SDSU AMIND Final
Be able to describe the importance of buffalo to Plains cultures.
"wherever the buffalo went, so did the Plains Native Americans" Bison hunting was an activity fundamental to the economy and society of the Plains Indians. Mann discussed the evidence that Native Americans not only created (by selective use of fire) the large grasslands that provided the bison's ideal habitat but also kept the bison population regulated. Hides were dressed and made into clothing and stretched onto poles to construct tipis. Sinews were used for bow strings and the stomachs made into kettles.
Be able to identify which major ceremonies are connected to which Californian culture areas.
(1) mourning ceremonies; (2) initiation ceremonies connected with a secret society; and (3) a more varied group of dances and other observances which all, however, have in common the benefit either of the community or of the world at large, in that they cause a good crop of acorns and natural products, make the avoidance of rattlesnake bites possible, or prevent the occurrence of disease, earthquake, flood, and other calamities.
Be able to identify which tribes traditionally lived in the Plains culture area, and still have reservations there today (i.e., were not relocated in 1830s to Oklahoma. Many of the tribes in this section of the book traditionally lived in the Southeast, but were relocated to Oklahoma, so are included in this chapter as well as in the chapter on the Southeast.)
- Apache Tribe (also known as Ka-ta-ka) - Caddo Nation - Arapaho -Blackfeet -Lakota - Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Lipan, Plains Apache (or Kiowa Apache), Plains Cree, Sarsi, Sioux, Shoshone, and Tonkawa Arikara, Hidatsa, Iowa, Kaw (or Kansa), Mandan, Omaha, Osage, Otoe, Pawnee, Ponca, and Wichita.
Be able to identify which tribes are now known as the "Three Affiliated Tribes" currently living on the Ft. BERTHOLD (not Belknap) reservation, and what they have in common that distinguishes them from other predominantly more nomadic Plains tribes.
- Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa Nations -these tribes traditionally farm corn, beans, squash and sunflowers. Tribal members typically lived in semi-permanent earthlodges.
Be able to explain the concerns of the Mne Sosa intertribal water rights coalition.
-Although the federal government promised irrigation development and participation in the electricity generated, the tribes are just beginning to receive some of these benefits. -A survey conducted by the Mni Sose (Sioux word for "Missouri river") Coalition reported an average education level of a high school diploma for adult tribal members among the Missouri River Basin Tribes, which results in a lack of trained tribal professionals and technicians. Scarce resources are reflected in an annual average unemployment rate of 50 percent among the Missouri River Basin Tribes. -Tribal leaders are seeking legal, administrative, economic, and physical control over their significant water resources as a means to achieve a sustainable reservation economy, cultural well-being, and sovereignty of tribal people in the watershed. (In January of 1993, they formally organized and recognized the Mni Sose Intertribal Water Rights Coalition)
Be able to explain the term Inuit as opposed to "Eskimo" and connect it to the appropriate Arctic peoples.
-Eskimo, people live along the edges of the North and West coasts of Alaska. -Inuit people live all along the Northern coast.
Be able to compare and contrast the subsistence strategies or economic activities of Athabascan cultures with other SW cultures.
-Most peoples of the Southwest engaged in both farming and hunting and gathering -had begun to engage in a relatively settled way of life, farming indigenous crops; after the advent of Spanish colonization, they incorporated new products such as sheep and cattle into their economies -All Alaskan Athabaskans relied on hunting and trapping animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants. They often covered great distances in their quest for food. The changing seasons, the weather, and the behavior of fish and game ordered the Athabaskans' lives.
Be able to give an example of the role which men's societies played in Plains cultures.
-Plains tribes had many men's societies (a little like fraternities) which served important social purposes, including managing the hunt and generally policing everyday life. -traditionally, young men danced to find inspiration through a vision (Sun Dance was largest plains ceremony)
which European nations invaded Southeastern tribal lands?
-Spain -France
Be able to explain what the "Chinook trade jargon" was and who used it.
-The Columbia river was a major trade area for tribes as well as Europeans, who used the Chinook trade jargon to communicate. The Chinook trade jargon was a pidgin (a reduced form of Chinook language proper) which everyone used for trade purposes. -The Central region includes the Kwakiutl (or Kwakwaka'wakw), the Makah, the Nootka (or Nuu-Cha-Nulth) and many others,
Be able to explain how climate change affected these ancient civilizations, and how they are related to today's Southwestern tribes.
-The Hohokam farmed along the Gila river, and built canals that were miles long. Recurring mega-ninos about 1100 AD washed away these canals, making agriculture impossible for the next 300 years or so.(descendents= O'odham) In 1100 AD a climate shift combining severe drought as well as more snowfall in the winters (meganinos) occurred all over the SW, and spring flooding created problems for irrigation systems. The Anasazi left most of their territory in the 4 corners region and moved eastward along the Rio Grande (where Eastern pueblos are today.) When the climate changed, most pueblos were abandoned, except for the Hopi, Acoma, and Zuni, which are the oldest continuously inhabited towns in the U.S. today.
Be able to compare the differences in ecologies and subsistence strategies across the various sub-culture areas of California.
-agriculture is only one type of subsistence strategy. California's natural bounty was so great there was no need to plant crops- plant foods such as seeds, nuts, acorns, berries, roots and tubers were there for the harvesting and provided enough to feed everyone. -In northern California there were more forests, so wood was used to build houses. They did not have metal saws to cut it though, until contact. They used bone saws instead. Cedar bark, beaten to make it soft, was used for clothing. -Acorns were a major food source throughout all of California. -People also managed the environment through burning, to encourage the growth of plants they wanted and remove overgrowth. Controlled fires also protected their homes and food sources from wildfires. -Salmon are an important part of many Northern Californian cultures.
Be able to describe the forms of resistance taken by California Indians against the Spanish and/or the Americans.
-disrupted trade routes and industry - attacks on both the Spanish soldiers and the Franciscan missionaries; setting the missions on fire -killed priests
Be able to identify the effects of timber clear-cutting and contemporary " aquaculture" (or fish farms) on subsistence fishing and other traditional activities, for the Kwakwaka'wakw people.
-fish farms contaminate the water, poisoning salmon, shellfish and other marine life ... All marine resources, most notably salmon, are already deeply depleted as a result of mismanagement -The extermination of these trees by the logging industry has resulted in a loss of traditional carving skills needed for making the massive sculptural figures (right) and canoes (below).
Be able to define the term "two-spirit person."
-intersex, androgynous people, feminine males and masculine females -Rather than emphasising the homosexuality of these persons, however, many Native Americans focused on their spiritual gifts. -were often also medicine people.
What were the forms of resistance which Southeastern tribes took to being relocated, especially the Cherokee?
-pointed to the Treaty of Hopewell (1785); established borders between the United States and the Cherokee Nation, offered the Cherokees the right to send a "deputy" to Congress, and made American settlers in Cherokee territory subject to Cherokee law. - negotiated treaty of 1819 -1827- adopted a new constitution -The Cherokee National Council advised the United States that it would refuse future cession requests and enacted a law prohibiting the sale of national land upon penalty of death. -After Major Ridge Hand-colored lithograph of Major Ridge, a Cherokee leader who helped establish the Cherokee system of government. The soldier, politician, and plantation owner is remembered for signing the Treaty of New Echota (1835), which ceded Cherokee lands to the U.S. government and authorized Cherokee removal. -After Major Ridge signed away Cherokee land, Chief Ross gathered 16,000 Cherokee signatures against the treaty, proving that the majority of the tribe was not in agreement
Be able to identify the two other major cultural groups of Native Alaskans.
1. Aleut people, who live on the Aleutian chain of Alaska, are culturally fairly different, having absorbed more of the Pacific Northwest cultures' influence. 2.Dene people, In the center of Alaska, which is subarctic climate. Dene people speak Athabaskan languages and are linguistically related to Navajo and Apache peoples.
Be able to identify the various sub-culture areas within the "culture area" (the only one which is also a state) of California
1. The Northwest overlaps with the PNW culture area. 2. The Northeast is more mountainous. 3. The Central Valley & mountains were shared by many neighboring cultures. 4. The Great Basin area is considered a separate culture area entirely. 5. The South coastal culture area was very different in economy and social structure. See the Chumash section of this lecture. 6. The South desert area has a lot in common with the Southwest culture area.
why did related Southeastern tribes have reservations in both their traditional Southeastern territories as well as in Oklahoma?
1819- The oconaluftee people separated from the Cherokee Nation and remained in North Carolina - Some cherokee groups hid from federal soldiers and avoided removal -others lived on reserves in georgia, tennessee, and alabama
Be able to describe the events leading up to and following the internment of the entire Navajo Nation in the 1860s.
1848- US took control of Navajo territory Tribe and US fought over land for decades 1864- US Army quashed resistance and forced thousands of Navajo to walk 300-450 miles from their homes to a reservation in E. New Mexico 1868- exile ended when a treaty granted them some of their old territory back
define the term "keystone species" and relate it to the role of American Indians in the New World.
A species that exerts a large, stabilizing influence throughout an ecological community, despite its relatively small numerical abundance.
Be able to discuss how the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) has impacted Arctic peoples in Alaska.
ANCSA extinguished aboriginal title to lands in Alaska. As usual in cases of extinguishment of aboriginal title, Alaska Natives received fee simple absolute title, or traditional western title, to a smaller area of land and the sum of $962.5 million as compensation for this extinguishment.
Be able to identify the main periods of contact between Europeans/Americans and Alaska Native peoples.
Aleut people came into contact with Russian fur-traders in 1760, were enslaved (to hunt sea otters), and nearly exterminated (along with the otters.)
Be able to identify who the Unangan people are - what other name are they known by, and where do they live?
Aleuts; Aleutian Islands, 1300 mile long chain that stretches from the Alaskan Peninsula west almost to Russia language- branched off from the Eskimo-Aleut family subsistence- sealife bc there are few trees or land-dwelling animals
Be able to compare and contrast the origin of Athabascan cultures with those of other SW cultures.
Apache peoples are related to Navajo people linguistically,but culturally they are different. They are both pastoralists, but Navajo people raise sheep, whereas Apache people raise cattle today and traditionally were nomadic raiders of other tribes who preferred horses to sheep. Other Southern Athabaskan tribes followed different economic pursuits, although the Western Apache, like the Navajo, borrowed from Puebloan cultures and took up farming. Eastern Apaches were horsemen & raiders of livestock (and people for the slave trade), and ferocious warriors.
Be able to outline the Inuit perspective on whaling today.
Beluga whales were the main type they hunted. They are not that big. Inupiaq culture has revolved around Beluga whales for centuries, and they have special permission to hunt them today, in limited quantities, using traditional technology.
Which culture area is the most culturally diverse?
California
Be able to identify what other countries Inuit people reside in, in addition to the US and Canada.
Canada (Greenland); United States (Alaska); Aleutian Islands; Russia (Siberia)
Be able to explain the reason for the intensity of intertribal trade and contact within the central and southern regions of the PNW.
Central region: This area was densely packed with tribes prior to contact with Europeans, and a hopping center of trade with tribes as far away as the Plains and into Canada, both before and after contact, due to the many rivers and waterways (the early equivalent of highways,) which go deep into the interior forests. Southern region: The Columbia river was a major trade area for tribes as well as Europeans, who used the Chinook trade jargon to communicate
Be able to discuss factors which influenced the movement of some tribes, such as the Cheyenne, which historically lived in the Northeast, to the Plains.
Cheyenne- Pressure from their enemies( Assiniboine and Cree) who were armed with guns and the hope of an easier life as buffalo hunters
Be able to describe the impact of the Mission Period on the various culture areas of California.
Contact with Europeans occurred during the Mission era, which was devastating for most Californian tribes.The Spanish not only brought new diseases, but also cattle which ate up all their food staples. Indian "neophytes" (baptized Indians) were forced to labor for the missions and not allowed to leave..
Be able to explain the relation between crest art and oral tradition.
Crest art typically represents a story, or oral tradition. Often the story is part of a family's history.
define the term "ecological release" and explain its relevance to the dramatic decrease in American Indian populations.
Ecological release occurs when a species is introduced to an environment other than its native habitat, the foreign species will either establish a local population, or die out from the region.
All Southeastern tribes except the Cherokee peacefully submitted to the federal policy of Indian Removal to Oklahoma.
False
The Kwakwaka'wakw people people of the Pacific Northwest have embraced fish-farming as a viable new industry which supports their traditional culture.
False
Under the allotment policy, tribes benefited from an increase in tribal territory.
False
Be able to explain how the Pick-Sloan plan has impacted tribes in this culture area.
Filling the dams involved flooding which made a lot of native americans have to relocate created new ecosystems to which plants and animals have been forced to adapt.
California tribes were the victims of an official policy of genocide during which historical period:
Goldrush
In which of the following culture areas were tribes nomadic hunters and gatherers rather than sedentary villagers, due to the harsh environment:
Great Basin
Be able to explain the reasons for and results of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA.)
In 1958, Alaska became a state, and nearly 1/3 of it's land was declared "state land" although no treaties were ever signed, and Native territories were not clarified. In 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) created 13 native corporations, each with a limited territory. But Alaska has no reservations*. Each tribe received a share of close to a billion dollars instead.
Be able to discuss the impact of the federal policy of Termination on California Indian peoples.
In California, this process involved convincing tribes to vote on a plan to divide communal tribal property into parcels to be distributed to members. Distributees would receive title to their lands and be free to sell it and be obliged to pay property tax from that time forward *Chronically high unemployment rates soon forced many to sell their lands. Many BIA services like health and education were abruptly ended for all Indians in the state.
Be able to define term "riparian environment".
In the Great Basin area riparian environments are particularly important especially as food sources- that is, river bank environments, although in desert regions the term tends to be used more broadly to include temporary water courses such as gullies and washes that receive run-off water from the mountains during the wet season. Even when these washes are dry, they tend to retain a higher moisture content in the soil. The result is an unusually lush vegetation compared with that on the surrounding land.
Be able to identify the First Nations groups in this culture area- those who reside in Canada.
Innu are a First Nations (Indian) group located in northeastern Quebec and central Labrador.
how did the Columbian Exchange lead to a 90% decrease in American Indian populations?
It brought diseases to the new world that they indians had never been exposed to Diseases: Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold
Outline the Federal government's rationalization for removing Southeastern tribes to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) as well as the contradictions inherent in this rationalization.
Jackson's argument for the Removal Act was that Eastern tribes were still "primitive hunters" who would be better off some other place away from Western civilization. Click here to read some of his annual message on the subject:
Be able to describe the particular hardship imposed on the Unanagan people during WWII - why were they relocated to internment camps, and how did this experience impact them?
June 1942- When the Japanese bombed Dutch Harbor, they took a small group of Unangan people off the island of Attu as prisoners of war US response- remove almost 900 natives from the island and transport them to internment camps is SE Alaska; US troops set fire to their homes and churches so the Japanese couldn't gain a foothold *could not return home until after the war ended with Japan in 1945
Be able to describe the history of treaty rights to continue traditional subsistence activities such as fishing and sea-mammal hunting for PNW peoples in the 20th century. Why did many tribes in this culture area stage protests concerning these rights in the 1960s and 70s? How have they been impacted by the Boldt Decision?
Many of the PNW tribes fought for federal recognition in the 1960-70's so they could continue their traditional subsistence activities. 1974- Boldt Decision: restored to tribes ancestral lands and treaty-protected fishing-rights, providing some with new economic opportunities.
why were the "five civilized tribes" given this label by the dominant culture?
Most powerful tribes; These five tribes had assimilated many aspects of European culture over 200 years of contact, including European farming methods (plantation farming), literacy, and European forms of government and law.
Which of the following entire tribes were incarcerated by the US government for four years in 1864:
Navajo
Be able to identify the subsistence strategy most suited to this culture area, and its relevance for Great Basin tribes' social organization.
People in the Great basin area were mainly nomadic foragers who made a seasonal round from one food source to another. Small family groups came together infrequently for winter camp and ceremonial gatherings. People in this culture area congregated in times and places of resource abundance and dispersed when resources were less available. From spring through fall, people traveled in small family bands, fishing and gathering green plants. Late in the summer, they would process and store seeds and dried meat and fish. During the late fall, several family bands would gather to harvest ripe pine seeds, also a storable staple. People gathered together in large groups during the winter, usually in the mountain foothills or river valleys near firewood, water, and game, and subsisted primarily on stored foods.
The federal scheme to divert water from the Missouri river and construct 6 dams all of which flooded Plains tribal reservations is known as the:
Pick-Sloane plan
Be able to identify the roles that Pope and Diego de Vargas played in the Pueblo Revolt and its aftermath.
Pope-Led by Popé, a medicine man from the pueblo of San Juan south of Taos pueblo; The dynamic leader had engineered the most successful Indian uprising in the history of the West. The Pueblo Indians remained independent for a dozen years and during that time, Popé ordered the eradication of almost every vestige of the Roman Catholic Church. He also penalized Spanish language use and discouraged surnames - and even preached against using the plow, a Spanish tool. Vargas-lead the reconquest of the territory in 1692 following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.
Be able to explain the significance of potlatch ceremonies in PNW culture.
Potlatches were traditional ceremonies held for important events such as weddings, funerals, naming ceremonies, etc. and were hosted by wealthy families who would give away much of their wealth to their guests. Importantly, however, the guests were also wealthy.
Be able to discuss how social status was achieved through the redistribution of wealth in PNW societies.
Potlatches- nobles acquired wealth and redistributed goods freely to guests at potlatches, held on special occasions. -nobles traced their high status to ancestral spirits
Be able to describe the events of the Pueblo revolt of 1680 and its impact on the Spanish.
Pueblo Revolt, 1680 The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 occurred in the Pueblo Region, which is present day New Mexico. The spanish came in and tried to force the people to convert to christianity. They arrest the pueblo holy men and some of them are put to death. As revenge, Pope (a pueblo man), leads a revolt against the spanish and kill 400 spaniards all together and 35 priests. The spanish are forced to leave the area. The significance is: when the spanish arrive 13 years later, they realize they cannot force the pueblo to christianity. For a time they lived in harmony with one another.
Be able to identify at least one form through which California tribes may express cultural sovereignty.
Self-determination as a federal policy means that tribes are now encouraged to run all of their own government affairs without any interference from the US government. But this is difficult to do, for example instituting tribal courts, police, schools, health centers, etc., with very limited economic development.
Which of the following tribes was pushed onto the plains after the arrival of Europeans?
Sioux
Be able to outline the content of the 1850 Act for the Protection of CA Indians and its impact on California Indian peoples
The 1850 "Act for the Government and Protection of Indians" made it legal for whites to keep Indian children as 'apprentices," illegal for Indians to be unemployed, legal for whites to indenture Indians when jailed, and impossible for Indians to testify in court against white people, so they could not turn to the law for help when these laws were abused. * "better" than alternative practice of killing all the adults for bounties
Be able to explain the impact which the federal policy period of Allotment had on Plains tribes' reservations.
The Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Act, named for Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts, the Act's lead proponent) was applied to reservations whenever, in the president's opinion, it was advantageous for particular Indian nations. Members of the selected tribe or reservation were either given permission to select pieces of land—usually around 40 to 160 acres in size - for themselves and their children, or the tracts were assigned by the agency superintendent. If the amount of reservation land exceeded the amount needed for allotment, the federal government could negotiate to purchase the land from the tribes and sell it to non-Indian settlers. As a result, 60 million acres were either ceded outright or sold to the government for non-Indian homesteaders and corporations as "surplus lands."
Be able to describe the impact of the goldrush on California Indian peoples.
The Goldrush, Which began in 1848. Changes brought on by the massive influx of gold miners affected the way Indians had traditionally procured their food, leading to raiding of mining camps for food, and the miners retaliated with violence. The Goldrush affected Northern CA Indian peoples more so than Southern CA, but gold mining also went on in SoCal -By 1851, the California governor supported a policy of Indian extermination in response to problems caused by miners.
Be able to explain how the geography of the Great Basin area is related to its name.
The Great Basin culture area is bounded on the West by the Sierras and the East by the Rockies. Mountains keep out the wind from the Pacific, as well as the clouds and the rain. It's hot and dry for the most part, except for the higher elevations and around its many lakes.
Be able to explain how the natural resources in this culture area led to the development of elaborate social organization, wealth, and art.
The abundance of salmon also made it possible for so many people to live here, and to develop elaborate societies (as seen in social stratification and art, among other things) since they had a comparatively high degree of wealth, due to rich natural resources such as salmon and wood.
Which of the following federal policy periods is the reason why many tribes from the Southeast culture area are located in Oklahoma:
The federal policy of relocation.
Be able to identify which major annual ceremony is practiced by Inuit peoples.
The most important annual ceremony for Eskimo people is the "bladder ceremony." Traditionally, they believed that the soul of animals is in the bladder, so they save all the bladders from animals caught that year and release them back into the ocean during this ceremony, so they can be reborn into new bodies.
Be able to explain the "Pristine Myth" and its connection to the Columbian Exchange.
The myth persists that in 1492 the Americas were a sparsely populated wilderness, -a world of barely perceptible human disturbance.-
Be able to identify which " First Nations" tribes live across the border in Canadian Plains culture area.
There were eight principal tribes of First Nations who inhabited Canada's plains. Of these, the Blackfoot, Blood, Peigan, Gros Ventre and Plains Cree spoke languages belonging to the Algonkian language family. The Assiniboine and Sioux spoke languages belonging to the Siouan family. The Sarcee spoke an Athapaskan language.
Be able to give and explain one example of cultural syncretism between Spanish colonial culture and a southwestern indigenous culture.
Today, examples of cultural syncretism are obvious in many of the pueblos, and found in both missions and some ceremonies, such as the matachines dance, which originally came from Spain and was part of the Catholic Mardi Gras ceremony. Another good example of cultural synmcretism is at Zuni pueblo, where the interior of the Mission is painted with giant Zuni kachinas (like these.)
Andrew Jackson's rationalization for Indian Removal was that they were still savages who needed to be protected from white settlers and state governments and allowed time to "become civilized" at a distance.
True
Kumeyaay people are culturally and linguistically related to Yuman peoples in the Southwest culture area.
True
Pacific Northwest "crest art" is a material representation of families' oral traditions related to their clans.
True
The 21 missions up and down the coast of California were built by the slave labor of thousands of California Indians.
True
The dramatic decrease of American Indian populations after contact with Europeans may be attributed to the concept of "ecological release."
True
Tribal societies in the Pacific Northwest had stratified social class systems.
True
What is an example of a change affecting a species other than man in the Americas following the dramatic decrease in American Indian populations?
With few Native Americans left, the American landscapes were no longer being regulated. "Not only did invading endive and rats beset them, but native species, too, burst and blasted, freed from constraints by the disappearance of native americans"
Be able to identify which tribes belong to the Yuman language family, including those in California.
Yuman tribes include the Kumeyaay (or Diegueno), Mojave, Cocopah, & Maricopa, and others farther north along the Colorado river (Hualapai, Havasupai, Yavapai). Many Yuman tribes are agricultural and all of them lived along the Colorado river, watering their crops of corn, beans and squash with the river. Yuman tribes in California are less so, as it makes more sense to gather wild plants in California, but more on that later.
Which of the following is a riparian environment:
a river bank
Which of the following aspects of Western culture did the Cherokee tribe adopt as part of a nonviolent policy of assimilation prior to their removal:
all of these things
Be able to define the term "pastoralism" and connect it to the appropriate SW cultures.
branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep (Navajo, Apache)
define the term "Columbian Exchange" and give examples of things which were exchanged in each direction.
dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. From New World to Old World: Turkeys Corn Tobacco syphilis From the Old World to New World: horses cattle Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria
Be able to compare and contrast the major cultural groups of Alaska Native people in terms of the natural resources they have access to, subsistence strategies, and social organization.
eskimo- inuit- Dene- Aleut
What were the economic pursuits of Southeastern tribes during this period (prior to removal: 1700-1850)?
mainly corn; agriculture
Which of the following diseases were part of the Columbian exchange FROM the New World TO the Old World:
syphilis
Be able to identify the 3 ancient civilizations of the SW culture area
the Anasazi, the Mogollon, and the Hohokam.
Be able to identify the 4 cultural/linguistic groups of the Southwest culture area
the Pueblos, the 'O'odham, Athabascans, Yumans.
According to Mann, which of the following is most likely responsible for the huge numbers of passenger pigeons seen in the 1800s in North America?
the dramatic decrease of a keystone species: man.
Be able to identify one way that tribal gaming plays a role in the development of tribal sovereignty.
tribal game industry generates so much revenue that it can provide sufficient income for tribes despite the inequities of tax law and the disadvantages of most reservation locations.
Be able to outline the history of the federal government's first failed attempt at creating 18 treaties with CA tribes.
with about 60 tribes (not all of them by far)- a total of 18 treaties were negotiated (in purple on this map). But California politicians lobbied Washington not to ratify these treaties, and instead they were sealed and stashed away in Sacramento for another 50 years
