Science Chapter 6

Name the Specific types of hazards

1. Landslides 2.Building collapse 3.Tsunamis 4.Fire

How does an earthquake happen 6 step process

1. One plate subduct beneath another 2. Subducting plates cause faults 3. A fault locks up and builds up stress 4. The plates along the fault suddenly move 5. jerks along the fault create an earthquake 6. A fault locks up and builds up stress

Compare and contrast the types of seismic waves.

1. P waves are the fastest has the smallest amplitude and they could travel through solid and liquid, 2. S waves can't pass through liquids and they are larger, stronger, and slower than P waves. At least the part of the core is made of liquid. 3. Rayleigh waves and Love waves which are surface waves. They move at the same speed as an S wave and are more destructive.

Why is it difficult to predict earthquakes.

1. Today prediction is not reliable 2. History of areas with faults 3. Areas along the fault that have not had an earthquake recently. 4. Seismic gap

What is the core of the earth made of?

95% iron, 5% nickel

Compression

A contact force that acts to squeeze or crush an object or substance.

Normal fault

A dip slip fault in which the upper body of rock drops relative to the lower body of the rock.

Reverse fault

A dip-slip fault in which the upper body of rock slides upward relative to the lower body of rock.

Tsunami

A far-reaching, devastating water wave caused by seismic activity.

Dip slip fault

A fault whose main motion is parallel to its dip direction

Fault

A joint or crack in rock where the rock on both sides of the crack has moved relative to each other.

What is the highest number on the Richter scale

A magnitutde of 10 or more would be the highest

Intensity

A measure of the concentration of energy or the effects of the energy released. In earthquakes, it is a measure of the damage that an earthquake causes using the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale.

What are two ways that stress in a rock can be relieved?

A rock can be relieved of stress by breaking, compressing, bending, stretching, or deforming.

Richter scale

A scale that rates an earthquake's magnitude of the intensity of an earthquake.

Stress

A stress is a measure of force exerted within an object

Love wave

A surface wave (type of L-wave) that causes rocks to move side-to-side. Very Destructive.

P-wave

A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground.

S wave

A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side

What kind of fault is the San Andreas Fault?

All transform boundaries are strike-slip faults

What is an earthquake?

An earthquake is any kind of shaking of the ground measurable by seismic instruments.

Convergent boundary

Convergent boundary is the margin between two tectonic plates that are moving toward each other.

Tectonic plates that move toward each other at a boundary are called _______________

Convergent plates

Divergent boundary

Divergent boundary is the margin between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.

Tectonic plates that spread apart from each other are called ___________

Divergent plates

The amount of strain that a rock can handle without breaking is related to its property of ______________

Ductility

How much does an earthquake's energy change with each number on the Richter scale?

Each additional 1 richter unit stands for about 31.6 times more energy released.

Any shaking of the ground measurable by seismic instruments is called an _________________

Earthquake

Earthquake

Earthquakes are a measurable movement of the earth's crust.

True or False It is now possible to predict earthquake hours, if not days, in advance.

False

True or False An earthquake with an intensity of VI is 31.6 times more damaging than in intensity V earthquake Explain

False. The damage is not measured by energy and it is also not using the Richter scale and there is no moment magnitude scale and have exponential growth.

Geologists believe that most earthquakes come from what kind of earth feature.

Faults are the source of most earthquakes.

When a material stretches past its elastic limit, it __________ suddenly

Flows

What kind of instrument detects and transmits earth wave data to a central analysis station.

It would be a seismometer.

Name the two angular measurements that describe the orientation of a fault. what does each measurement mean?

It would be a strike slip fault horizontal and dip slip fault is at a certain angle.

Does pumping groundwater out of a rock formation containing an active fault make a potential earthquake more or less severe.

It would make it less severe because of the lubrication containing a fault pumping the water out of a rock formation.

Besides the magnitude of an earthquake, what other major factors can increase seismic damage in even well-built areas?

Longer ground shaking can even damage well-built areas, besides the magnitude of an earthquake.

MMI

Modern Mercalli Intensity scale

Explain why earthquakes can be so dangerous.

Most people suffer in cities from an earthquake's effects. Ground shaking alone seldom causes death.

Focus

Point at the depth where the rocks ruptured to produce earthquakes; place where quake waves originate

What distinguishes a joint from a fault?

Rock under stress forms cracks when they begin to fail, these cracks are called joints. A fault occurs when the sections of rock on opposite sides of the crack move relative to each other.

Through which structure inside the earth can S waves not pass what is the significance of this fact?

S waves can't pass through liquids because of the earth's core.

List the types of earth waves an earthquake produces.

S waves, P waves, and surface waves.

How can students provide earthquake warnings.

Scientists lead universities to come up with a solution and they are to avoid false alarms and use people to gather data and send them.

Describe how seismologists collect earthquake wave data

Seismographs include both a seismometer and a way to record or graph the changing earthquake waves. They collect that data in the seismic station.

Seismometer

Seismometers are instruments that measure earthquake waves.

Shear

Shear is forces acting in opposite directions on different parts of the same object or substance.

Strain

Strain is any change in the shape of a solid due to stresses exerted on the material.

Joints

Stress fracture planes.

Rayleigh waves

Surface waves travel in a backward-rotating, elliptical motion, causing both vertical and horizontal ground movement. Can travel through solid, liquid, and gas. Fourth to arrive. Dangerous.

Tension

Tension are Forces that act to pull an object apart. Tensile forces act in line with each other.

Why are there lots of earthquakes around the rim of the Pacific ocean.

The Pacific Plate is subducting under other plates surrounding the Pacific basin. These convergent tectonic boundaries are the locations for many active faults that produce earthquakes.

Ductility

The amount of strain that a material can endure without breaking.

Dip

The angle of slope of a fault face or stratum, measured from the horizontal plane.

Buoyant force

The buoyant force is the upward force that a fluid exerts on an object in the fluid.

Strike

The compass direction of the horizontal of the surface of a fault face or rock stratum.

How much more energy is released in a magnitude 9 earthquake than in a magnitude 2 earthquake.

The energy represents a tenfold increase in the measured amplitude, it represents an 32 times more energy release.

Compare an earthquake's focus and it's epicenter.

The focus of an earthquake is the center of it's activity deep underground. An epicenter is the spot on the earth's surface directly above the focus.

Why is exercising dominion more about minimizing the risks associated with an earthquake than minimizing the earthquake hazards?

The hazards of an earthquake are the same and no one can change them. We have to use our knowledge to be safe and keep others safe, therefore practicing wise and good dominion!

What is the maximum value on the intensity scale and what would be the observed result.

The maximum value on the intensity scale is XII of magnitude

What is the most basic part of a seismic instrument.

The most basic part is the mass.

What is happening at convergent tectonic boundaries?

The plates are moving toward each other or converging and shear forces.

What properties of rocks could contribute to a serious earthquake.

The property could be rock elasticity. The more elasticity the more its serious.

Magnitude

The size or intensity of some measurable quantity. In seismology, it is a measure of an earthquake's energy. In astronomy, it is a measure of a star's brightness.

What kind of physical quantity is a stress? Which kind of stress is most likely to cause an earthquake.

The type of physical quality that causes an earthquake is shear.

Explain how to find an earthquake's epicenter

They find it at the center of an earthquake activity called the focus and the epicenter is directly found above the focus.

How do seismologists determine which locations have the greatest likelihood of earthquakes?

They look for what areas have had large earthquakes in the past and what areas haven't had earthquakes.

How do geologists classify faults?

They measure the fault face facing downward from the horizontal or at a certain angle.

What drives the sea floor to spread?

They occur at divergent plate boundaries.

Describe how scientists rate earthquakes

They use the modified mercalli intensity scale when scientists quantify the size of magnitude and intensity.

Transform boundary

Transform boundary is the margin between two tectonic plates that are sliding in opposite directions parallel to the margin.

True or False Rocks in the crust can bend, stretch, and compress a little.

True

strike-slip fault

a fault along which the movement is horizontal and parallel to the trend of the fault

overthrust fault

a geological fault in which the upper side appears to have been pushed upward by compression

Transform fault

a strike-slip fault occurring at the boundary between two plates of the earth's crust.

Surface wave

a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface

Thrust fault

reverse fault in which the dip of the fault plane is nearly horizontal

Fault plane

surface of a fault along which movement of rock occurs

Epicenter

the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus