy?
-Al₂(CrO₄)₃ -ionic
What is the formula for: *aluminum chromate* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-Al(OH)₃ -ionic
What is the formula for: *aluminum hydroxide* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-CaO -ionic
What is the formula for: *calcium oxide* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-CBr₄ -covalent
What is the formula for: *carbon tetrabromide* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-Au₂(SO₄)₃ -ionic
What is the formula for: *gold (III) sulphate* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-FeCO₃ -ionic
What is the formula for: *iron (II) carbonate* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-OCl₂ -covalent
What is the formula for: *oxygen dichloride* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-OF₂ -covalent
What is the formula for: *oxygen difluoride* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-K₂S -ionic
What is the formula for: *potassium sulphide* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-SO₃ -covalent
What is the formula for: *sulphur trioxide* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-ZnO -ionic
What is the formula for: *zinc oxide* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-H₃PO₄ -hydrogen phosphate
What is the formula of this acid: *phosphoric acid*. What is its name?
-hydrogen sulphite -H₂SO₃
What is the formula of this acid: *sulphurous*. What is its name?
-HClO₃ -chloric acid
What is the formula of this substance: *hydrogen chlorate*. What is its acidic or basic name?
-Mg(OH)₂ -magneisum hydroxide solution
What is the formula of this substance: *magnesium hydroxide*. What is its acidic or basic name?
-Hfus of water: 6.01kJ/mol
What is the heat of fusion of water?
-Hvap of water: 40.65 kJ/mol
What is the heat of vaporization of water?
-life does not depend on a single cell. -but there's a cost: if one type of cell could function abnormally (for example becomes cancerous)
What is the interdependence of cells in *multicellular* organisms?
-depend on the normal function of a single cell
What is the interdependence of cells in *unicellular* organisms?
d
What is the largest carbon source resulting from human activity? a. planting crops b. people exhaling c. cutting forests d. burning fossil fuels
-energy level 1: 2 -energy level 2: 8 -energy level 3: 8
What is the maximum number of electrons in each energy level (according to Bohr)?
a
What is the most abundant greenhouse gas? a. H₂O (water vapour) b. CO₂ (carbon dioxide) c. N₂O (nitrous oxide) d. CH₄ (methane)
copper (II) chloride
What is the name for: *CuCl₂*
copper (I) sulphide
What is the name for: *Cu₂S*
iron (III) chloride
What is the name for: *FeCl₃*
iron (II) oxide
What is the name for: *FeO*
sodium chloride
What is the name for: *NaCl*
lead (II) oxide U SURE THO???
What is the name for: *PbO₂*
titanium (III) oxide
What is the name for: *Ti₂O₃*
-barium phosphate -ionic
What is the name for: *Ba₃(PO₄)₂* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-carbon tetraiodide -covalent
What is the name for: *CI₄* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-carbon dioxide -covalent
What is the name for: *CO)₂* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-carbon monoxide -covalent
What is the name for: *CO* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-dichlorine monoxide -covalent
What is the name for: *Cl₂O* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-cobalt (II) oxide -ionic
What is the name for: *CoO* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-copper (I) chloride -ionic
What is the name for: *CuCl* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-copper (I) nitrate -ionic
What is the name for: *CuNO₃* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-iron (III) nitrate -ionic
What is the name for: *Fe(NO₃)₃* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-iron (II) chloride -ionic
What is the name for: *FeCI₂* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-lithium nitride -ionic
What is the name for: *Li₃N* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-magnesium hydroxide -ionic
What is the name for: *Mg(OH)₂* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-magnesium chloride -ionic
What is the name for: *MgCl₂* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-ammonium acetate -ionic
What is the name for: *NH₄CH₃COO* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-ammonium cyanide -ionic
What is the name for: *NH₄CN* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-ammonium chloride -ionic
What is the name for: *NH₄Cl* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-sodium acetate -ionic
What is the name for: *NaCH₃COO* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-lead (IV) oxide -covalent
What is the name for: *PbO₂* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-platinum (II) chloride -ionic
What is the name for: *PtCl₂* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
-sulphur dichloride -covalent
What is the name for: *SCl₂* Is it* ionic or covalent*?
a
What is the name of the compound Fe₂O₃? a. iron (III) oxide b. iron oxide c. iron (II) oxide d. iron (II) trioxide
d
What is the name of the compound S₂O₃? a. sulphur oxide b. sulphur (III) oxide c. sulphur trioxide d. disulphur trioxide
-hydrogen acetate -acetic/ethanoic acid
What is the name of this aqueous solution: *CH3COOH*. What is its acidic or basic name?
-hydrogen carbonate -carbonic acid
What is the name of this aqueous solution: *H₂CO₃*. What is its acidic or basic name?
-hydrogen sulphide -hydrosulphuric acid
What is the name of this aqueous solution: *H₂S*. What is its acidic or basic name?
-ammonium hydroxide -ammonium hydroxide solution
What is the name of this aqueous solution: *NH₄OH*. What is its acidic or basic name?
-zero -because the charges balance each other out
What is the net charge of all ionic compounds?
d
What is the nucleus of any atom, except hydrogen, made up of? a. only neutrons b. only protons c. equal number of electrons and protons d. neutrons and protons
-pH 1.5
What is the pH of stomach acid?
-about pH 3
What is the pH of vinegar?
-Convert initial energy into type of energy needed to do the work you want done
What is the purpose of machines?
-equator to pole: progressive decrease in insolation year-round = average annual air temp is highest at equator + decreases towards poles -little variation in # of hours of daylight varies progressively with seasons at higher + lower latitudes = more variation in average daily temp throughout year closer to poles
What is the relationship between Earth's shape, the angle of incidence, insolation, and climate/temperature?
-Absorbed energy can increase the movement of the particles (their kinetic energy). An increase in kinetic energy increases the temperature of the matter
What is the relationship between absorption, kinetic energy, and temperature?
-*convection currents + Coriolis effect = wind patterns = transfer thermal energy from areas with NRB surplus → deficit* -if not: equator very hot + rest of Earth much colder.
What is the relationship between convection currents, the Coriolis Effect, wind, net radiation budget, and thermal energy transfer?
-*unbalanced force is applied = speed up or slow down (accelerate)* -Speed up: if unbalanced force is applied in the same direction as the object's motion -Slow down: if unbalanced force (eg. friction) is applied in direction opposite to the direction of object's motion -velocity + acceleration in same direction = faster -velocity + acceleration in opposite directions = slower
What is the relationship between force and speed?
-*diff gases absorb or reflect energy from different areas of the electromagnetic spectrum. * -High-energy: absorbed by N + O in meso/strato/thermosphere -UV: Ozone absorbs most -Infrared: absorbed by CO₂, H₂O vapour, methane, etc. -Visible light + radio waves: enter with little absorption in atmosphere
What is the relationship between gases and the electromagnetic spectrum?
-at North latitudes: when N pole tilts to sun (summer solstice)= more daylight hours
What is the relationship between latitudes, the angle of inclination, and daylight hours?
1 mol/mole = 6.02x10²³ atoms
What is the relationship between moles and Avagadro's number?
-Hydrologic cycle release + absorb thermal energy when water warms/cools/changes phase.
What is the relationship between the Hydrologic cycle and thermal energy transfer?
-*larger incidence = same amount of light is spread out more = more insolation* = greater surface area = areas at more polar latitudes get less solar energy per square km than areas at/near the equator
What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and insolation?
-1st summer day in North: angle of inclination causes the North Pole to tilt to Sun -1st winter day in North: North Pole tilted away = get more insolation in winter = warmer temps from MAR to SEP in North + SEP to MAR in South
What is the relationship between the angle of inclination, insolation, and the seasons?ALSO ADD POSITIONS
b
What type of reaction is the following? C₃H + 5O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O a. single replacement b. combustion c. decomposition d. double replacement
c
What type of reaction is the following? silver + gold (III) nitrate → silver nitrate + gold a. synthesis b. neutralization c. single replacement d. double replacement
c
What would be the result of lowering the average kinetic energy of a glass of milk? a. the milk would boil b. the milk would evaporate c. the temperature of the milk would drop d. nothing would happen to the milk
b
When an object is accelerating in a straight line, a "+" sign idicates a. a motion to the left of the observer b. a motion to the right of the observer c. a motion downward d. a constant oscillating (back and forth) motion
b
When an object is moving at a constant positive velocity, its position versus time graph is a. a horizontal line b. a straight line sloping upward c. a straight line sloping downward d. a curved line sloping upward
-Sometimes, molecules needed to be taken in or out are too large to pass through the cell membrane, even with protein carriers.
When are endo or exocytosis used?
d
When hydrogen gas is mixed with oxygen gas in a closed container, both gases mix but no noticeable reaction takes place. When a piece of platinum metal is placed in the gas mixture, the mixture suddenly explodes. After the explosion, analysis shows that the amount of platinum metal did not change during the explosion. what factor is responsible for the onset of the explosion? a. the concentration of the oxygen was high b. the concentration of the hydrogen was high c. the platinum was a reactant d. the platinum was a catalyst
when substances that are *soluble in water but not in lipids need some way of crossing* the cell membrane
When is facilitated diffusion used?
b
When metal atoms form ions in compounds, they tend to a. gain electrons and form positive ions b. lose electrons and form positive ions c. gain electrons and form negative ions d. lose electrons and form negative ions
d
When you throw a ball into the air and it reaches its maximum height a. the ball would contain only kinetic energy b. the ball would contain half potential and half kinetic energy c. the ball would be moving at it maximum velocity d. the ball would contain all potential energy
-running through the phospholipid bilayer -some attaching to the outside or inside of the cell membrane -Some surface proteins have sugar molecules attached.
Where are the proteins located in the phospholipid bilayer?
d
Where did Earth's early atmosphere likely come from? a. the Sun b. the oceans c. meteor impacts d. volcanic eruptions
-energy needed (ATP) is produced in the mitochondria through the process of cellular respiration
Where does the energy used in active transport come from?
d
Which are properties of an acid, but not a base? a. sour, reacts with magnesium, turns litmus blue b. bitter, reacts with magnesium, turns litmus red c. slippery touch, does not react with magnesium, turns litmus blue d. sour, turns phenolphtalein indicator colourless, turns litmus red
c
Which biome has the greatest albedo? a. tundra b. short grass c. old sea ice d. deciduous forest
-the lowest one
Which charge do you use if the charge of a multivalent is not given?
b
Which compound has no covalent bonds? a. Na₂SO₄ b. KCl c. KClO₃ d. CH₃Cl
a
Which is not a characteristic of acids? a. bitter taste b. turn litmus red c. react with bases to form salts d. react with active metals to form H₂ gas
d
Which is the formula for aluminum carbonate? a. AlC₃ b. AlCO₃ c. Al₂C₃ d. Al₂(CO₃)₃
b
Which list includes only substances with no ionic bonds? a.N₂O₄, HBr, LiCN b. CO₂, NH₃, N₂ c. SO₃, BaCl₂, O₂ d. NaCl, CH₄, Al(OH)₃
b
Which list shows the elements that are the most reactive towards water on the left and least reactive towards the water on the right? a. cesium, magnesium, potassium b. cesium, potassium, magnesium c. potassium, cesium, magnesium d. magnesium, potassium, cesium
radiation, convection, conduction
Which mechanisms- convection, conduction, and/or radiation- best describe the following energy transfer: *a boy warming his hands by a fire*
conduction
Which mechanisms- convection, conduction, and/or radiation- best describe the following energy transfer: *a damp cloth cooling your forehead*
radiation
Which mechanisms- convection, conduction, and/or radiation- best describe the following energy transfer: *a microwave heating a bowl of soup*
conduction
Which mechanisms- convection, conduction, and/or radiation- best describe the following energy transfer: *a spoon warming in a coffee cup*
convection
Which mechanisms- convection, conduction, and/or radiation- best describe the following energy transfer: *a warm breeze blowing inland*
a
Which name and formula match correctly? a. magnesium fluoride, MgF₂ b. sodium sulphide, NaS c. aluminum iodide, Al(IO₃)₃ d. iron (II) oxide, FeO₂
a
Which of the following cannot be determined from a velocity-time graph? a. position b. velocity c. direction d. acceleration
b (carbonates are not organic)
Which of the following compounds are organic? I: Na₂CO₃ II: CH₃CH₂CH₃ III: CH₃OH a. I and II only b. II and III only c. I, II, and III d. none of these compounds are organic
d
Which of the following describes an object that is not accelerating? a. only the speed is changing b. only the direction is changing c. both the speed and direction are changing d. neither the speed nor the direction are changing
c
Which of the following does not describe uniform motion? a. a straight line on a position-time graph b. equal displacements in equal time intervals c. a car travelling at 60km/h around a corner d. a car travelling at 60km/h in a straight line
d
Which of the following factors is not described by a biogeoclimatic zone? a. climate b. geography c. plant life d. population
b
Which of the following has the greatest kinetic energy? a. a cup of ice b. a cup of steam c. a cup of hot water d. a cup of cold water
a
Which of the following household items is basic? a. baking soda b. grapes c. bananas d. water
c
Which of the following is a property of a base? a. it has a sour taste b. it turns litmus paper red c. it tastes bitter d. it has a pH less than 7
d
Which of the following is a vector quantity? a. distance b. speed c. time interval d. velocity
a
Which of the following is the largest human-made source of greenhouse gases? a. industry b. transportation c. agriculture d. commercial heating
c
Which of the following lists contains only vector quantities? a. time interval, velocity, distance b. velocity, acceleration, distance c. velocity, displacement, acceleration d. time interval, speed, distance
d
Which of the following must be known to calculate an object's displacement? a. the distance it has travelled b. the object's final position c. the distance and direction it has travelled d. the initial and final position of the object
a
Which of the following quantities is a scalar quantity? a. speed b. velocity c. acceleration d. displacement
d
Which of the following quantities is a vector quantity? a. time interval b. distance c. work d. velocity
c
Which of the following sets of coefficients will balance the following skeleton equation: AlCl₃ + K → KCL + Al a. 1, 2, 1, 2 b. 2, 6, 6, 1 c. 1, 3, 3, 1 d. 1, 2, 3, 1
b
Which of the following statements is true about slope? a. a positive slope moves downward and to the right b. a negative slope moves downward and to the right c. a negative slope moves upward and to the right d. a positive slope moves upward and to the left
c
Which quantity cannot be obtained from a velocity-time graph? a. the direction of the object's motion b. whether the object is accelerating c. the object's initial position d. the velocity of the object
a
Which quantity depends on the path that is taken between two points? a. distance b. displacement c. velocity d. acceleration
b
Which statement about a graph of position versus time is not true? a. A horizontal line indicates that the object was standing still. b. A downward slope of a straight line indicates that the object was slowing down. c. An upward slope of a straight line indicates that the object was moving at a constant velocity. d. An upward curving line (a changing slope) indicates that the object was accelerating.
b
Which statement about the motion of a pendulum is not true? a. All the energy is gravitational potential energy at the top of the swing. b. All the energy is gravitational potential energy at the bottom of the swing. c. All the energy is kinetic energy at the bottom of the swing. d. The energy is partly gravitational potential energy and partly kinetic energy between the top and bottom of the swing.
c
Which statement about the relationship between work and kinetic energy is not true? a. When a force does work on an object, the object might gain kinetic energy. b. When a force does work on an object, the object might lose kinetic energy. c. When a force does work on an object, the object always gains kinetic energy. d. When a force does work on an object, the object might have no change in its kinetic energy.
b
Which statement best describes (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇? a. it is an ionic compound with 16 atoms in total b. it is an ionic compound with 19 atoms in total c. it is a covalent compound with 16 atoms in total d. it is a covalent compound with 19 atoms in total
a
Which statement best fits the currently accepted model of the atom? a. electrons associated with specific energy levels surround the nucleus of an atom b. an atom is a sphere of positive charge in which electrons are embedded c. an atom is a small invisible sphere d. an atom has an nucleus surrounded by positively charged particles
d
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between distance and displacement between two specific points? a. Distance is always equal to the magnitude of the displacement. b. Distance is always greater than the magnitude of the displacement. c. Distance is never equal to the magnitude of the displacement. d. Distance is sometimes equal to the magnitude of the displacement
d
Which statement is true of elements in the same period in the periodic table? a. they share similar properties b. they have the same atomic mass c. they cannot react with each other d. they have the same number of energy levels
785m
While riding up a chair lift, a 54.8 kg skier gains 4.22 x 10⁵ J of gravitational potential energy. The top of the ski lift is what vertical distance above its base?
During thermal energy transformed some energy is always lost to the surroundings = efficiency of system can never be 100% = never come close to getting energy out of a system that you put into it
Why can machines never be 100% efficient?
does not occur at the same rate throughout the organism: for the *growth and repair of tissue*
Why do cells divide?
a
Why do trees that have their outer bark and xylem damaged quite often die? A. They are no longer able to move food from the leaves to the roots of the plant, and once the roots die, the plant dies. B. They are no longer able to move water from the roots to the leaves, and once the leaves die, the plant dies. C. The damaged area allows disease to get into the tree and kill it. D. The tree dries out as a result of the damaged area.
The energy in the particles themselves is enough for movement along the concentration gradient.
Why is passive transport possible?
-AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO₃ -double replacement
Write a balanced chemical equation, and describe what kind of chemical reaction this is: *a silver nitrate solution reacts with a sodium chloride solution*
-4Al + 3O₂ → 2Al₂O₃ -formation/synthesis
Write a balanced chemical equation, and describe what kind of chemical reaction this is: *aluminum metal reacts with oxygen to form aluminum oxide*
-CaCl₂ → Ca + Cl₂ -decomposition
Write a balanced chemical equation, and describe what kind of chemical reaction this is: *calcium chloride decomposes into its elements*
-C₂₅H₅₂ + 28O₂ → 25CO₂ + 26H₂O -combustion
Write a balanced chemical equation, and describe what kind of chemical reaction this is: *candle wax, C₂₅H₅₂, is burned to produce carbon dioxide and water*
-Cu + PbSO₄ → Pb + CuSO₄ -single replacement
Write a balanced chemical equation, and describe what kind of chemical reaction this is: *copper reacts with lead (II) sulphate*
-8Zn + S₈ → 8ZnS -formation/synthesis
Write a balanced chemical equation, and describe what kind of chemical reaction this is: *metallic zinc combines with sulphur to form zinc sulphide*
-2Rb₂O → 4Rb + O₂ -decomposition
Write a balanced chemical equation, and describe what kind of chemical reaction this is: *rubidium oxide decomposes into its elements*
-3Ag + Au(NO₃)₃ → Au + 3AgNO₃ -single replacement
Write a balanced chemical equation, and describe what kind of chemical reaction this is: *silver reacts with gold (III) nitrate*
-2C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + 24O₂ → 24CO₂ + 22H₂O -combustion
Write a balanced chemical equation, and describe what kind of chemical reaction this is: *sucrose, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, is burned to produce carbon dioxide and water*
Ca + 2H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + H₂
Write the balanced equation for the following word equation: *calcium + water → calcium hydroxide + hydrogen*
NH₃ (g)
Write the formula for *ammonia*.
C₄H₁₀ (g)
Write the formula for *butane*.
C₂H₅OH (l)
Write the formula for *ethanol*.
C₆H₁₂O₆ (g)
Write the formula for *glucose*.
H₂O₂ (l)
Write the formula for *hydrogen peroxide*.
H₂S (g)
Write the formula for *hydrogen sulfide*.
CH₄ (g)
Write the formula for *methane*.
CH₃OH (l)
Write the formula for *methanol*.
P₄
Write the formula for *molecular phosphorus*.
S₈
Write the formula for *molecular sulfur*.
C₈H₁₈ (l)
Write the formula for *octane*.
O₃ (g)
Write the formula for *ozone*.
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ (s)
Write the formula for *sucrose*.
CH₃COOH(l)
Write the formula for *vinegar/acetate*.
H₂O (l)
Write the formula for *water*.
calcium acetate
Write the name of the salt produced in the reaction: *CH₃COOH + Ca(OH)₂*
zinc acetate
Write the name of the salt produced in the reaction: *CH₃COOH + Zn*
sodium bromide
Write the name of the salt produced in the reaction: *HBr + NaOH*
aluminum chlorate
Write the name of the salt produced in the reaction: *HClO₃ + Al*
magnesium fluoride
Write the name of the salt produced in the reaction: *HF + Mg*
aluminum nitrate
Write the name of the salt produced in the reaction: *HNO₃ + Al(OH)₃*
calcium nitrate
Write the name of the salt produced in the reaction: *HNO₃ + Ca*
magnesium sulphate
Write the name of the salt produced in the reaction: *H₂SO₄ + Mg(OH)₂*
strontium phosphate
Write the name of the salt produced in the reaction: *H₃PO₄ + Sr(OH)₂*
two ARE YOU SURE
You can tell that a chemical formula contains a polyatomic ion if it has more than ___ capital letters.
photosynthesis
The ground tissue in the leaves provides the site for ___________ to occur.
d
The name of PbSO₃ is a. lead sulphur oxide b. lead sulpahte c. lead (II) sulphur oxide d. lead (II) sulphite
nuclear membrane
The nucleolus is surrounded by the ________________ which protects the DNA from the chemical reactions occurring in the cytoplasm.
c
The number 10.060 contains how many significant digits? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6
vascular
The phloem and xylem are types of _______ tissue.
b
The process of photosynthesis results in an increase in a. kinetic energy b. potential energy c. light energy d. thermal energy
c
The reaction of solid copper (II) oxide with hydrogen gas at high temperatures produces copper metal and water. Which chemical equation represents this reaction? a. CuO₂ + 2H₂ → Cu + 2H₂O b. Cu₂O₂ + 2H₂ → 2Cu + 2H₂O c. CuO₂ + H₂ → Cu + H₂O d. Cu₂O + 2H → 2Cu + H₂O
b
The slope of a position-time graph represents a. average speed b. average velocity c. the rate of change in speed d. the rate of change in velocity
phototropism, gravitropism
The stems of plants grow towards the light which is an example of positive ______ and an example of negative _________.
c
The symbol ∆ (delta) means that you must a. multiply two values b. divide one value by another c. subtract to find the difference between two values d. add to find the sum of two values
b
The transport of water up the plant is aided by root pressure. How is this pressure created? A. The weight of the surrounding dirt on the roots of the plant. B. Root pressure is created when water flows into the root system, trying to dilute the solutes inside. C. Tiny pump cells within the roots create this pressure. D. The cambium of the root creates this pressure.
root pressure, transpiration [pull]
The two processes that work to move water upwards through the plant are _________ and __________.
d
The useful output energy of a motor is a. sound b. heat c. light d. kinetic energy
d
The value of 1275 written correctly as two significant digits would be a. 12 b. 13 c. 1.2 x 103 d. 1.3 x 103
b
The weight of an object is a. the same as its mass b. the force of gravity acting on its mass c. not related to its mass d. any force acting on its mass
8.0s
The wind provides an acceleration of 1.5m/s² [E]. How long would it take this wind to change the velocity of a windsurfer from 9.0m/s [W] to 3.0m/s [E]?
-Volume: independent variable (cause that's what we change in intervals) -Mass: dependent variable (changes based on volume + when kid measured, it did NOT increases by regular intervals)
To determine the density of a liquid, a student measures the mass of various volumes of the liquid. List the independent and dependent variables.
-a national system designed to ensure that information regarding hazardous materials is readily available in the workplace -stand for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System or Globally Harmonized System
WHMIS/GHS
alloy
a solution in which a metal is dissolved in another metal
surface area
affects the rate of a reaction between a solid and a liquid
matter
anything that has mass and volume
An airplane leaves Vancouver and lands in Toronto, a distance of approximately 4100km, 4h and 15min later. What was the average speed of the plane?
average speed = 965km/h
HCO₃
bicarbonate
-may cause infection, with or without toxicity, in humans or animals -may cause serious disease (resulting in illness or death)
biohazardous/infectious materials
organic compound
compound that contains carbon and usually hydrogen
-explodes when heated/dropped/damaged
compressed gas
-substance causes skin burns, eye damage, or destroys metals.
corrosive
chemical property
refers to a substance's ability to undergo a chemical reaction and form new substances
+
separates 2 products or 2 reactions
→
separates reactants from products
molecule or formula unit
the smallest part of a compound that retains all the properties of the compound
paleoclimatology
the study of past atmospheric conditions on Earth
solvent
the substance that dissolves *other* substances
pressure-flow theory
description of moving materials through the phloem
-may cause damage to the aquatic environment
environment
C₂H₅OH
ethanol
-*Irritant* (irritates the skin or eyes) -*Skin sensitizer* (an allergic response following skin contact) -*Acute toxicity* (fatal or cause organ damage from single short-term exposure) -*Narcotic effects* (drowsiness, lack of coordination, dizziness) -*Respiratory tract irritation* -*Hazardous to the Ozone Layer*
exclamation mark
-*explosive* -*self reactive* (heating may cause fire or explosion without the need for air) -*organic peroxides *(heating may cause fire or explosion)
exploding bomb
-means that the substance is an *oxidizer* -Oxidizers may* cause a fire by increasing the concentration of oxygen* in the air -risk of fire/explosion in presence of flammable or combustible material
flame over circle
may ignite or burn in: -low or high temperature -air -water -spark -friction
flammable
-*Carcinogenicity* (cause cancer) -*Respiratory sensitizer* (cause respiratory irritation) -*Reproductive toxicity* (damage fertility or the unborn child) -*Specific target organ toxicity* (cause damage to bodily organs from single or repeated exposure) -*Mutagenicity* (cause genetic defects) -*Aspiration toxicity* (fatal if swallowed and enters airways)
health hazard
herbaceous
non-woody plants
valence
outer most energy level of electrons
thermal energy
total energy of all the particles in a solid, liquid, or gas
ionic bond
type of bond formed when electrons transfer between metals and non-metals
pH scale
way of measuring the concentration of the H⁺ ion
chemical equation
words or symbols that identify the reactants and products in a chemical reaction
O₂
peroxide
Name _ phases of the heating curve of water.
pg 384 figure 2.30
C₃H₈
propane
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
-gives detailed image of the surface of a specimen fixed and coated with electron dense material -gives 3D image of specimen -can be manipulated in three dimensions too (turned to show different angles) GREATEST MAGNIFICATION: -20 000 IMAGE PRODUCED BY: -electrons reflected from the material FOCUSING DONE BY: -electromagnets IMAGE PRODUCED ONE: -monitor QUALITY OF IMAGE PRODUCED: -black & white, three-dimensional, surface detail, high resolving power ADVANTAGES: -great magnification, images can be easily understood DISADVANTAGES: -material must be dried (dead)
alkali metals
-group 1(not hydrogen) -most reactive metals (especially water) -compounds tend to be white solids soluble in water -soft -shiny -silver colour
halogens
-group 17 -most reactive non-metals -poisonous -react readily with alkali metals to form salts (compounds formed from neutralization reactions between acids and bases) -all are diatomic
noble gases
-group 18 -most stable -unreactive (don't form compounds) -all are gases
alkaline earth metals
-group 2 -reactivity is not as strong as group 1's -shiny -silver -not as soft as alkali metals -less soluble than group 1's compounds
negative gravitropism
-growth *against* gravitational force -eg. stems
negative phototropism
-growth *away *from light -eg. roots
positive gravitropism
-growth *towards* gravitational force -eg. roots
positive phototropism
-growth *towards* light -eg. stems
ion
-happens once the atom no longer has the same # of electrons as protons = atom gets charge -electrically charged atom or group of atoms -is stable (because it has full valence electrons) -works by: losing/gaining electrons in order to get full valence -when # of electrons is different from atomic # -electrically charged atoms through the loss or gain of electrons -form when atoms collide and their valence electrons interact (because they both want to have full outer electron shells like the nearest noble gas, they negotiate electrons)
dialysate fluid
-has a composition similar to human body fluids -consists of a mixture of water, glucose, and certain substances the body needs -usually contains sodium, magnesium, chloride, potassium, and calcium salts. -has no toxins or wastes present -fluid used for peritoneal dialysis
List 3 reasons why scientists divide Earth into biomes.
-helps to study + understand biotic/abiotic interactions -how the biomes interact with each another -easier to predict how different groups of organisms may be affected by changes
suspension
-heterogeneous mixture in which the components are in different states -will settle over time
resolution
-how clearly the detail in an image can be seen
mosaic model
-idea that the cell membrane looks like a mosaic of tiles (the proteins) held together by a fluid, flowing grout (the lipid bilayer)
electron micrographs
-images captured by TEM or SEM -led to deeper understanding of the structure of many organelles within the cell
atomic number
-in an atom, it equals the # of protons and electrons -defines the element
energy input
-initial energy source
salt
-ionic compound formed from an acid-base neutralization -can be formed from metals reacting with acids (hydrogen gas is also formed with it)
Multivalent ionic compounds
-ionic compounds that have more than one charge -Compounds that contain cations that can have more than one possible charge.
polyatomic ionic compound
-ions made of several non-metallic atoms -a compound that consists of ions of more than two non-metallic elements -group of different atoms joined by a covalent bond with an overall charge or + or - -you will find the names, formulas and charges of these on the back of your periodic table
natural greenhouse effect
-keeps planet warm by absorbing some of the thermal energy radiated by Earth's surface -due mainly to water vapour in atmosphere -other GHGs also play a role
solstice
-longest/shortest day of the year for one of the poles -when the poles are furthest/closest to the sun -winter: December 21-22 (sun vertical at latitude 23.5° S) -summer: June 21-22 (sun vertical at latitude 23.5° N) = most daylight hours in North latitude = least in South
perfect/perpetual motion machines
-machines where all input energy converts directly to mechanical energy output without loss -So amount of mechanical produced should equal input energy -So machine should continue to operate indefinitely
multicellular organism
-made up of many cells
unicellular organism
-made up of one cell
compounds
-made up of several atoms chemically bonded together in specific ratios -consist of molecules or formula units
homeostasis (equilibrium)
-maintaining a balance -cells must keep the proper concentration of nutrients and water and eliminate wastes
atomic molar mass
-mass of 1 mol of all the isotope of substance -listed on periodic table -Eg. Iron - 55.85g, Sodium 22.99g
Robert Boyle
-measured relationship between volume and gases -found that gases are made up of tiny particles
selectively permeable
-membrane that allows *some* things to pass through
hemodialysis
-more complicated dialysis procedure using blood -must be performed in a health facility.
wind
-movement of cool air from areas of high to low pressure. -caused by the rising + sinking masses of air convection currents that cause changes in atmospheric pressure
0.04m/s² [down]
A toy car, placed at the top of a 6.0m ramp, is released and rolls down the ramp. The car takes 12.0s to roll down the ramp. *What is the acceleration of the car?*
0.5m/s [down]
A toy car, placed at the top of a 6.0m ramp, is released and rolls down the ramp. The car takes 12.0s to roll down the ramp. *What is the average velocity of the car?*
6m/s [down]
A toy car, placed at the top of a 6.0m ramp, is released and rolls down the ramp. The car takes 12.0s to roll down the ramp. *What is the final velocity of the car?*
element
Classify the following as an element (E), compound (C), homogeneous mixture (HO), or heterogeneous mixture (HE): *aluminum foil*
gravitational potential energy
DEFINITION: -In the case of the midway ride, a force is applied against the force of gravity (or the object's weight), resulting in energy being stored -Energy stored in an object at any position above Earth -An object raised above Earth's surface has the potential to do work because of its position -symbol: Ep(grav) FORMULA: -Ep(grav) = work done to lift object through a vertical height -Ep(grav) = W -*Ep(grav) = Fd* -Ep(grav)= N x m (because N x m = W, which can be same as Ep(grav)) -J = N x m -J = J =Ep(grav) = (mass of object)(acceleration due to gravity)(height above ground) =*Ep(grav) = mgh* =J = (kg)(m/s²)(m)
chemical potential energy
DEFINITION: -Potential energy stored in the chemical bonds of compounds -When a chemical change occurs, the positions of electric charges are altered and energy is released -Any substance that can be used to do work through a chemical reaction has potential energy
potential energy
DEFINITION: -Potential to do work -Energy stored or held in readiness -Several types (depending on how the energy is stored) -Based on position relative to another object -only useful when it is converted into some other form of energy FORMULA: -mainly used: Ep = mgh -used when____: Ep = Fd
average speed
DEFINITION: -Scalar quantity -term used in exchange of uniform motion (because uniform motion is difficult to achieve). -*uniform motion that involves travelling a distance in a specified time*. -*Describes rate of motion of an object* -Symbol: v FORMULA: -v = distance travelled ÷ time elapsed *-v = 𝚫d ÷ 𝚫t* -v = change in distance (could be same as displacement) ÷ change in time -v = (dfinal - dinitial) ÷ (tfinal - tinitial) GRAPHS: -distance-time graph and speed-time graph.
mechanical energy
DEFINITION: -Since kinetic and potential energy are so closely related in many situations involving energy transfers, they are combined as a general type of energy ↑ -*Energy due to the motion + position of an object* FORMULA: -Sum of kinetic + potential energy = ___________ energy -_____________ energy = kinetic energy + potential energy -*Em = Ek + Ep*
kinetic energy
DEFINITION: -The type of energy associated with the motion of an object -*Energy from motion* -Can be quantified -Any object in motion could be made to do work because of its motion -symbol: Ek FORMULA: -Ek = ½ (mass of the object)(speed)² -*Ek = ½ mv²* -J = (kg)(m/s)² = (kg)(m/s)(m/s) -This shows how the joule is derived from fundamental units of measurement (kilograms, metres, and seconds)
acceleration
DEFINITION: -Vector quantity (so must determine both magnitude and direction) -Change in velocity during a specific time period -Change in velocity during a specific time interval -Most common type of motion -Different types is possible because both magnitude and direction of velocity can change -_________ = Speeding up= magnitude of velocity is increasing - de______ = Slowing down= magnitude of velocity is decreasing -Symbol: a➞ or a➞, always in m/s², with gravity = 9.81m/s² FORMULA: -Acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time interval -a➞ = 𝚫v➞ ÷ 𝚫t -a➞ = vf➞ - vi➞ ÷ 𝚫t
uniform motion
DEFINITION: -term used to describe an object travelling at a constant rate of motion in one direction -nearly impossible to maintain for long periods -simplest type of motion FORMULA: -v = dt⇒ change in distance (displacement)change in time -v = velocity/speed/uniform motion -d = distance -t = time GRAPHS: Linear graph
work
DEFINITION: -when a force moves an object through a distance that is in the direction of the force FORMULA: -W = force x distance the object travels -W = Fd -Joule = newton x metre -Or W = mad -Or W = mg
DELETE
DELETE
cell
DELETE
Antoine Lavoisier
DISCOVERED: -law of conservation of mass (mass is neither lost nor produced during a reaction) -When equal amounts of different substances are burned, the chemical reactions could produce different amounts of heat
-Coriolis Effect -continents
List 2 things that affect ocean currents.
Ernest Rutherford
EXPERIMENT (1871-1937): -worked with radioactive substances *with Thomson* -encased radioactive *material released positive particles aimed at gold foil* -using Thomson's model, predicted that particles pass or slightly deflect -happened to most, but *few sharply deflect *= surprise ATOMIC MODEL: -*Thomson's model = wrong* -model looks like *solar system* -atom is mainly *empty space that positive articles pass* -but also has *nucleus* (tiny, positive, dense core) = sharp deflect -*positively charged protons and neutral neutrons existed within an atom's nucleus* -*electrons move through rest *of atom's volume
Neils Bohr
EXPERIMENT (1885-1962): -examined *light released by hydrogen atoms* when they are made to glow in a tube -individual bands of *light correspond to gaps between the energy levels *of the electrons -*electrons were associated with certain energy levels * ATOMIC MODEL: -*electrons surround nucleus in specific energy levels* -partially explained *why negative charged electrons do not merge with positive nucleus* -reason is that *electrons cannot fall below the lowest energy level (normally)*
J.J Thomson
EXPERIMENT (1890): -experimented with *beams of negative particles in a vacuum tube* -discovered* different elements had the same* beam -means the *atoms of different elements have same small particles* ATOMIC MODEL: -*Raisin Bun* -atoms are made of *smaller particles put together in different combinations* -the atom is a *positive sphere imbedded with negative electrons*
quantum mechanics model
EXPERIMENT (modern times): -math probability to describe how electrons exist in an atom ATOMIC MODEL: -each electron is a cloud of negative charge (NOT tiny particle) -electrons occupy whole space at once, in different energy levels (NOT moving around) -electron cloud surrounds nucleus (protons and neutrons)
a
Electric motors are between 50% and 90% efficient at converting electrical energy to useful energy, which causes the motion of the motor shaft. Suppose that a particular motor is measured to be 73% efficient. For every 100 J of input energy supplied to the motor, how much energy is wasted? a. 27 J b. 46 J c. 73 J d. 100 J
c
Electric motors are between 50% and 90% efficient at converting electrical energy to useful energy, which causes the motion of the motor shaft. Suppose that a particular motor is measured to be 73% efficient. The motor described above is 73% efficient. What does this mean? a. 73% of the input energy is wasted. b. 73% of the input energy is converted to heat. c. 73% of the input energy is converted to kinetic energy. d. 73% of the input energy is not converted to some other form.
non-metal
Elements that are: -dull -brittle -non-conductive -right side of periodic table
metals
Elements that are: -shiny -malleable -ductile -conductive -left side of periodic table
dermal tissue (epidermis)
FUNCTION: -*transpiration:* has guard cells and stomatas -*generaly:* responsible for the *exchange* of matter and gases into and out of the plant. -*shoot, leaves, and stem* system: primarily involved in *gas* exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen, *protects* the plant from disease -*root* system: responsible for the uptake of water and mineral salts from the *soil*. -*water loss and protection*: cuticles IMAGE: -thin and clear on the top and bottom of the leaf -has guard cells and stomatas -outer layer of cells that covers all herbaceous plants -Generally one cell-layer thick
guard cells
FUNCTION: -Control opening and closing of stomata -Swell to open -Shrink to close IMAGE: -Kidney-bean shaped -Specialized cells -Surround stomata
xylem tissue
FUNCTION: -moves water and dissolved materials from the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis. IMAGE: -part of the vascular tissue -made of thick-walled tubes (made from deposited cellulose and lignin)
cuticles
FUNCTION: -resists attacks from micro-organisms -helps to reduce water loss from the plant. IMAGE: -waxy substance excreted by the cells of stems and leaves
vascular tissue
FUNCTION: -responsible for the transport of materials throughout the plant IMAGE: -has 2 parts
phloem tissue
FUNCTION: -transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant IMAGE: -formed from individual sieve tube cells
ribosomes
FUNCTIONS: -builds protein IMAGE: -usually shown as black dots around the cytoplasm and rough ER
centrioles
FUNCTIONS: -cell division IMAGE: -only in animal cells -short celery -have 9 groups of 3 arrangement of the protein fibers
nucleus
FUNCTIONS: -contains DNA and chromosomes -directs cell activities -plants: controls cell division IMAGE: -large circle (maybe with chromosomes) -in eukaryotic cells: dark spot -many pores in nuclear membrane
cell membrane THIS RIGHT???
FUNCTIONS: -controls what enters and leaves the cell -provides support IMAGE: -can contract + expand (not rigid) -wall around cell
lysosome
FUNCTIONS: -food digestion -garbage disposal + recycling -kills cell (to kill bacteria that white blood cells ate/at end of cycle/if cell is damaged) IMAGE: -has chemicals inside to do jobs -produced by golgi body -full half circle sac (single membrane surrounding digestive enzymes)
rough endoplasmic reticulum
FUNCTIONS: -helps make proteins -makes membranes IMAGE: -has ribosomes attached -waves around nucleus -very transparent -series of tunnels or roads that loop from nucleus to cell cell membrane
cytoplasm
FUNCTIONS: -holds organelles in place -lets materials move around -helps with structure (fills space) IMAGE: -jelly like material in-between -clear liquid were organelles are embedded
nucleolus
FUNCTIONS: -made of condensed chromatin -makes ribosomes IMAGE: -large, dark, round, solid organelle/spot in the nucleus
chloroplast
FUNCTIONS: -makes ATP -where photosynthesis occurs (to make sugars and food) -converts light energy to chemical energy -where chlorophyll is found IMAGE: -only in plants -made of stacks of grana connected by thylakoid membranes
mitochondria
FUNCTIONS: -makes ATP (from breaking down glucose in cellular respiration) -makes heat -site of respiration (most aerobic ones are in the inner membrane) IMAGE: -largely found in muscle cells (cause they need lots of energy) -bean shaped thing with waves (cristae) inside -have own DNA and proteins -found in both animal and plant cells
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
FUNCTIONS: -makes membranes -makes fats, oils, and lipids -pathway throughout cytoplasm IMAGE: -no ribosomes -waves around nucleus -very transparent -series of tunnels or roads that loop from nucleus to cell membrane
golgi apparatus
FUNCTIONS: -packages and ships proteins (rough ER → sack like cisternae → squeezed into little blobs → drift into cytoplasm) -makes lysosomes IMAGE: -looks like long, stacked pancakes cut in half (look like ER, but away from nucleus)
cell wall
FUNCTIONS: -support and protection -prevents water loss -made of cellulose IMAGE: -only in plants
vacuoles or vesicles
FUNCTIONS: -transport inside cells (waste out, nutrients in) -storage -plants: stores water to make cell walls rigid IMAGE: -empty half circle sac largest organelle in a typical plant cell
c
For an object to be moving uniformly it must have a. constant speed b. constant direction c. constant velocity d. straight line (linear) motion
-a large surface area in relation to its volume. -greater the surface area to volume ratio = the more efficient cell transport will be.
For efficient transport at a cell's surface, the cell must have.....
basic
For this oxide, predict whether dissolving it in water will make the solution acidic or basic: *MgO*
basic
For this oxide, predict whether dissolving it in water will make the solution acidic or basic: *Na₂O*
acidic
For this oxide, predict whether dissolving it in water will make the solution acidic or basic: *P₄O₁₀*
acidic
For this oxide, predict whether dissolving it in water will make the solution acidic or basic: *SO₂*
d
For what temperature scale is -459 degrees equal to absolute zero? a. kelvin b. celsius c. centigrade d. farenheit
transmission light microscope
GREATEST MAGNIFICATION: -1000 IMAGE PRODUCED BY: -light passing through the material FOCUSING DONE BY: -ground glass lenses IMAGE PRODUCED ONE: -retina in the eye/monitor QUALITY OF IMAGE PRODUCED: -colour, two-dimensional, internal structure, low resolving power ADVANTAGES: -colour image, living material can be viewed DISADVANTAGES: -low magnification, 2-dimensional image
dermal
Gas exchange in plants occurs in the _________ tissue.
time = 2s
Jill is just starting to ride her bike when she is passed by Remo, also on a bike. Remo is travelling at a constant velocity of 5.0m/s [N]. Jill accelerates at a rate of 2.5m/s² [N] to try to catch him. How long does it take Jill to catch up to Remo?
Grassland
LOCATION -any region where precipitation is at least 20 cm per year, but too low for trees -occur on all continents (prairie, savanna) -savanna: Africa, CA and Australia LIGHT - TEMPERATURE -all: annual temp. *4°C to 30°C* -prairie: *4°C to 18°C*, moderate, *warm summers, cold winters* -savanna: *18°C to 30°C, warm, doesn't vary with seasons (only precip varies)* PRECIPITATION -all: Precipitation *25 to 57 cm/y* -all: *little precip,* drought (winter or dry seasons) -Winter and summer seasons -savanna: dry and wet seasons WILDLIFE -Grasses (little water = little trees) -Some forbes -Hawks, snakes -Mice, gophers, rabbits -Buffalo, deer, elk, antelope, coyotes, badgers, kit foxes
Tundra
LOCATION -arctic regions of NA + Eurasia -Most in Arctic Circle, which is at latitude 66°N. LIGHT -At these latitudes: *daylight hours vary* greatly over the year -summer solstice: 24 h (*short summer 20-30 days*) -winter solstice: none (*long winter)* TEMPERATURE -winter: little solar energy -insolation/y is lowest of all biomes -ice and snow cover most of the year = permafrost -*low insolation + high albedo from ice/snow-cover = maintain very cold + dry temp* -*Average annual temp. -15°C to 5°C* PRECIPITATION: -very little precipitation -*Precipitation > 20cm/y; mostly as snow* WILDLIFE -few plants + animals -Lichens, mosses, sedges -Few dwarf woody shrubs -Ptarmigan, migratory birds in the summer -Arctic fox, snowshoe hare, lemming -Caribou, reindeer, musk ox -Wolves, polar bear
Taiga
LOCATION -broad belt around Earth -just south of tundra biomes -aka boreal forest -covers much of AB = forest industry LIGHT - TEMPERATURE (higher than tundra) *-Average annual temp. 4°C to 14°C* -Cool summers, cold winters PRECIPITATION (more than tundra) *-Precipitation 40 to 100 cm/y; much as snow* -winter: little water (freezing) WILDLIFE *-insolation = longer growing season than tundra* -evergreen conifer trees -few shrubs or bushes (trees block light) -Few lichens and mosses (in open areas) -Woodpeckers, chickadees, grosbeaks, hawks, eagles -Rodents, rabbits, squirrels -Moose, bear, lynx, fox, wolves
Deciduous Forest
LOCATION -parts of N and SA, EU, Asia, and Australia -between latitudes 30°N and 60°N LIGHT - TEMPERATURE -Average annual temp. *14°C to 27°C* -higher than taiga -varying insolation = *Well-defined summer and winter seasons* PRECIPITATION -Precipitation* 70 to 150 cm/y* -*more moderate climate *than taiga -*winter: little water (ice)* WILDLIFE -longer growing than taiga -Broad-leaved deciduous trees -trees allow light = Mosses, lichens, ferns, shrubs -Insects and birds; ground-dwelling birds (turkey, pheasant) -Squirrels, rabbits, skunk, chipmunks -White-tailed deer, black bear, timber wolf, red fox
chlorophyll, chloroplasts
Light energy is absorbed by the _______, a chemical compound in the _______.
-Encourage businesses to make renovations that use more *energy-efficient appliances *(eg. heating and cooling systems)
List 1 way Canada's Action Plan plans to reduce GHG emissions in *buildings. *
-*absorbs energy* from source =water molecules *increases in Ek* =*molecules move apart* from one another =*water expands* in volume =expansion *lowers water density* (mass per volume) =*less dense rises* to top =forms *upward convection* current =*contacts with cooler air *at surface =*water cools + contracts* =*increased density* =forms *downward convection* current
List 11 steps of how ocean currents are made.
-The blood must be removed, cleansed with a dialysate fluid, and then returned -patient is not able to move around during procedure.
List 2 procedures for hemodialysis.
-*transportation* at the stomata and lenticels* "sucks" up water = water loss *in stem and leaves -*replaced with water from below through transpiration*
List 2 steps of how transpiration and water movement works.
-Way of expressing large or small numbers in a more useable form -*Always: _.____ ×10_ * Converting # *to scientific notation* -Decimal Rule: decimal is always placed *between the first and second*digits -Superscript rule: -# of decimal *places moved* = # of *superscript* -decimal moved *to right *= superscript is *negative* Converting scientific notation* to #* -Notation has *positive* superscript: -*Add 1* to superscript = # of *places values* your answer has -Notation has *negative* superscript: *Superscript* is *place value of 1st* digit *after decimal* 0 superscript: *×10 turns into ×1* because anything to power of 0 turns into 1
List 8 rules about scientific notation. (ADSAST)
-Tundra, taiga, grassland, and deciduous forest
List Canada's 4 biomes. (TTGD)
1: *object in motion/ at rest, stays in motion/ at rest* -*Unless force is acting against it* 2: *Acceleration* of object is *proportional to *the *force applied* to the object -Greater* mass = more resists *acceleration -Greater *force = more it accelerates* 3: for every action there is an *equal and opposite reaction*
List Newton's 3 laws of motion. (SAE)
-in latitudes 30°N/S: warm air from equator = cools = sink + move back to equator -rest of warm air moves to poles + Coriolis east by the Coriolis effect, which causes cold air to rush in, in a westward direction. This gives rise to the westerly winds that prevail at the latitudes between 30° and 60° in both directions from the equator. At the poles, sinking cold air is pushed eastward, forming easterly winds.
List _ steps of how trade winds are made (and their relationship with the Coriolis effect).
-fuel consumption (especially fossil fuels)
List _ things that contribute to GHGs in the atmosphere.
-Find and create suitable CO2 capture and storage sites -Work with oil and gas sector to improve energy sufficiency -Support the development of emerging renewable energy sources that don't emit GHGs (Eg. solar + wind energies) -Educate citizens on how they can act to reduce the GHG emissions from their personal actions
List _ ways Canada's Action Plan plans to reduce GHG emissions in *energy. *
-Conduct energy-efficient audits to identify further areas for improvement -Support the use of renewable energy technologies (eg. biomass, solar energy, geothermal energy for heating)
List _ ways Canada's Action Plan plans to reduce GHG emissions in *industry. *
-Develop more *fuel-efficient vehicles8 -Increase use of fuels that produce *less CO2* as ethanol -Develop tech to reduce or eliminate emissions (eg.* hydrogen *fuel cells) -Encourage more use of *public transit*
List _ ways Canada's Action Plan plans to reduce GHG emissions in *transportation. *
-All organisms are composed of *one or more cells.* -The cell is the* smallest function unit of life*. -All cells are produced from other cells. (*cellular division*)
List the 3 concepts of modern Cell Theory.
-At the leaf (*source*), phloem becomes *loaded with sugars* from photosynthesis sites (through carrier proteins and active transport) -Water moves into the cells by* osmosis* -water* pressure inside* sieve cells* pushes the water and sugars *through phloem *to* the rest of the plant *(sink)*
List the 3 steps of pressure-flow theory (SOS)
-Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
List the 4 main GHGs. (WCMN)
-transportation -building -agriculture and forestry -industry
List the 5 sectors that Canada's Action Plan plans to reduce GHG emissions in.
c
Many plants have adaptations to help them survive in certain climates. The cactus is one such plant. Its leaves have been modified into spines in an effort to: A. increase the amount of surface area for photosynthesis. B. reduce the amount of shade produced by the plant. C. reduce the amount of water lost by transpiration. * D. increase the surface area for dew to collect.
ground
Most of the mass of a plant is found in the ______ tissue.
-to rid the blood of toxins, wastes, and excess fluid produced by the cells of the body when the kidney cannot do so
Name 1 purpose of dialysis.
-because these *materials determine how other processes function.* -Whatever changes happen to the cell, the* ability to transport materials must be kept at a maximum.*
Name 1 reason why transport of materials into and out of the cell is critical.
-*staining: *different parts of the cell absorb the stain differently = greater contrast -but it* kills the cell*, so it doesn't work for living ones
Name 1 technique of improving contrast. Name a disadvantage of this technique.
⇨charged particles (eg.salts) ⇨ the larger the molecule + the greater the charge on it ⇨ less likely it will be to move through the membrane.
Name 1 thing that affects the efficiency of reverse osmosis.
-the opportunities for transport of materials
Name 1 thing that surface area determines.
-* intake or expulsion are limited* -unable to take in* enough nutrients*, unable to* remove poisons quickly*
Name 2 disadvantages of having little surface area.
cell wall, chloroplast
Only plant cells have a _____ and _________.
Schleiden and Schwann
Proposed cell theory together: -all plants and animals are made of cells -cell was basic unit of all organisms
golgi body
Proteins and lipids which are to be sent out of the cell must first be processed by the _____.
thermodynamics
Science dealing with study of the interrelationships of heat, work, and energy
c
There are many reasons that a plant might need to be able to sense where "up" is. Which of the following is NOT one of the potential reasons? A. to make the developing seed grow in the correct direction B. to make the plant out compete neighbouring plants for sunlight C. to ensure that the plant transports water in the correct direction D. to make the roots grow in the correct direction
false (object is not moving)
True or false: *A straight horizontal line on a position-time graph indicates uniform forward motion.*
false
True or false: *Distance is always less than or equal to the displacement.*
false
True or false: *If a trip takes you back to where you started, your distance is zero.*
true
True or false: *If an athlete runs once around a track, back to the starting line, her average velocity is zero.*
false
True or false: *Scalar quantities have both magnitude and direction.*
false (speed is always greater than or equal to the magnitude of the velocity of the object)
True or false: *The speed of an object is always the magnitude of its velocity.*
false
True or false: *To calculate the acceleration of an object, you need to know both distance and time.*
true
True or false: *Velocity can be determined by calculating the slope of a position-time graph.*
-Whenever water changes phase, thermal energy is either released or absorbed. The temperature of the water remains the same during a phase change, even though the quantity of thermal energy increases or decreases. Thermal energy is released when water goes from liquid to solid. When liquid water changes to water vapour, thermal energy is absorbed. Through such changes of state, the hydrologic cycle therefore also transfers thermal energy through the biosphere. The hydrologic cycle also moves thermal energy, through absorption and release of energy by the attractive forces (bonds) that hold the water molecules together. Recall that during the hydrologic cycle, water changes phase many times. When any substance changes from solid phase to liquid phase, or from liquid phase to vapor phase, the bonds between the particles become weaker and break. Breaking Bonds always require absorption of energy, in contrast, when any substance changes from vapour phase to liquid phase, or from vapour phase to solid phase, new bonds are formed between the particles. Bond formation always releases energy, when energy is released or absorbed by bonds between particles during a phase change, energy is transferred. However, when bonds break or form during a phase change, the temperature of the substance does not change. Temperature change only occurs when there is an increase or decrease in the kinetic energy of the particles. Since the energy is used to break bonds between the particles, this energy is not available to increase the kinetic energy of the particles. Since water molecules undergo many phase changes during the hydrologic cycle, a lot of energy is transferred in the biosphere without any changes in the temperature of the water. This helps to keep the average temperature of Earth relatively stable. For example, incoming solar energy used to break bonds, and so evaporate water molecules from the ocean or melt snow on land, is not available to increase the temperature of any component of the biosphere.
What is the relationship between the hydrologic cycle and thermal energy?
-hydrosphere: transfers thermal energy from warmer latitudes near equator to cooler areas near poles by winds
What is the relationship between the hydrosphere and wind?
-Thermal energy transferrS vertically through bodies of water by convection currents -(like air) density of water decreases when temperature increases = warm water tends to rise -Cooler water = more dense = tends to sink
What is the relationship between thermal energy transfer and convection currents?FIX THIS
The temperature of the water remained at about 0°C for all the time that ice remained in the beaker. While boiling, water stayed at about 100°C these results are shown in pg 384 figure 2.30, the heating curve of water. When thermal energy was first added to the ice, the temperature of the ice increased. During this stage of the experiment, the absorbed thermal energy was converted to kinetic energy of the water molecules. This was detected as in increase in temperature. When water changes phase from solid to liquid, the temperature of the water remained at 0°C for some time, which is shown by the first flat area in the heating curve, and is labelled "melting or fusion." at this stage, the absorbed thermal energy was no longer being converted to kinetic energy, but was absorbed by the forces between the water molecules. When these forces gained sufficient potential energy, they became disrupted, and the water changed from solid phase to liquid phase. After this phase change was completed (when all the ice was melted), the thermal energy absorbed by the liquid water was again converted into kinetic energy, so the temperature of the liquid water rose. At the boiling point of water, the absorbed thermal energy again was absorbed by the intermolecular forces, causing them to break. We know this because the temperature of the water again remained constant, giving rise to the second flat area on the heating curve, at 100°C.
What is the relationship between water, thermal energy, and temperature?
-molar mass = mass (g) of 1 mol/6.02x10²³ atoms -m= n x M
What is the relationship of molar mass, moles, and Avagadro's number?
-BaCl₂ + K₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ + KCl -BaCl₂ + K₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ + 2KCl
What is the skeleton and balanced equation for: *barium chloride + potassium sulphate → barium sulphate + potassium chloride*
-CuO → Cu(s) + O₂(g) -2CuO → 2Cu(s) + O₂(g)
What is the skeleton and balanced equation for: *copper (II) oxide → copper + oxygen*
a
What is the term of the long-term conditions of the atmosphere in a specific area for a long period of time? a. climate b. weather c. global warming d. paleoclimatology
- theoretical heat of fusion of ice is 6.01 kJ/mol.
What is the theoretical Hfus of ice?
0.897J/g x °C.
What is the theoretical specific heat capacity of aluminum?
4.19J/g x °C
What is the theoretical specific heat capacity of water?
b
What is the transfer of heat through physical contact called? a. radiation b. conduction c. convection d. compression
substances (gases, minerals, sugars) must be dissolved in a* film of water *to be transported in plants.
What must substances be dissolved in, in order to be transported in plants?
a
What name is given to the amount of moisture carried in the air? a. humidity b. precipitation c. atmospheric pressure d. prevailing winds
a
What name is given to the amount of radiation reflected by a surface? a. albedo b. El Niño c. weather d. conduction
-If* Earth didn't spin* = continuous convection current between polar + equatorial regions
What stops convection currents between polar and equatorial regions from being continuous?
phototropism
growth movement as a response of the plant to the stimulus of light
binary ionic compound
ionic compound composed of only two elements
-acute toxicity (fatal or toxic) -means that exposure to a single dose of the chemical may be toxic or fatal if inhaled or swallowed, or if it comes into contact with the skin
skull and crossbones
preciptate
solid that forms when two ionic solutions are mixed
organelles
specialized organs in a cell
turgid
⇨the State of the cell when water enters through osmosis and... ⇨vacuole swells ⇨increases turgor pressure ⇨*vacuole can't swell anymore. * ⇨Water can continue to pass in and out of the vacuole ⇨but no net increase in volume.
plasmolysis
⇨when there is a higher solute concentration on the outside of the cell (*hypertonic solution*) ⇨*water leaves vacuole* ⇨vacuole shrinks ⇨cell contents pull away from cell wall ⇨cell membrane may be visible because it is not pushed up against the wall ⇨results in *wilting* because it is no longer being held out by *turgor pressure*
