Scientific revolution/ enlightenment

Newton

brought together the breakthroughs of Copernicus Kepler and Galileo under a single theory of motion. Law of universal gravitation, every object in the universe attracts every other object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them. All physical objects were affected by the same force. Law of gravity

Galileo's discoveries

built his own telescope and used it to study the heavens. Galileo found out that Jupiter had 4 moons and that sun had dark spots also the earths moon had a rough uneven surface which shattered Aristotle's theory. His findings frightened both Catholic and Protestant leaders because they went against the church teachings and authority if people believed the church could be wrong they would question other church teachings as well,

Heliocentric theory (Nicolaus Copernicus)

copernicus reasoned that the stars, earth, and other planets revolves around the sun (sun centered theory) sun is center of the solar system, Copernicus didn't publish his findings until his last year of life , other scientists built on the foundations he laid

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. most brilliant and influential of the philosophes, wrote political essays, philosophy, and drama, often used satire against his opponents, made targets of the clergy, aristocracy, and the government, enemies st French court, never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and speech ..

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) French writer, believed Britain was the best governed and most politically balanced country. Believed in divisions of power among different branches separation of powers. Proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government. Checking of power " checks and balances"

Effect of the Scientific Revolution

Many intellectual, social, and political elites began to act secularly and scientific knowledge was spread across Europe. Questioning church and finding out what the world truly is

Scientific method

a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas, begins with a problem/ question brought by an observation, then a hypothesis, hypothesis is tested in an experiment or basis of data, final step scientist analyze and interpret the data

Hobbes social contract

The English civil war convinced him that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked. People had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler in exchange they gained law and order. Social contract- agreement by which people created a government. Hobbes thinks ruler needs total power to keep citizens under control Absolute monarchy

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Philosophes

Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

Cause of Scientific Revolution

Universities, Renaissance stimulation, navigational sea problems, empirical research, logic,reformation, exploration and expansion of trade, continuing study of ancient authorities, development of the scientific method

Rousseau

great philosophe, committed to individual freedom, writer of essays, strongly disagree with other enlightenment thinkers on matters. Most Philosophes believed that reason, science and art would improve life of all people but he argued that civilization corrupted people's natural goodness. Only good government had to be freely formed by the people and guided by general will of society (direct democracy) people agree to give up some of their freedom for the greater good. Believed in much broader democracy than Locke, argues all should be equal and titles of nobility like be abolished

John Locke's natural rights

more positive view of human nature, believed people can learn from experience and improve themselves, criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self government, according to Locke all people are born equal and free with three natural rights life liberty and property. Purpose of government should be to protect these rights, citizens have the right to overthrow if failed to do so, believed government power comes from consent of the people.

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

the intellectual community that was created by the Scientific Revolution had influence on the Enlightenment, people were interested in secular thought and learning, start to doubt what has been set out before them as the prevailing thought. This mean religion! Just like scientists, they began to question whether what was in front of them was really right both held that reason could be used to improve humanity