Sectionalism and Civil War
The Growing Division over Slavery and States Rights
As the U.S. expanded westward, the conflict over slavery grew more bitter and threatened to tear the country apart. New England religious leaders opposed slavery as a violation of Christian principles.
The Women's Suffrage Movement
At the same time the abolitionist movement grew, another reform movement grew to give equal rights to women. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony - both advocated women's suffrage before the Civil War and continued with the movement after the war
The Growing Division over Slavery and States Rights 2
Southerners grew frightened of Northern abolitionism. Southerners who favored abolition were intimidated into silence. The admission of new states led to conflict over the expansion of slavery.
Lincoln's Warning
"A house divided against itself cannot stand." The nation could not continue half-slave and half-free.
Impact of Civil War and Reconstruction (Political Impact)
-Lincoln's view that the United States was one nation indivisible had prevailed. - Lincoln believed that since secession was illegal, the Confederate governments in the Southern states were illegitimate and the states had never really left the Union -Lincoln believed that Reconstruction was a matter of quickly restoring legitimate state governments that were loyal to the Union in the Southern states. -Lincoln believed that once the war was over, the government should not punish the South but act with "malice towards none, with charity for all, in order to "bind up the nation's wounds" and reunify the country.
New Technologies
-Telegraph—much faster communication - Railroad—Rapid, high capacity overland transport --- Ironclads—Battle of Monitor and Merrimack (Virginia) first combat between ships covered in iron/steel - Submarine—First combat kill by a submarine (CSS Hunley) -Earthworks—While not new, the increasing accuracy of guns led soldiers to start building trenches. Battle of --Petersburg had extensive trench network.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, and Stephen Douglas, a Democrat, debated the spread of slavery and popular sovereignty in the Illinois Senate campaign. Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery while Douglas favored popular sovereignty. Lincoln gained national attention.
Ft. Sumter
Civil War begins when Confederates attack Union forces at Ft.Sumter.
Robert E. Lee
Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia 1. Lee opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force 2. Lee urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again when some Southerners wanted to fight on after Appomattox
Vicksburg
Divided South in two along Mississippi River
Petersburg
Final major battle, Richmond feel after this battle
Battle of Bull Run
First major battle of war, CSA victory prevented easy defeat of the South
Frederick Douglass
Former slave who became a prominent black abolitionist and urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves and free blacks to fight in the Union army
Emancipation Proclamation Effect
Freed slaves located in seceded Southern states still in rebellion against the federal government -Made the abolition of slavery a Northern war aim -Discouraged the interference of European nations (England, France)
Sherman's March to the Sea
General Sherman (USA) used total war tactics burning large amount of the south to hamper southern war effort
William Lloyd Garrison
Led abolitionist movement in the north, published the liberator.
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln described the Civil War as a struggle to preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that all men were created equal -Lincoln argued that America was a nation ruled "of the people, by the people, and for the people." -Lincoln believed that America was one nation, not a collection of sovereign states and rejected the Southern belief that the states had freely joined the Union and could freely leave.
Antietam
Major battle stopped Lee's first invasion of the North.
Abraham Lincoln
President of the U.S. during the war who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary
Nullification
Southerners argued that individual states could nullify laws passed by Congress
Secession
Southerners argued that states had entered the Union freely and could leave freely if they chose.
Economic Divisions
The Northern states developed an industrial economy based on manufacturing. Northern states favored high protective tariffs to protect manufacturers from foreign competition. The Southern states developed an agricultural economy based on slavery and small subsistence farmers. The South strongly opposed high tariffs that made the price of manufactured goods more expensive.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Tom's Cabin. Best seller that changed sentiment on slavery in the north.
Ulysses S. Grant
Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several Union commanders had failed
Gettysburg
Union victory and turning point of the war. Stopped second invasion of North. South on defensive after this
Shiloh
Western theater battle killed more people in two days than all previous US Wars Combined
Dred Scott Case
a decision by the Supreme Court declaring that slaves were property and could be legally taken into any free state and still remain in bondage. This overturned the efforts to limit the spread of slavery
The Missouri Compromise of 1820:
a.) Admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state b.) Drew an east-west line through the Louisiana Purchase with slavery prohibited above the line and allowed below the line, except that slavery was allowed in which was Missouri north of the line.
The Compromise of 1850
a.) California admitted as a free state, b.) New territories acquired from Mexico would decide for themselves, c.) Fugitive Slave Law was passed d.) Slave trade was outlawed in Washington, D.C.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
a.) Repealed the Missouri Compromise b.) Allowed the people of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether to allow slavery in their states (popular sovereignty).
Seneca Falls Declaration
adopted by convention at Seneca Falls (1848) called for equal rights for women.
"Bleeding Kansas"
bloody fighting in Kansas as pro- and anti-slavery forces battled each other
The Republican Party
former in 1854 in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Emancipation Proclamation
issued after the Battle of Antietam, freed slaves in CSA states (among other things)
Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser
led slave revolts in Virginia, increased Southern fears and led to harsh laws in the South against fugitive slaves.
Election of Lincoln (1860)
led to the secession of 7 southern states who feared that Lincoln would abolish slavery
Fugitive Slave Law
required slaves who escaped to free states to be forcibly returned to their owners in the South.
Appomattox
site of Lee's surrender to Grant
