science chapter 14

frictional/slows/meteor/rise

Burn up is not a result of --- heating. the incoming meteor -- down as it compresses the gases of the upper atmosphere, causing air temperature around the -- to -- shooting star

mesosphere / decreases/ozone/burn

- ---- air temp reach a minimum of 139 f. - temp, minimum at the mesopause. -temperature -- due to fewer --- molecules to absorb solar UV radiation - very little oxygen and nitrogen - sufficient gases to burn up incoming debris -MOST NEAR EARTH OBJECTS --- up in this layer

troposphere/ decrease

- shows a -- in temp. with altitude -gets its warmth from the earth's surface - contains our weather system - air pollution collects here - the bulk of air and aerosols reside here - thickness varies based on its thermal character- thickest (10 miles) over the equator and thinnest (5 miles) over poles

stratosphere / increase/ozone

- shows an -- in temp with altitude -over 25 miles thick - contains 20% of the atmospheres air -this is where the ozone resides, which blocks out harmful ultraviolet solar radiation -temp, increase due to absorption of solar radiation by -- molecules. higher kinetic energy (nothing to bump into) - the cool air of the troposphere cannot rise into the stratosphere

evaporation/condensation/ redistribution

-- and -- are extremely important. They occur over large areas. They contribute to weather phenomena and --- of heat in the atmosphere

Venus/ volcanism

-- and earth began with very similar atmospheres rich in carbon dioxide, hydrogen and oxygen . -the atmospheres originated from gases expelled from extensive -- and collision with comets/ meteorites

white/ black

-- does not reflect any color, -- absorbs all visible wavelengths, other colors absorb every color except the color you see

atmospheric/thermosphere/ozone/UV/troposphere/infrared

-- gases absorb certain wavelengths. --- absorbs short wave lengths (x rays, gamma rays). -- in stratosphere absorbs ---. Water vapor and co2 in the --- absorb ---

Venus

-- has so much co2 in the atmosphere, has a runaway greenhouse effect resulting in surface temperatures of up to 867 f, doesn't rotate fast

gravity

-- holds 99% of atmospheric gases within 20 miles of the earth's surface

carbon dioxide

-- holds heat , keeps planet warm, reason for liquid water

fog

-- is the only cloud that touches the ground

violet/blue / red

-- is the shortest wavelength, -- is the longest wavelength

heat

-- is the total kinetic energy of all the atoms in a substance

solid(ice),liquid(water),gas(vapor)

--- closely spaced, move less,more ordered, -- small groups of molecules are attached, rapid movement creates some disorder , --- individual molecules,move very rapidly and therefor don't attract and join, very disordered

water/small/atmosphere/ cycled/ troposphere

--- is the only substance that exist in all three states on Earth's surface, frozen water, liquid water, water vapor . atmosphere contains a -- portion of earths water. volume of water falling as precipitation annually is 30 times greater than the volume of water stored in the --- at any given time. water is constantly -- through the atmosphere . conversion of water from one state to another, transfers energy throughout the ---

Joesph kittinger

--- jumped off hot air balloon, jumped from the stratosphere. could see the curvature of earth

human actions/ natural

--- or --- events that affect incoming solar radiation may affect life on earth

troposphere/ equator/ poles

--- thickness varies based on its thermal character. Thickest (10 miles ) over --- and thinnest (5 miles) over ---

thermosphere/increase

---- in air temp. due to solar radiation - blocks most of the harmful cosmic radiation (x- ray, gamma rays, some UV) - very few gas molecules - heat energy is actually low - gases here are ionized (broken into constituent ions as solar radiation strips them of electrons) - ionized gases cause AURORAS ( interaction near the magnetic poles of electrons and protons from the sun

cirr/alto/cumulus/nimbo or nimbus/stratus / altitude/ appearance

--=high level with wispy shape, --=midlevel, ---=heap shape, --- or -- = indicates a rain cloud, --- cloud =sheet like cover the whole sky. clouds are classified on basis of --- and ---

water

--has a high heat capacity , in other words, it must absorb a lot of heat to produce a corresponding temperature increase - heat capacity of air is 1/4 then that of (-), doesn't take as much heat to raise temp. of air

polar/ionic compounds

--molecules are easy to dissolve.water disoves -- easily in water . dissolves most metals

warm/cold/cools/dew point /condensation/humidity/ water/decrease

-when cold air moves over -- water. some of the (--) water evaporates (steam, fog) . -when warm air moves over -- water , the air ---. ---= Temperature air must reach in order to become saturated. --- occurs when relative humidity of air increases enough that the air becomes saturated with moisture. --- can increase in two ways.. addition of --- and --- in temperature

scattered/ particles/ gas

EMR (electromagnetic radiation ) that reaches earth's surface, can be --. can change direction when it hits -- and -- molecules . this causes sky to be blue.

livable

Greenhouse effect keeps the earth --- warmer if there were no greenhouse effect

distance/degree

States of water are defined by the --- between water molecules and their -- of motion:

absorb/ infrared

Surfaces on earth with low albedo --- solar radiation and re-radiate it as --- (long wavelength) radiation. ex- EMR warms cement, air above it gets heated by road. comes in as EMR and heats air above it. we have liquid water because of this

carbon dioxide nitrogen and oxygen

Venus and Earth began with very similar atmosphere's rich in ---.----- and ---

water vapor / carbon dioxide

Venus is closer to the sun and had abundant -- this vapor is split into hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen was lost to space. remaining oxygen bonded with carbon to form abundant -- which insulates planet

lighter/density/frontal/lighter/colder

air rises naturally if it is -- than the surrounding air masses= --- (or convection) lifting . -- lifting = two large air masses of different densities meet. their boundary is a front. the -- warm air rises above the -- denser air

water/photosynthesis

as earth cooled ,--- condensed, rain, removed co2 from the atmosphere - early primitive organisms used --- to consume co2 and produce oxygen - oxygen accumulated in oceans but not in atmosphere until about 2 billion years ago - oxygen is reactive and combined with other elements in early rocks

kinetic energy

atoms in water or air are consistently in motion this is called--

ozone/ uv

earliest animals lived in oceans -oceans protected them from harmful solar radiation - once oxygen accumulated in Earth's atmosphere, life could be sustained on land. - this is also when the -- layer developed, protecting life on land from -- rays

4 billion years ago

earth had no oxygen present ---

absorbed/ released

heat is -- during melting,evaporation or sublimation(solid to gas). heat is -- during freezing, condensation or deposition (gas to solid)

suplimation

heat is absorbed during melting, evaporation or --- solid to gas

deposition

heat is released during freezing, condensation or --- (gas to solid)

fewer

heat produces more rapid motion among --water molecules (boiling water, pan with less water heats faster)

black

higher in the atmosphere, fewer gas molecules, less scattering, sky appears --

oxygen

life came before free -- in Earth's atmosphere

infrared, microwaves, radio waves

longest wavelengths are--,---,---

latent/liquid/gaseous

much more-- heat is released or absorbed during changes between ---- /---- states than during changes between solid and liquid states

atmosphere

protects earth from harmful solar radiation, and incoming projectiles - lower bound - touches surface of earth -upper bound- gradual transition into space - observed from space the -- is a thin shell around earth

albedo

reflectivity of a surface( ice is very reflective, Forests and water are not ) more exposed areas hotter plane, hotter troposphere

gamma rays, x - rays, ultraviolet light

shortest wavelengths are ---, ---, ----

emr/heat

some -- is absorbed. interacts with material in atmosphere and is converted into some other form of energy---

solar/land/ ocean

some --- radiation reaches earth's surface and some of this is absorbed by -- and --- warming the planet(about 1/2 of incoming solar radiation heats earth)

wavelength/ frequency

sun emits electromagnetic radiation (EMR) which is described by its -- and --

atmosphere

the air, specific mix of gases around us is called --

nitrogen

the atmosphere is made up of mostly -- and some oxygen

temperature

the average kinetic energy of a substance measured for a given quantity of the substance ( how we measure kinetic energy)

decreases/ denser

the density of air rapidly -- with increasing altitude. - closer to earth the --

infrared/ visible light

the relative proportions of solar radiation reaching earth.-- and --- make up more than 90% of solar radiation at earth's surface

absorption/ troposphere

this --- causes the --- to warm = greenhouse effect

blue

this is what causes the sky to be blue. -- light is scattered more easily than other colors. this scattered (-) light reaches our eyes making the sky blue

infrared/water vapor/ carbon dioxide/ troposphere

this long wavelength--- radiation is then absorbed by greenhouse gasses such as ---,---, and other trace gases (methane, nitrous oxide) in the --

absorption /latent

water in the atmosphere- changes of state are accompanied by --- or release of heat. --- heat is the amount of heat absorbed or released as water changes.

dipolar/oxygen/hydrogen

water molecules are --- = opposite charges on each end of the molecule(net partial negative charge on --- atom and net partial positive charge on the --atom)

reflected

when EMR ( electromagnetic radiation) reaches earth's surface, it can be scattered and --- . incoming radiation can be (-) off gas molecules and returned to space. can be (-) off surface features