semester1

we all socialize on a regular basis, well most of us. socializing is an activity that happens every single day when we speak with other people. socialization is the process upon which we are taught, shown and educated on the social expectations, the norms of our society and how to properly engage or not engage in certain behaviors within our groups of society and within our own shared perspectives of culture.

"socializing" vs socialization

Authoritarian-Do what I say Democratic-What do you think Laissez-faire-"Leave it alone" , Do what you want

3 styles of leadership

Social integration - bonds that hold people in society together division of labor - the way society's work is structured (organic/mechanical) A crime is a crime because we condemn it, An act offends the common consciousness because we say it does, not because it is criminal. Mechanical solidarity -collective conscience holds people together, all doing similar jobs Organic solidarity -economic and social differences hold society together, all doing specialized tasks and have different values Breaking socially conditioned ideas are not punished as harshly, focus on allowing people to live with different perspectives as one is more utilized. Anomie -sense of normlessness when moving from mechanical to organic, more complex society

Durkheim's Social Integration

the social system, action theory, the structure of social action, AGIL paradigm. viewed to be one of the most important figures in the structural functionalist school of sociological thought till the 60's and 70's when he fell out of favor.

Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)

Lenski: shared culture driven by technology - different types of production and culture Marx: conflict and coercion from elites - more exploitative (now is the end of history) Weber: shared worldviews - traditional to rationalized Durkheim: internalized solidarity - solidarity based on likeness to interdependence

What holds societies together/why do they look the way they do? - How have they changed?

A process where we construct a sense of who we are based on interactions with others

a self

ones that we earn or choose, voluntary

achieved status

Americans value personal achievement, especially outdoing others

achievement and success (American values)

People in the same place/same time. (ex: standing in line at dutch)

aggregates

strives for subjectivity by social researchers as they work to represent social processes, cultural norms and societal values. lead researchers no longer trying to generalize or predict but to systematically gain and in-depth u dee standing of social worlds.

antipositivism

ones that we are given and don't have control over, assigned/involuntary

ascribed status

process of coming to believe that humanly created social forms are natural, universal or absolute things (culture/society)

concept of "re-ify"

which paradigm of sociology views society as a structured system based on inequality?

conflict theory

when the material culture is created and time it takes for nonmaterial culture to catch up

culture lag

in class we talked about how people who drive in England and Australia drive on the left side of the road, and how Americans (and many other cultures) drive on the right side of the road. to say that England and Australia drive on the "wrong side" of the road would be seen as?

ethnocentrism

A group we feel belonging to. Connects to your values, it is a part of "Who" you are. positive or negative. Positive - Spurs group unity, connection to similar goals (alumni, sports teams, greek like, unions, etc) Negative - Can encourage Ethnocentrism (KKK, neo-nazis, nazi party, racists, etc) In-Groups can have the concept of, "They are not like us". This type of belief system can spark groups of hate, or segregation.

in-group

societies growth is based on the struggle of different social classes is a view by?

karl marx

when there are competing roles within the same status (student)

role strain

many contributions to the field of functionalism including Strain Theory as well as pointing out that social processes often have many functions

Robert Merton (1910-2003)

Solomon Asch's Experiment explored the power of group unity, and how far people will go to not "stand out" even if they know they are wrong. The size of Groups and the ability to "Speak Out Loud" makes a huge impact on a persons ability to say what they "truly feel" versus what "The Group Says".

Asch experiment - 1950s

believed that conflict can help integrate and stabilize a society. works were vast, and one of his major contributions was that on group dynamics and their size and how that impacts and changes based on the size of the group. The Stranger: not too close to the group, yet not completely distant

Georg Simmel (1858- 1918)

whereas Cooley engaged the concept of how the world views us, Mead looked towards the discovery of "self" and how this is constructed through socialization and is not something we are born with understanding of and is drafted through the eyes of others as well. the ability to understand "self" allows for the discovery of "self-awareness" or our position in society and in groups of culture. Mead broke the discovery of "The Self" into 3 stages: Preparatory Stage, Play Stage, Game Stage.

George Herbert Mead (1863 - 1931) Psychological Perspectives on Self-Development

within a study, a researcher would define one form of behavior as the IV, and observe the influence this IV has on the DV. for example, how does gender (IV) affect rate of income (DV)? how does studying (IV) impact a students final grade (DV)?

iv vs. dv

The one that stands out the most (depends on the context of the situation)

master status

a Church would be considered _____ Culture, while the lessons, values and beliefs learned would be seen as ____ Culture.

material culture, non-material culture

highly necessary - type of norm. these are laws, and actions agreed to be wrong to violate. you can think of More with the association of "Moral" like stealing from a store it is known to be socially wrong and criminal.

mores

if you believe a certain idea, even if it's false, it may become real to you! Our moral codes are created by a, "Successive definition of a situation". -Merton. Even a false idea can become true, if it is acted upon...

self-fulfilling prophecy

language shapes our reality: "If a person cannot describe the experience, the person is not having the experience." no two languages represent the same social reality. things get lost in translation

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity hypothesis)

assuming one's culture constitutes the norm and/or is superior to others

ethnocentrism

when there are competing roles between 2 or more statuses (student and employee)

role conflict

Primary groups -Informal leadership Secondary groups -More formal roles

roles

has been called the founder of Modern Conflict Theory. his works on the Power Elite and the Middle Class has been a topic of interest and importance. is credited with coining the term "Grand Theory" as well as "The Sociological Imagination" notable works of his include The Sociological Imagination (1959), White Collar (1951), The Power Elite (1956)

C. Wright Mills

lead to the fields of research methods Qualitative Sociology (seeks to understand human behavior by learning through in person/ in depth interviews) and Quantitative Sociology (seeks to use statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants)

Weber's work w/ Antipositivism vs. Positivism

the practice in preparation of future things we'll do in life. As we talked about this is the understanding of what you are expected to obtain, achieve or be apart of based on Groups/Societies you are within. This is connected to Race, Gender and Class. Depending on which of these various groups you are within you can have entirely different expectations on whom you will be, expected to be and actually will be. Socio-Economic factors, Race and Gender play a role into the ability to obtain or not obtain these goals and what is "expected" of you by the General Society.

anticipatory socialization

which of these people is viewed to be the founder of sociology?

auguste comte

what is considered true or real- based on blind faith, experiences, traditions, science. what do we believe leads to happiness or success?

beliefs

1. The Rational structure that Weber studied as the "ideal" type of formal organization 2. Hierarchy of authority 3. Clear division of labor 4. Explicit Rules 5. Impersonality 6. Meritocracy

bureaucracy

social Movement Groups are seen more commonly to be a _______, Whereas if you listen to Rap Music, Emo Music or are a Video gamer to name a few this would be seen as a _____

counter-culture, sub-culture

go against the mainstream culture in some way. examples: people who seek alternative sources than the mainstream media, or trusted resources. individuals who choose to homeschool their children which goes against the standard of public/private education with other children

countercultures

Americans want "majority role", to the right of everyone to express an opinion

democracy (American values)

the effect, of thing that is changed

dependent variable

what is the name of the variable that changes, or has the effect happen to it?

dependent variable

responsibility on those who take ideas and customs from other cultures

diffusion and appropriation

these are established, written rules. these are strictly enforced based on cultural values. laws, employee manuals, exam requirements, and signs like "No Diving", or "Masks Required"

formal norms

The Generation Z has grown up in a time of turbulence and instability mixed with hope for a better future. Disruption and change have been the norm. With no experience in pre-digital world, Gen Z Members are digital Natives! In fact, Gen Z has never lived in a world where the internet did not exist. They were literally born in the digital age. As a result, global events have actively shaped this generations view of the world. Impacted by Terrorism and having never been alive during a time without some type of war going on it plays a role into their entire understanding of the world. Socialization for Generation Z is understood as digital and physical. There has never been a time, within their lives, where digital wasn't an option for connection. The idea of smart phones have always been a reality, and this has been used as an innovation as well as a control factor for knowing where children are at all times which has decreased a child's autonomy or ability to act without being tracked. A generation that grew up seeing that the "Political Landscape" can be changed with an election of Barack Obama provided the insight that the government could be changed, or bettered. Without the social engineering of believing in "American Exceptionalism" many Gen-Z do not have the same type of "connection" as past generations with their love of America. A epidemic of Gun Violence that Millennials saw with Columbine, but at a higher and more dangerous rate the fear of school shootings has become a sad and jarring norm. Unlike the Millennials before them the economy had already been deeply impacted, and the idea of shared Family Responsibilities was a normality within their lives. Climate Change wasn't a debate more of a reality seen on a day-to-day basis and higher educational obtainment has shown to be a norm within their generation. New Career's have been shown to the Generation Z as the idea of "Influencer, YouTuber, TikTok'er and many more was not a "fun thought" but a lucrative concept. A generation with Social Movements at the core of their being they have not just read about movements, but have been within them for many of the Older Generation Z's. Racial Equality, Gender Equality, LGBTQIA+ Activist and Social Rights advocates Generation Z has been apart of the change at even a younger age. Media for the Generation Z has been widely multi Platform with Phones, Tablets and Streaming services being the choice for consumption of media, and unlimited access to media when and however they'd like to consume has made a generation of "Now" and less understanding of "waiting" as they are wired in, and connected to everything. Zoomers have grown up with less freedom of movement with digital tracking tools (phone) allowing over protective parenting to know their every move. •Climate Change, Social Unrest, Pandemics, Economic Crisis and Housing Booms have given Zoomers a "hazy" outlook on life, also the Legal Marijuana made the harder to see through the Fog. •Raised by both Older Millennials and Generation X the Zoomers have a combination of two "emotionally exhausted" Generations. X'ers with a chip on their shoulder having Boomer Values and Millennials with trust issues from their socialization has provided a interesting and dynamic generation of thinkers and innovators.

gen-z socialization

2 or more people who interact and have a shared identity (ex: group projects)

groups

wouldn't have automobile fatalities or accidents, murders, racism, gender inequalities or homophobia

ideal culture

Americans value "doing it yourself"

individualism (American values)

larger, structural concerns

macro-level issues

biology, genetics, traits we are born with•Maybe you've been told you were a born "Star" or "Athlete". nature is the concept that you are "born this way" and that you inherited genetic benefits, or just understood this from the moment you reach maturation stage to be capable of larger understandings. you can just think of the Lady Gaga song, and it has a fairly good example of this quote! historically this has been seen in positive and in negative ways.

nature

Elyse Schein & Paula Bernstein (Twins Separated at Birth). as per your readings these Twins that were separated at birth, but once meeting each other viewed it as if they were "looking in a mirror". similar behaviors were shown between them both and it is studies like these that show or point to the idea of nature or genetic factors that govern our lives and choices.

nature and nurture

when you look to define a concept in terms of the physical or concrete steps it takes to objectively measure it what is this process called?

operational definition

Riding a bike, Table Manners, "Birds and The Bee's", Political views and much more

parents/guardians teach you all the small and big things

a broad framework, or paradigm

perspective

the behavior/expectation associated with the status. We occupy a status, and we play a role

role

A Group of exemplary "Goals" for comparison to achieve towards oneself. "You two are couple goals, If I am going to be "Successful" I need to be more like..., Stephen has 1.5 Million Followers.. I must be more like him." Success is a perspective, either in life or work. You compare your merits to those around you, and you build the "Self" you want to make off of the idea of what you feel success "is" based on your own Perspective. Remember Society is Subjective, and our Perspectives are not the same as the person next to you, nor is a success.

reference groups

can be repeated w/ the same results

reliability

when something can be done repeatedly with the same results it is called __? when the study actually measures what you want it to measure it is called __?

reliability, validity

When a person must go through a new socialization process to take on a new identity Two stages: Lose the old - Degradation Ceremony (Take existing Material/Non-Material Culture away) Learn the new - Uniforms, Numbers and other articles of control to remove individuality and enforce the norms of the institution as a Social Control.

resocialization

the groups, cultures, education and obtainment rations, ethnicities and genders to name a few are crucial and important to the results of date when conducting surveys, and companies pay tens of thousands of dollars to obtain responses from diverse and selective groups when attempting to find trends, patterns and behaviors to use for marketing and data collection

sample

innovation, innovation and more innovation. better, faster, stronger and more practical at all steps

science & technology (American values)

if you want to do a study on a topic that has been done before, using existing data for resources is called?

secondary research

"super mores" - type of norm. these are much more serious violations such as murder, or incest and are seen as more than deviant and are ethically and morally wrong and are punished severely for breaking.

taboos

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

types of Strain Theory

what is considered good or "valuable"- like happiness, individual freedom, consumption, security

values

what is the term Weber used to express the importance of different points of view?

verstehen

assuming another culture is superior to your own

xenocentrism

"French/Spanish Wine is the only good Wine!" "The Best, or Nothing.. German Cars"

xenocentrism phrases

Base of society is economic, everything else is built off of it

Marx's economic base and superstructure

adaptation, goal attainment, integration and pattern maintenance. how Parsons viewed social systems with four basic functional prerequisites

AGIL

Americans tend to think their food is the "norm", and when they travel many times come home to complain about what was strange to them, but it is not strange to the culture/society visited. views governed by your reality being held to the golden standard is Ethnocentrism

American Ethnocentrism

in the 1970's, sociologist Robin M. Williams made a list of 12 core American values which were- individualism, achievement and success, material comfort, activity and work, practicality and efficiency, progress, science and technology, democracy, freedom, equality, racism and group superiority, and humanitarianism

American values

wrote the Sociological Imagination in 1959

C. Wright Mills

Yes; Aggregates/Categories are viewed as Non-Groups, but during times of Crisis... Shared Experience can unify people to become close and rely on one another. When people experience a shared pain, or experience it builds social bonds that help establish a framework of unity. Creating a group.

Can a Non-Group become a Group?

Yes; Neither Primary or Secondary Groups have set/strict definitions or limits. Cohorts in Schools can become close friends, Co-Workers can become like family... and Family can become as distant as strangers.

Can these Primary & Secondary Groups become Interchanged?

Ideologically rational and characterized by large, reasonable organizations. Bureaucracy is the epitome. Capitalism is a cultural movement

Capitalism in Weber's View

Gilligan challenged Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development on the basis of Gender Bias as she viewed that his sample was not diverse enough in the ratio of Gender. in fact it had no female representation at all. She sought to look into Moral Development with more inclusion of women within her study. her research showed great promise and connection to the roles we play and how gender impacts them, but had a small sample size which lead to the challenge of her reliability and validity. Gilligan's challenge of Kohlberg's work was proven to be Scientifically discredited, but she explained and showed in later work that what this did show was that the two norms of justice served different purposes. in her perspective, neither her study, or Kohlberg's study were "better" as they showed different perspectives in how Gender plays into the role obtainment connected to the socialization of how we are to act in the world around us based on if we are raised as boys, or girls. Gilligan goes to explain that many times boys are socialized for a work environment where rules make operations run smoothly, while girls are socialized for a home environment where flexibility allows for harmony in caretaking and nurturing. when looking at this we can see that the world around us play many different games, roles, perspectives and understandings. how we are taught, educated and informed plays a large part into who we are within the grand picture of the world as a whole. gender, socio-economic status, geographical location and much, much more plays into the decision of who we are, and who we become

Carol Gilligan (1936 - Present) Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development and Gender

Cooley was a pioneer within the field of perspectives. He asserted that people's self-understanding is constructed by how people view them within society. "The Looking Glass Self" is one of his most famed and popular concepts of Cooley's allowing people to look at how the world sees us is not necessarily how we see ourselves, but how we are told we are plays into the construction of our identity or "self". the self is a constructed concept, and using Cooley's view we can see the vast impact that "others" play into this.

Charles Cooley (1864 - 1929) Psychological Perspectives on Self-Development

(1902) Need others to react to us in order to know who we are 3 steps: Imagine what others think of us, interpret their reactions, come up with our self based on what we conclude about that interaction

Charles H. Cooley Looking Glass Self

noted for his dislike at the various divisions in the sociological community around methodology. preferred an empirical and observational approach to the use of statistics. when it came to studying society, he emphasized the importance of using sympathetic introspection when trying to understand the consciousness of an individual. very well known, in this day and age, for his works on "The Looking Glass Self" (I am, who I think you think, that I am). within this book Social Organizations (1909) he formulated the crucial role of Primary groups (family, playgroups, and community of elders) as the source of one's morals, sentiments, and ideals. social process (1918) emphasized the non-rational, tentative nature of social organizations and the significance of social competition

Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)

these Orgs are not based on shared Interests or Voluntary methods. Prisons, Rehabs, Psychiatric Wards, Etc.. Goffman Called These, "Total Institutions".

Coercive Organizations (Non-Voluntary Orgs) formal organizations

"No one tastes the blood in the treats" -Emerson

Commodity Fetishism

the non financial assets that help you succeed In the world. books in childhood teaches "value" of education, Giving Tree can impact your view points as you grow up. These things matter.

Cultural Capital - P. Bourdieu

Durkheim viewed society as, "Greater than the sum of its parts" "If I do not submit to the conventions of society, if in my dress I do not conform to the customs observed in my country and in my class, the ridicule I provoke, the social isolation in which I am kept, produce, although in an attenuated form, the same effects as punishment" (Durkheim 1895)

Durkheim's Concepts

the theory that as societies get bigger and more complex, it becomes more integrated is by?

Emilie Durkheim

helped to solidify sociology as its own field of study. his works on Suicide research and connection to religious groups as opposed to individual action (psych. vs soc.) demonstrated the effectiveness of his rules of social research. wrote Rules of the Sociological Method (1895), Division of Labour in Society (1893), and Suicide (1897). sociologists used objective social facts to understand society and through this method it would be possible to determine if a society was healthy or pathological.

Emilie Durkheim (1858-1917)

If the number of links per node is small the network is fragmented, but when you pass the threshold of 1 link per node the entire behavior changes and you start to see clustering. Small World Network created

Erdo's Buttons & Thread "Social Networks"

Similar to Piaget, Erikson is seen to be one of the leading experts in the field of development of "self" from a Psychological Perspective. his stages of development hold importance to this day. he has been challenged on various perspectives of his view (his understanding of end of life stages) but many still hold his views, theories and concepts as highly accurate and valid. he built his ideas on the works of Freud, but differed on how personalities continued over time as he viewed that they could change over time, and were never truly finished. Erikson believed in 8 stages of development. it starts at birth while ending at one's death. Erikson believed that people move through the stages throughout their lives and in contrast to Freudian theory Erikson's view towards self-development gave more credit to social aspects rather than psychosexual stages or human urges.

Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994) Psychological Perspectives on Self-Development

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust. Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt. Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority. Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion. Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation. Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation. Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair. Erikson is a good example of Psychological insight having more of a "Social Psychological" understanding which can be, in many ways, a connection between Sociology as well as Psychology working together.

Erikson's 8 stages

which theorist talks about the idea that we all show different sides of ourselves to the world based on which side of the stage we are being viewed from. think Front Stage versus Back Stage.

Erving Goffman

most known for his concept of Dramaturgical Approach or analysis is based on subjectivity. used the method of Ethnography- which is observing social interactions to make connections. notable works of his include: Presentation of Self in everyday life (1956), Asylums (1961), Stigma (1963). works on Dramaturgical Approach looks at the idea of Front Stage v. Back Stage adding to the works of the "looking glass self", and the concept of life is a stage

Erving Goffman (1922-1982)

We perform or "act" our roles to manage the impressions of others. Front stage; where we're "on", and backstage; relax, practice. Expressions given; intentional in our interaction, controlled speech, gestures, props. Expressions given off; unintentional cues, less controlled, may not be congruent with what we're trying to pull off. When we mess up, have to correct, may lead to embarrassment

Erving Goffman -Dramaturgy (1959) concept of self

this group created the framework for Critical Theory which elaborated on the works of Marx. Critical Theory is an expansion of conflict theory and is broader than just sociology and includes contributions from other social sciences. attempts to address structural issues causing inequality, it must explain whats wrong in current reality to identify the people who can make change and provide practical goals for social transformation

Frankfurt School (est. 1930's/40's)

Mead is seen as one of the most important contributors towards Symbolic Interactionalist Approach. was viewed as a Philosopher and a sociologist. his work focused on the ways in which the mind and the self were developed as a result of social processes. argued that how individuals come to view themselves is based to a large extent on interactions w/ others. his works include the idea of micro-level analysis- which takes a look at the smaller theoretical impacts of society on the individual. concept of "generalized other" and the impact specific individuals have on one another is known as "significant others"- were largely some of his most notable works. work includes the Theory of Self were the (I) is the subject, (Me) is the object. (I) is active, spontaneous, and part of you that acts in society. (Me) attitudes that are made based on reflections of society

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

which of these women below is credited as the first female sociologist?

Harriet Martineau

who was the first person to translate Comte's works into english?

Harriet Martineau

wrote the first book to include the term "sociology" with his title being The Study of Sociology. works inspired many sociologists including Durkheim and many others. rejected earlier notions of Comte's and Marx that believed in market forces to control capitalism as opposed to the class struggle and support of communism.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

seen as one of the leading minds in Early Childhood education, Piaget was a pioneer and a visionary when it came to the stages of early self-development. he has been challenged, and in many ways discredited over time due to his Sample size being his own children and due to this his stages do not hold Reliability or Validity in the long run. however, he has amazing ideas that are still taught and used to this day. Piaget's understanding of the social "Roles" and how they impact our understanding of "self" especially with connection to childhood development is one of the reasons for his fam and prestige. sensorimotor Stage: Birth to 2 years - Object Permanence or Object Constancy. pre-operational stage: 2 to 7 - Children become more skilled at Pretend play & Think very Concretely. concrete operational stage: 7 to 11 - Thinking becomes more logical, tends to struggle with hypothetical/abstract concepts. formal Operational stage: 12+ - Abstract thought emerges as well as thinking systematically.

Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) Psychological Perspectives on Self-Development

one of the founding fathers of sociology. one of the most prominent voices in the perspective of conflict theory as his theories are still seen to be relevant today. co-authored w/ Friedrich Engles, the Communist Manifesto; seen to still be one of the most influential political manuscripts in history. this book shows the theories of Marx as towards society which differed greatly from theories proposed by August Comte seen to be one major important founder of Sociology as a Social Science. Marx predicted the fall of capitalism by revolution of the working class has not come to pass his views on how those whom are without the means of production are taken advantage of still holds connection to this day. Marx rejected the concept of positivism- founded bu Comte and believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over whom controls the means of production. known for his theories connected to the Bourgeoisie Vs. Proletariat (which is essentially that the people whom own the means of production run the world, and exploit those whom are working class and will never be given the ability to have control of that which they craft or produce

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Alienation 4 Parts-the person is isolated from 1.The product 2. The Process 3. Others 4. One's Self • Bourgeoisie -owners, Proletariat -laborers The Power Elite/Bourgeoisie controlling the means of production, Laborers unable to purchase that which they create (Product) Bezos Flies into Space, Amazon Workers are unable to pay rent or use the bathroom.

Marx and Alienation

False consciousness -the proletariat class takes on the values of the bourgeoisie, goes against own interests. Class consciousness -awareness of their class as the proletariat, so that they can work together for social change

Marx continued

known for his book- the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904). Weber was viewed as a Founding Father of Sociology and a prominent voice within the field of Conflict Theory. believed it was difficult, if not impossible, to use standard scientific methods to predict the behavior of groups as many sociologists hoped to be able to do. he believed that the influence of culture on humans had to be taken into account to understand the biases established even by researchers. Weber and Dilthey introduced one of the most important concepts- Verstehen, German word which means to understand in a deep way. important for people to understand the "insiders pov" or "put yourself in the shoes of others" mentality. in his book- Nature of Social Action- Weber described how sociology strives to "interpret the meaning of social action and thereby give casual explanation of the way in which action proceeds and the effects it produces. he and other sociologists started the concept of anti positivism.

Max Weber (1864-1920)

The idea that we get stuck in rationalized, rigid, formalized institutions. Isolated Cubical Farms in a large social environment of work. Amazon brings products to your door step, connects the world to so many products and services, undercuts the companies and also isolates the buyers to never meet the local companies. Public Billionaire with a large well known product, truck drivers can't even take bathroom breaks so that the "delivery" won't be slowed down.

Max Weber's Iron Cage Concept

Society is based on class (economic), status (social), and power (political) dimensions. Wealth, prestige, and power work together to separate people based on their social positions Rationalization -the process of moving from more traditional, slower ways of life to more efficient ways of living and working

Max Weber's rationalization

0-2: preparatory stage or imitation (child) 2-6: play stage: can take on the role of significant others (parents, hero's) 6-7: game stage: can take on the role of generalized other (values and norms)

Meads work on Stages of Self

300 Packages, Boston/Nebraska, One Target, 64 reached destination - 5.2 Average Pathway.

Milgram's "Small World" experiment

These are based on shared Interests. Joining them is Voluntary not Mandatory Ski Clubs, Unions, Soccer Teams, Etc..

Normative Organizations (Voluntary Orgs) formal organizations

known as one of the Founding Father's of Psychology, Freud was the founder and creator of Psychoanalysis. his views are widely known, his name has become famous and his theories have been challenged, discredited and yet hold such a power within culture as a whole. Freud believed that the sense of "self or personality" was closely connected to Sexual Development. Freud broke down Stages of self development into psychosexual stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and genital. Freuds works pointed to the stages of development being tightly connected to certain stages such as breastfeeding, toilet training and sexual awareness and that if one was to not properly engage or disengage from a certain stage correctly it will result in emotional/psychological consequences throughout adulthood. if you did not properly engage/disengage from the anal stage you may become a "neat freak", If you develop a drinking problem, or smoking problem this is tied to the Oral stage, If an adult was stuck in the Phallic stage they may be promiscuous or emotionally immature to name a few. these theories are not seen as valid or reliable, but they hold a power in the psychological space and social environment around us.

Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) Psychological Perspectives on Self-Development

Strong Bonds, Shared Perceptions, Similar Objectives, Less chance to achieve "larger" goals, Falls Apart if one leaves. (ex: Marriage, Best Friends, Two Person teams.. Etc)

Small Group (Dyad)

Power Struggle, Majority Rules, Longer Lasting, Can obtain larger goals, More Potential Diversity for of thought. (ex: Friend Groups, Polyamorous Couples, Small Teams.. Etc)

Smallish Group (Triad)

James Coleman, a Sociologist, in the late 1950's studied Groups of Teens to observe how they interacted and how it impacted their educations. Within his observations he asked teens to identify what "Social Groups" they identified with. This lead to 4 main social categories- Jocks, Nerds, Leading Crowd (Popular Kids), Burn outs. Coleman's categories brought light Social Prescriptions otherwise known to be "Behaviors that are expected of people within their groups". This showed that certain things were more important to particular groups than others. For Example: Getting Good Grades within the "Nerds" or "Having Money" with the Popular Kids. As many "Motivational Speakers" talk about today, the Sum of who you hang out with impacts your life greatly. If you were associated with "burnouts" your grades would be impacted according Coleman's research.

Socialization Agents: Institutions

Social Institutions such as Schools teach what is known, in Sociology, as a Hidden Curriculum. This is not some nefarious and dubious plan to indoctrinate the students, but is a way to educate people as a manifest function, and provide socialization as a latent function. Schools will provide the knowledge of basic academic criteria to progress and learn academics, but they also provide students with their first exposure to an education in norms, values and beliefs that are passed along through schooling. Raising your hand to give the answer, Turning in your assignment on time, A spelling bee and many more. Raising your hand teaches you to understand your role in a classroom, and to not speak out of turn. Turning in your assignment on time teaching you self-governing and how when you are an adult you are expected to understand time and when things are "due" aka, Responsibility. A Spelling Bee can be seen as a game, and sure it teaches you how to spell, but the latent or "Hidden" curriculum Is to teach students that you can be rewarded through competition as well as teaching the idea of "Winner's and Loser's" within the world we live in. Schools also have a Hidden Curriculum Socializing children to different groups of people. This works as a way of socialization and diffusion. When your only perspective of the world is based around your Primary Group (Family) it limits your understanding of Race, Politics, Religion and more. This can provide you crucial exposure and knowledge about race, social class, disabilities, sexuality and gender. Schools also introduce children to Peer Groups as we talked about earlier, they play a large role in building alternative perspectives and understanding.

Socialization Agents: Institutions schools

scientific (or systematic) study or society and social behaviors

sociology

which type of research is data centered and looks at numbers for answers about society?

quantitative

developed the concepts of In-Group and Out-Group to help explain the complex and phenomenon that comes with the exclusion or inclusion of people within certain "Groups" and how that plays a large part in establishing power, connection and meaning. Throughout history the inclusion or the exclusion of people from certain groups allows prestige to be established behind "membership". The restriction of access allows for the idea of High Culture to be established. Without membership requirements then all groups become apart of the Low/Popular Culture open to all and becomes less coveted.

The Sociologist William Sumner

Process and Structure-A understanding of our goals, and obtainment methods to reach them. Clear Guidelines -The objectives, tasks, and routines are understood and become faster and quicker through Habitualization Chain-of-Command-A clear and understandable tower of power. Who is in charge, who oversees them, and order is understood.

Weber Viewed Bureaucracy as the Epitome of Rationalization.

"If we define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." Labels have a large impact on who we become, it creates an idea within our minds of "who we are" and an Idea can be a powerful thing in both a positive and negative way. If someone tells you that you're going to fail even before you start, You may never starts and thus... you will fail.

Thomas Theorem

Coined by Erving Goffman When members of society enter places such as: Prisons, Psychiatric Mental Health Wards, Military Schools, The Military, Religious Institutions such as Nunnery's or becoming a Monk. They are stripped of their lives before to help enforce the norms of the Social Institution they are in now. Within the book "Asylums" by Goffman the world of Total Institutionalism is explored and the methods used to take someone's identity and establish a new one is shown through participant observation and secondary research. Goffman writes on the damage these types of places do, but also how when someone becomes apart of this type of system they never truly gain their original identity again, and it is necessary for places like the military to do this as when people do not have connection to their Material Culture or Non-Material Culture from the outside world they can craft an identity of a shared perspective. This, in turn, allows for unity to form in either the shared pain, or the shared meaning. Social Hierarchies are also removed by doing this, so if you were Socio-economically or Racially separated before this will cause a unity behind shared experience and shared meanings.

Total Institutionalism

These Orgs are joined because the need for a specific material reward. College, Highschool, The Workplace.. (Joined for a Diploma.. Joined for Money)

Utilitarian Organizations (Need Based) formal organizations

The Process of going from a more "traditional" means to a more and more "efficient" way of doing things Tradition-slower, connected to nature, humanness Rational-efficient, formal, faster stuck in an iron cage of rationalized structures

Weber's rationalization

Lenski: Socio-cultural evolution Marx: Conflict Weber: Ideas Durkheim: Expanding divisions of labor

Why do societies change?

Americans expect people to work hard to be busy

activity and work (American values)

sociologists and many other social scientists use a large tool box of solutions to explore areas of interest and each has its benefits and drawbacks as in the struggle with all research and methodologies

additional tools/methods for obtaining results

personal ability to act

agency

interactions with people, groups, and institutions that teach us about our material and nonmaterial culture. norms, values, beliefs, symbols and language. thinking about the Paradigms we've covered we enter the understanding of Symbols, the Value of interactions and the importance of how we present ourselves, see ourselves and understand ourselves through the "self" and through the lens of others. interactions with Family, Friends, Strangers and other individuals within society helps to frame our understand of "self" in the grand picture of the world around us. parents will play roles in the rearing process of our socialization with access to material culture such as books, bikes, cars, beds, food and much more. peer's or "friends" will help us to establish the understanding of group dynamics out side of our Primary group of a family, which is our first agent of socialization. peers provide insight into the understandings of others, what is seen as norms outside of the family. the ability to start seeing the "world" from other perspectives which can include diversity, socio-economic differences and much more. family as the first agents of socialization brings to our attention the value or understanding of non-material culture. right vs. wrong, sanctions either positive or negative for actions, Routine and requirements and more. friends help to expand on this as to understand what is a "norm" in your home, versus what is a "norm" in another persons home life. strangers, or people we are not connected with, help to increase our knowledge of "self" in the grander scheme as towards values that are socially understood by all, and not just by friends or "family".

agents of socialization

Gender, Race and Class are all examples of this type of Socialization. This is the Social Process where people learn to take on the Values and Standards of groups that they Plan to Join. Children learn the roles they are to play through primary groups, and ascribed roles given and taught to them through Socialization. Often Men are taught/treated to be one way, and women are held to be another way. It is not a correct pattern as we've learned over time, but the process remains the same inside many families/cultures. Looking to the different divisions of culture the aimed trajectory provides an ability to take a "role" that you would like to obtain. It is not always obtainable, but as we anticipate how we will be apart of society it allows us to shape a reality.

anticipatory socialization

People who share similar characteristics (ex: gen Z)

categories

The learning process through which children learn norms, behaviors traits and values you develop based on the Social Class you are in. The class association helps to illustrate why more upper/middle class children plan on going to college as it is affordable and expected for them to go. The expectations of one's limitations is often set by the "Class" you've been brought to either by birth or association. Your expectation in a low income socio-economic family isn't to go to an "Ivy League" school. It is to make money to help the family. This isn't the same expectation you would have on your back as a burden if you are born into a upper/middle class family.

class socialization

the spread of ones culture's practices, beliefs, and items (food or music or clothing). diffusion is why we see so many cultures around the world share similarities. as culture is spread to various regions of the world it creates a situation where people learn and in some cases adapt these cultural habits into their own life. (examples- Eating Sushi In America, Eating KFC in Asia)

cultural diffusion

the Deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture. many times you'll hear of people feeling "moved" to go volunteer overseas. they do as they see their way of life to be superior and want to go impose their values on a different cultures/societies

cultural imperialism

understanding of a culture on its own terms. when you can see from the perspective of another, then you can understand their culture

cultural relativism

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do"

cultural relativism phrase

any object, feeling, gesture, idea, that holds a shared meaning in a culture. if someone has a ring on their ring finger on their left hand it is a symbol that they are married, but if a person has a ring that is black on their left hand it can signify something different, it is a symbol for people whom are swingers to let them know this person is apart of this sub-culture. symbols can have many meanings, and the meaning are culture, societal and created. language is a symbol system made up of sounds, characters, letters arranged in a way that allows people to communicate in a complex way. one of the greatest finds was the Rosetta stone as it allowed us to read ancient text, and being able to read a symbol used for communication provided understanding to an entire lost society experience. words hold power, symbols hold importance and the evolution of symbols, language are continually evolving and have more and more meanings as time goes on.

cultural symbols

there are many intricacies when it comes to societies and culture, and many times you will find new norms, values and understanding when you travel or go to different places foreign to your understanding. however, you will find out that there are common elements and these are known as cultural universals.

cultural universals

essentially patterns of traits that are globally common to all societies. the easy way to think of this would be the concept of the family unit. this is a generally universal idea, but how they are governed or functioned can vary. for example in many Asian cultures you'll find multi-generational homes, in the U.S. this isn't the case and it is culturally expected individuals will leave home and live independently and the elderly will live in nursing homes, or some other location of care and not be a burden to the younger members of the family which is in great contrast to how many Asian cultures view the care elderly and the home dynamics

cultural universals definition

consists of rules of engagement, and each culture has different rules that apply to how "we" as members of society engage and act with each other. when "we" violate these rules it is met with misunderstanding, discomfort, and general normlessness or "anomie". Americans are taught to use terminologies such as, "Hi, how are you" as a greeting, and it is understood to be a throwaway comment, but if we did actually take this as a question and answered how bad/good our day was in detail we would forcibly impact the person asking as we have responded to what was a pleasantry as a real interaction. If you were living within the U.K. you would be taught to not engage in conversations that have no purpose. (I.E.-If you are walking your dog, and you run into someone else who is walking their dog, and you do not know them speaking with them holds no purpose as your lives do not intersect).

culture

the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior that is passed down from generation to generation. can be shared beliefs, collective thought, and other concepts adhered to by the members of a particular culure. provides the context for our way of life. rules and norms that govern the way we interact, engage and the act of the front stage to the world view. refers to everything that people create. societies and cultures do not exist without each other, and they are creations of our own development. we make the world around us and educate the youth and future generations to make them accustomed to what is considered proper or normal behavior. a shared perspective, not an absolute truth. there is not absolute truth towards a perspective around culture. culture/society is a social creation, so it cannot be entirely correct or set in stone as we developed the norms of the time, and norms change with time or as they are shown to not be the best rules to follow. this is very visible in Merton's work on strain theory and deviance.

culture

during class many students shared stories about moments where they faced situations that were not normal to them. these were stories about moving from a small or big towns, traveling overseas and many other wonderful examples. what was the name of the concept that covered the experiences they felt?

culture shock

feelings of disorientation or frustration when in a new culture

culture shock

"Feeling lost because I don't Speak the Language!" "I do not share the same beliefs or hobbies!!" "The social norms are different from mine!!" small town vs. big city

culture shock phrases

culture and society are not commonly separated by the average person, but in sociology the difference is important. A Society describes a group of people who share a community and a culture, while a culture represents the beliefs and practices of a group and a society represents the people who share those beliefs and practices. It is important to understand that a society as well as a culture cannot exist without the other

culture vs. society

when a Sociologist studies a group of people and tells them they are measuring the use of social media over time, but is really observing different behaviors around cell phone use. they are using what is known as what?

deception

evidence that comes from direct experiences, scientifically gathered data or experimentation

empirical evidence

it is impossible to understand Americans without being aware of the role and the value of equality plays in daily lives. equality of opportunity has influenced U.S. history and continues to be a large issues within the country

equality (American values)

when conducting research it is crucial to be:

ethical

when we study humans, we need to be

ethical

to be able to learn new norms, values or traditionsis the practice of Cultural Relativism. to remove your personal norms/values from the equation and be open to differences provides insight. it is a goal to do this, but it is not always something people are able to do. in cultures that have a matriarchal society, it would be hard for them to adhere to allow patriarchy just because it is the standard practice. in some cases, it is not possible to truly adapt this perspective and practice. Cultural Relativism refers to not judge a culture that is not similar to our perceived way of life. it is essential to not establish what is "right" or "wrong" based on our standard practices of life within our own culture, and understand that cultures vary and traditions are not the same in all areas of the world. what is strange to you, is not strange to someone else. this can be a struggle for Sociologists whom attempt to study a culture and have a hard time leaving their values at the door, and to just accept the strange or unfamiliar

ex: cultural relativism

when you go to a foreign place be it a country, a state you've never visited or anything to that measure you experience norms, values and behaviors foreign to your understandings. this is Culture shock, and it is quite impactful. when you come from a small town living in a big city can be exciting, but the changes will cause you to feel lost, emotional and scared at times. taking vacations can be fun, and they allow you to see the world in different ways. when you travel you will notice the "Norms" inside your daily life more so than when you do not travel. The little things you take for granted become large things, the interactions you understand change and the environment that you know and understand both surroundings for context and social understanding are now different, and this causes confusion, anxiety, frustration and so much more when you are impacted by Culture Shock.

ex: culture shock

an example of Ethnocentrism or viewing your culture as the "correct" narrative can be seen in the rules of the road between England and America. why do we call it the "Wrong side" of the Road? this is an example of assuming YOUR understanding is the correct way

ex: ethnocentrism

when looking to outside culture as the example and staple of approval. you view your own culture to be inferior, and you only want to associate with a culture that you find to be more interesting or impactful. you can think of people whom will only buy German cars, or people who will only purchase brands that have a Fashion house in Italy. the view that, "The Grass is Greener on the Other Side" is very much implied within this perspective. xenocentrism is the idea that one culture is better than another. to say this differently you can look at people who associate certain social importance to cultures who produce certain goods, or have a certain ways of life that are impactful towards an individuals understanding. xenocentrism is the preference for the cultural practices of other cultures and societies to their own.

ex: xenocentrism

two types: lab-based and natural/field experiments. labs are controlled while natural you cannot control the environment entirely this also allows for more "authentic" data as it is not biased or manipulated within foreign settings such as a lab

experiments

the first agents of socialization we experience is that of our families. This can be a mother, a father or someone connected to our early years of life that helps to teach what he/she/they are not suppose to eat, do, say or even act like. Piaget, Erikson, Freud, Kohlberg, Cooley, Mead are some of the names we spoke about and their understanding of the process upon which we become socialized is crucial to think towards while understanding the agents of socialization.

family - Primary Socialization Agent

sociology is the study of the external factors that guide our world, impact our choices and narrate the social world around us with rules, norms and rituals. this is why many times more than not sociologists go out into the "real world" to conduct their studies to "put themselves in others shoes" to gain a better total understanding. due to being out of the sociologists element, it ends us being more about looking for correlation for actions and now the cause and effect. this only usually shows examples of a "small" sample due to limited participation so it does not allow for establishing a casual relationship between two variables more often.

field research

if you are a marketing major, or someone who has watched enough TV, you've seen or heard of these as they are the person to person interviews help with people watching from the background to attempt to see how people react when they are deceptively (more often) brought to partake in interaction and then asked questions about a brand/topic or something similar is to gauge the average person feelings without allowing them to be impacted by things such as the Hawthorne effect to make them answer as if they were being tested. attempts at making the interaction natural if possible

focus group

less morally significant - type of norm. these are less serious violations, and are seen as infractions or not as important more so socially strange. these have no moral underpinning. you can look at things like kissing someone on the cheek when you meet them in some cultures, or whether or not to shake hands or if you wear a tie, or a nice dress to an event. violation of these isn't seen as criminal, but socially awkward and are different in various cultures.

folkways

norm violation can vary in the way it is culturally dealt with, understood and displayed. the sanctions, or punishments, vary on the type of infraction that occurs from severe like a Taboo or no real punishment except feeling strange with a Folkway. socially established guidelines dictate action, and violation of social codes can create stigma or isolation towards those who violate them

formal and informal norms and sanctions

______ Norms are ones that are written down and enforced, Whereas, _____ Norms are more learned and do not have strict punishment outside of isolation or stigma.

formal, informal

this is a core American value to the highest degree. Americans pride themselves on their freedom over all

freedom (American values)

which sociological paradigm views society as a complex system of interconnected parts?

functionalism

as Technology advances many things become invented and these are seen as _____ to our every day lives. when society takes a while to adapt this new technology it is referred to as ____?

innovations, culture lag

Learning the Psychological and Social Traits associated with a person's sex. this starts at birth when you are given a blue or pink item of clothing at birth, or the color of your baby room when you are brought home. (Assumed Gender Norms) Biases and Norms and Values are ascribed to you at birth which can help to dictate your path in the world through socialized rituals and norms. "be a man, don't be a wimp" -Men have an assumed gender role, a assumed value and emotional response. This is established by norms/values ascribed to them at birth and taught through socialization.

gender socialization

An age cohort, or group of people who are born around the same time and proceed through the various stages of life about the same time as each other Greatest Generation: born 1910-1927 Silent Generation: born 1928-1945 Baby Boomers: born 1946-1964 Generation X: born 1965-1980 Generation Y (Millennials): born 1981-1995 Generation Z (Post-Millennials): born 1996+

generations

at societal level -a habit of society. Do buildings hold a purpose, or do we agree to their purpose? What make a school, a school? What makes a Prison, a Prison?

institutionalization

How the group operates together; How the group impacts us and how we impact the group

group dynamics

dyad (two) is a stable group which encourages independent thought, triad (three) shows less encouragement towards individual thought as 2v1 becomes a reality, or 1v1v1 is now a possibility. groups become less stable as they get larger for individual thought - Georg Simmel concept

group impact based on size

Collectively going along with the group members (Hive Mind) Can lead to bad decisions by the group. Need for diverse perspectives and questioning group decisions. Strength in Numbers, Weakness by Individual.

group think

just as we think of our given socialization as a building we can think of how many different types of architecture and interior architecture styles and designs there are within this world. when it comes society and cultures there are so many Cultural Particulars that's come into play. the Family concept is a Cultural Universal in some ways but what is taught to be wrong or incorrect socially is not the same universally, so what you are taught and shown to be childhood ethics will not be the same for everyone

groups

when you do the same thing over and over until we don't have to think about it anymore... this then in turn can be done in the same manner with the same economical effort. think of factories, and how the mundane and routine patterns workers do day in and day out. It is the same process over and over with no change and high amounts of monetary gain to complete these tasks.

habitualization

refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people. bus passes, plane tickets, automobiles, stores and even physical structures where people worship

material culture

people who are being observed and are aware of it tend to act differently than those being observed with no knowledge of the observation. think of how movies have made us aware of Police having two-way mirrors and how people tend to play a "role" when they are in the interrogation rooms on TV- shows that even if no on is behind them, they assumed they are being watched. when conducting research, it is essential to understand at times you need to be covert, and times you need to be visible and open. your involvement either it be invisible like a fly on the wall, or highly involved impacts the data and the environment. if you are studying the work ethic of employee's for a study announcing yourself in the room as a researcher will impact the workers attitudes, and if you are studying crime in a bad neighborhood and make yourself known if can alter how the environment acts in a natural setting

hawthorne effect

how one consumes their media, and what choices people tend to "make" as to what they are socialized through play a role in perception of people in a societal aspect. many of these options above are watched, enjoyed or consumed by people of all social classes, but when people are connected to the upper echelon they tend to be labeled as "high culture" which in Sociology shows to be viewed by others as being a sign of Intellectualism, Political power and an assumed prestige. high culture activities are usually more expensive, more formal, and more exclusive

high culture

this allows Americans to emphasize helpfulness, personal kindness, aid in mass disasters and do organized philanthropy which is used by many wealthy and Americans to allow virtue to be assumed about them regardless of their past actions

humanitarianism (American values)

this is an assumption about how two or more variables are related. makes a broad statement about the relationship between variables. within sociology, this is used to predict how one form of human behavior influences another

hypothesis

the beauty of research is that you never truly know what you results may be, and even though you can have a generalized idea of the results, it can be against the expectations that you have and results can vary. you can establish the IV, and the DV as well as a hypothesis with an assumed outcome, and base that on calculated results of the past, but it is not always the result you predicted and this is why social research is so importance. if you get a higher education it is assumed you will have better jobs and income patterns, but many people whom have had lower education still have success, and many people with higher education end up having hard time finding work at times. this is not what many data results would predict, but outcomes can always be different than what you theorize and make a hypothesis on and this is why research is so crucial

importance of research

cause of the change

independent variable

during what period of time did sociology really start to grow as a field?

industrial revolution

Technology Advances, Labor becomes a currency and the division of power and equality starts to grow. The Birth of Sociology as the human experience starts to be studied, the great migration to cities from farmlands, and the concept of Large Societies starts to grow "Cities"

industrial societies

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to. more commonly people learn informal norms through observation, imitation or general socialization within your society/culture. an example of this is to wash your hands before dinner, taking your shoes off at some homes when you enter, placing your napkin in your lap during meals and lining up when ordering food. in America, making eye contact is a good thing to do, but it has no punishment if it is not done, it just is seen as awkward in context socially

informal norms

new material culture created or discovered. is it accepted or not?

innovations

this is a one-on-one process so it allows for more questions, more connection and more honesty. it allows for immediate follow-up questions that can give more light on a topic. this can be expensive and time consuming, but it allows for honesty, connection and requires trust and connection

interviews

inability to interact with everyone at once. Hard to define when this occurs.. Generally, 3+. More voices, more attention, More division and pressure on members for options of change, less cohesion. Hierarchies are established and Leaders are put into place. Large area of connection.. local or international, Shared ties (Greek Life, Clubs), Political Organizations.. Etc.

larger groups

You are never truly done learning the lessons of life, as you age you are given new norms to follow. This can include routines and choices related to work as well as parenting and many other intersections of our various roles in our everyday lives. You can be many different roles, and these roles can intersect with one another. Take a moment and think of how many roles you currently hold! Professors Roles: Instructor, Husband, Fur Father, Son, Brother, Member of Society, Home Owner, Tax Payer and many, many more. The Roles we play in Society are vast, we are many different things to many different groups.

life course; socialization process doesn't end throughout a person's life

the idea that things can be lost in translation that we talked about in class is linked to what Concept?

linguistic relativity hypothesis and sapir-whorf hypothesis (b&c)

if you are going to school and you graduate and obtain a Degree this would be the ____ Function of the University. if while you were in School you met your life partner or best friend this would be a ____ Function.

manifest, latent

the distribution of information to a wide audience. The media we consume helps to paint a picture of worlds we have not experienced yet. If you are watching Game of Thrones, or Gladiator you are seeing cultures and societies you will never get to experience, but you are also watching the impacts and influences of Mass Media Socialization. How do you consume your News? YouTube, Cable T.V., Facebook, Newspapers, E-News paper's sent by your favorite companies (Wallstreet Journal, Huffington Post, etc.), The way we absorb information impacts our views on the world, and this socializes us as our mind forms opinions, and if you only prescribe to one type of modality then you limit and restrict your understanding. As Sociologists our job is to have a wide approach and to act with Civility in Conflict and to objectively measure not subjectively measure the world and the interactions as Max Weber has taught us in his works with Verstehen.

mass media

what you have defined how well you've done

material comfort (American values)

whereas the idea of material and nonmaterial have differences, they are interconnected. if you think of a bus pass which would be a material culture object, it can also represent a nonmaterial cultural idea such as capitalism. buying a book for your classes can be a material part of culture, but the purchase of the book accepts the ida of payment for your education, and the capitalistic part of having an education connects to the nonmaterial culture component

material vs. nonmaterial

The fast-food model used across institutions Efficiency -Getting from point A to point B as quickly as possible, this also includes having an efficient labor force Calculability -Value is placed on quantity and measurements (rather than quality) Predictability -Familiarity, Expectations Control -The technology dictates what people do and checks on them Positives- Know what to expect, can get through situations more quickly, Efficient, Easy to understand, Fast-Paced Results, Goal-Oriented Negatives- Irrationality of Rationality: When what is intended to be efficient ends up breaking down and becoming slower and harder to get done. Quantity becomes more important than Quality. The Process is more important than those who are a part of the production. Alienation from the Process, Product, and People.

mcdonaldization

smaller-scale interactions

micro-level issues

The Millennial Generation was one that saw the normalization of the internet, and the older Millennials saw the "border" of the creation of the digital world. Many Millennials grew up without access to Cellphones, Social Media and the Digital Cord being cut wasn't really a concept as a youth. However, it wasn't long before the cords started attaching to their worlds. Impacted through the change of environment through actions such as 9/11, Two Recessions, A glimpse of Multi-Racialism inside American Politics with Barack Obama being elected president, but also a sense of the times before. Many Millennials grew up where the idea of Gay Marriage was not a thing even in the projected future, but was then normalized. A dynamic and impactful generation filled with social movements and betterment, and destructive actions that will take decades to fix. A generation that saw the Millennium come, and has a keen sense of technology, but is the last generation to remember a time without it. A combination of Boomer Ideologies mixed with Generation X values as well. An increase in the amount of college education as well as bettered equality for both Gender and Racial division in society. Unlike Generation X many Millennials didn't grow up with the Concept of American Exceptionalism, but a heavy distrust of Politics and a sense of fear that terrorism can happen at any time due to the impacts of 9/11. Financial insecurity due to multiple "once in a life time" recessions and housing crises. Caught between the Innovation and the Culture Millennials grew up between a time of things such as Cable T.V. Schedules and the creation of Streaming Services to control media on "demand". Grew up on Shows such as: All That, Rug Rats, Blue's Clues, SpongeBob Square Pants, X-Men on Fox, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, My Little Pony and Disney Movies like The Lion King (Subjective list, I have a bias). Millennials also grew up as the times were changing towards socialization of neighborhoods and Trust. (Stranger Danger) A bridge between modern inventions for old solutions such as Texting, Online Dating and Video Game Mistrust. Music having ratings being established as well as Video games being regulated. Lost between two different Socialization understandings Millennials saw the Boomer Traditional values being torn a sunder, and the Generation X work ethic not being rewarded. A shift in Social Understandings of people and racial discrimination. A time of change, with so many different dynamics impacting perspective.

millennial socialization

Kohlberg's theory on moral development: learning what society understands as "Good or "Bad". helps people not do actions they "Shouldn't" and consider the implications of their actions if they did this "urge". conventional stage: children only understand the world around them through "their" senses. (subjective view) conventional stage: around teen years. become aware of "others views" and starts to take these into consideration towards their actions, words and motives. post-conventional stage: into adulthood. starts to think of morality in an abstract way such as how to view politics, social equality and much more.

moral development

most scholars agree today that both play a role in our identities•It is important for us to understand that both nurture and nature are roles within the socialization process, but as sociologists we remain consistent to look towards the "self" as it is understood to the world, and how the "world" looks to our role as the "self". Mozart was born a musical prodigy, Einstein did not have much formal schooling and yet could think in ways we all wish we could, Michael Jordan/Lebron James are born athletes. these are only a few example, but some people do come into this world with an inherited or "Knack" for something right out of the gate. it is not logical to associate all behavior as learned through socialization, but more than most are. Even Jordan had to learn aspects of his game through speaking with others, Mozart studied with some of the best of the best regardless of his talent, and Einstein was involved in groups of thinkers. even if you are naturally gifted, socialization still plays a role in everyone's lives from the outside elements of culture, society and forces that guide us.

nature and nurture

sociologists take into consideration various ways to evaluate human behavior. the External factors that impact our socialization within our societies and the world in general. the "Nurture" side. what Race are the twins, Social Class, Gender, Religion, as well as many different factors that impact, or play a role in socializing individuals within society as a whole.

nature and nurture

refers to the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. think of your example of Mumbai and the shoving and how it would be perceived by Americans if we pushed or shoved our way into a train

nonmaterial culture

are the shared rules or guidelines that guide our behaviors and action. can vary as towards their social importance or deviance

norms

The groups you are apart of impact not only what people associate with you, but also your attitudes towards certain behaviors, actions, groups and circumstances

peer pressure

sociologists look at how our social environment impacts us•We are products of our environment, and whereas some things are inherently passed down a large part of what we know to be the world, how we should act in the world and our role in this "world or society" is taught. this is done through interactions, communications, and principles learned through social institutions such as church's and many other forces that are acquired through social interactions and taught to us by those we trust and surround ourselves with. intersections of race, class, gender, and the like, and how we are treated, who cares for us, and how did they raise us? how were they raised? what do we learn from school, from our peers, what kinds of friends do we have, what major events happen that shape us?

nurture

the environment, how we are treated, cared for. did you have someone, in your life, who coached you, guided you, and pushed you past your comfort zone? did you grow up in a place where you had to "grow up" quickly, or have to act or be a certain way in certain places? was your environment dangerous and forced you to be an "adult" sooner than most? were you in a place where you had to have some intersection of roles in your life? being a child, brother, and a "parent" to your younger siblings? the Environments we grow up in play major roles in the creation of "I" or "Self" and play a role in whom we think we are, or what we are supposed to be. the interactions we occur in these environments also play roles in shaping our realities as well as treatment based on actions we enact. historically this has been seen and used in positive and negative ways.

nurture

sociologists look to define a concept in terms of the physical or concrete steps it takes to objectively measure it. if you were to measure how hygiene impacts society, you wouldn't want to be vague or too limited in how you ask a specific question. the question we ask and how it is asked becomes crucial and choosing your terminology become critical towards how results are given and understood. instead of framing your question on words like hygiene you can change the term to be personal habits to maintain physical appearance. this word changing can change the entire scope of a questionnaire and how participants respond to questions and how you gain understanding of your topic and results. how you ask a question is as important, in some cases, as the question itself. if you ask generalized questions you get generalized answers, if you ask too specific then you get a limited response. it is essential to frame question to the results you are looking to obtain, and ask them in a larger stance as towards findings you are looking to convey or establish. (ex: good drives can be interpreted through various examples, but if you use a frame it as drivers who have never had a traffic citation it limits the outcomes in a more specific way to allow better operational definitions).

operational definition

A group we don't belong to. Groups that we do not belong to; often feel disdain or have competition with. positive or negative. Positive - Competition can be healthy and enforce membership unity (School Rivalry (U of A Vs. ASU), Sporting Rivalry (Packers Vs. Bears), Greek Life Competitions, Etc..) Negative - Segregation of People, Unequal treatment, Violence (Violence instead of friendly Competition, Sexism, Racism, Favoritism, Cliques, Etc..) Out-Groups are simply the one's who are not apart of the "in-group" at a certain type of organization, union, team or dynamic. It is important that you pay attention to the "In-Group" culture. The "In-group/in-crowd" comes with perks and benefits. If you want success being in the "out-group" may have negative consequences.

out-group

sociologists take into consideration the patterned behaviors of communities to get to understand the full story. ex: looking at crime may incorporate looking at poverty rates, divorce ratios in the area, mental illness statistics, substance abuse rates and so on. sociologists also look at positive patterns for objectivity such as vacation trends, access to healthy foods and neighborhood organizations. these lead to maintaining objectivity and in-depth observations on behaviors that lead to comprehensive understandings

patterned behaviors of communities

As we grow older and star to venture outside of our Primary Group (Family) we will make social connections with people whom share our values, perspectives and understandings. This is seen to be a "peer" group. You may find these people at school, in a group activity such as sports or various other forms of socializing. Human are social creatures and we seek out interaction with others. The foundation laid within your Primary Group tends to help you have a foundation (think of the building) of what you find to be ethical or good to do. However, when you start to interact with others you are shown different perspectives and this helps to form bonds and helps to build your understanding of the world through non primary group socialization process that is learned, observed and understood through interactions with peer groups. Jamison and Orlando are not the same ethnicity as you, but you have become close friends with them. You decide to have a "sleep over" and you experience Culture Shock from the meals provided at dinner, the rules that are followed in the house which may include to chores before dinner, types of eating utensils at the table, rituals held before one starts eating such as Praying and other customs. This exposure away from your norms can sometimes create a sense of Ethnocentrism, but it also allows for an exposure to the unfamiliar which will allow you to grow and develop more self-discovery than you can achieve with only your Primary socialization group/agents. Peer groups can allow for Social Diffusion to occur as well as appropriating cultural norms foreign to your Primary group into your standard daily practices. This is the start of experiencing the "World" and finding your own perception of what is right, wrong or a Norm to you and your personal values and ethics.

peer groups

Peer Groups Open up More Avenues of Socialization in our Worlds. Friends of different socio-economic, Political, Racial and Gender Experiences helps to expand our understanding of the world.

peer groups

patterns of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society are known as popular culture. pop culture tends to spread through uses of media and can include events, festivals, movies, and so much more. this type of culture varies from High Culture in that it is not exclusive and is more commonly open to everyone. pop culture is not exclusive, easy to talk about, and more common

pop culture

ethnocentrism is not always a bad thing, and having a strong connection to your culture, your values has the ability to bring people together. if you have a strong connection to a shared sense of community then you can find unity with others who also share this. if you think about all your fellow Sun Devil's Alumni or Current Students you can see how shared values can have benefits. you have a life-long connection with people you don't even know because of a shared experience or view, but this can also breed insensitivity and lead people to do actions based on this feeling of superiority. it is good, and bad within the idea of Ethnocentrism.

positives of ethnocentrism

Owners and Workers, yet based on knowledge creation, technology, and service (inequalities) Service: Nurses, Teachers, Professors, Social Workers, Etc.. Technology: The Internet, Medical Advancements, Artificial Technology, Etc..

post industrial societies

working hard, but quickly is valued. "New York Minute"

practicality and efficiency (American values)

Hunter gatherers -equitable, all working together to survive. Pastoral and horticultural (agrarian) -domesticated animals, grow plants. Agricultural -larger, more stable society in one place (more rankings). Feudal -lords owned land and peasants worked on the land for protection (a lot more power difference/unequal)

preindustrial socities

Close knit, Emotional bonds. most important roles in our lives. Expressive Functions not Pragmatic ones. Close friends, family, most impact on our lives.

primary group

such as a family, build a foundation. think of this building we are in and how we sit inside knowing that the roof will not collapse. It is a assumed understanding and a shared perspective of our cultures that a building is built sound and strong. our socialization is the foundation that builds our understanding of the world and this starts from the foundation when it is first created. families provide the concrete to enable the foundation to be solid and strong.

primary groups

at all times things must be made faster, better and curated to make life easier and better

progress (American values)

upon birth Bruce/Brenda had a failed circumcision which mutilated his penis and through encouragement by John Money his parents went forward with a rudimentary reconstruction to Bruce/Brenda's genitals to be constructed as female genitalia as well as given hormones through childhood. Brenda was never told about this within his childhood, and met with Money on a regular basis unwillingly/knowingly becoming a part of a Psychologists controversial study. this study's results were used to justify thousands of sex reassignment surgeries for children with reproductive abnormalities. despite being raised as a biological girl/woman Brenda within teenage years rejected this and lived as a male. Bruce not only received received horrible social treatment, stigma, isolation, but also suffered great depression which culminated in ending his own life around 38 years of age. Bruce spoke out against the re assignment of youth and used his personal example, until his own suicide, to advocate against child/infant sex reassignment procedures.

psychologist John Money's Gender Reassignment Controversy: The John/Joan case

Max Weber was the sociologists we talked about whom brought to the surface the importance of Qualitative Data vs. Quantitative Data. when sociologists, marketing executives, and many other fields seek to understand the world around them and connect peoples opinions versus the standard norms and acceptance rations they implore data collection through questionnaires, sample selection as well as other methods to obtain measurable research w/ Quantitative Data, and for more complex solutions the use of Qualitative Date is then used and explored. this method is utilizing research collected in numerical form that can be counted, are easily tabulated. it allows focus on yes/no methods and Likert scales to imply a connection or positive/negative feelings. if you want to find more subjective understandings, explore more personalized responses that can vary and not be as easily tabulated such as yes/no, like/dislike, then you incorporate Qualitative Date collection which can include short answers or other more personalized answering formats. however, it has importance towards "putting yourself in the shoes of others" as Weber famously talked about

quantitative and qualitative date

which of the options below shows the correct path of the "scientific method"?

question, research, hypothesis, design & conduct, conclusion, report

The learning process through which children learn behaviors, values and attitudes associated with Racial Groups. Racial Discrimination is (partly) learned through values taught by parents. (The Sins of the Mother/Father). Diffusion of racial/ethnicities provides context and helps to normalize social interactions from people of different ethnic backgrounds. You are taught norms/values of your family unit based on the multi cultureless of your family, and if you are only a child of two of the same ethnic parents it can provide a "disconnection" until you have experience with people from various backgrounds. "that is not very lady like" -Similarly, Women are ascribed roles to play in society to which they are socialized to uphold. Given restrictions, or values attributed to their sex not their ambition.

race socialization

this contradicts the idea of freedom, democracy and equality, but the truth is that Americans value some groups more than others and have done so throughout their history

racism and group superiority (American values)

roles are held to try to combat this with individuals such as police, social workers, lawmakers, and educators attempt to stop crime, educate the youth, make laws to better the social standings of others, and counsel people who are in crisis

real culture

systematically study social life through carefully planned research processes. study should be reliable and valid

research methods

methods to reward or dissuade people from certain actions within society. Merit Badges for good behavior, positive affirmation for good choices. ex: scolding by parents, tickets for traffic violation, being isolated from groups because of comments. sanctions are used to enforce social control. these can be socially, punitively, physically, emotionally and many other ways. they are systems of punishment or reward to encourage or discourage behaviors of all types within society.

sanctions

this is one method societies use to place value on actions or punishments to combat bad or unwanted behavior. helping a elderly woman or man to cross the road is rewarded with a smile, or "Thank you". doing well on your quarterly report as a manager warrants you a promotion or bonus. the use of incentive provides meaning to actions, and that provides want to behave properly to receive benefits. sanctions are, in practice, a form of social control used to reward good behavior or punish and scorn unwanted behavior

sanctions

Less personal, Goal-oriented. larger & impersonal. Instrumental Functions not Expressive ones. Classrooms, offices, co-workers, friends of friends

secondary group

The process through which children become socialized outside the home, within Society at large, many times through social institutions such as school. School offers a chance to gain understanding through others perspectives. Your family unit is comprised of people who offered you your initial understanding, so having more objective/subjective views increases your socialization and understanding of the world in general. Friends can be a Secondary Socialization, as can be any instrument that provides content and context of the world around us, the society and cultures that we are involved within.

secondary socialization

a culture is a ________, it is not a absolute truth.

shared perspective

Granovetter said, "You are more likely to get a job from a random acquaintance than through your close friends". Close friends share the same nodes, random acquaintances can have different nodes. Thus, expanding your reach and showing how 6 Degrees of Separation is about the larger networks making the world smaller.. Small World Networks. Pressure to go along with the group.

six degrees of separation

macro-theoretical paradigm. emphasizes inequality and power structures in society. views society as a structured system based on inequality. social conflict between groups over scarce resources is the norm and stimulates change. macro level

social conflict theory

When looking through the paradigm of Interactionalism you enter a world of how Symbols can have various meanings in different situations.

social construction (interactionalist view)

conditioned Response (Pavlov Theory) are common ways to encourage behavior and punish deviance or violation of norms. using Formal/In-Formal norms as measures to encourage/dissuade certain behaviors enforces collective response. culture is a shared perspective and Sanctions/punishments being known to all shares the perception of violation when it comes to norms. not all social interactions are cultural universals, and violation of some have no consequences in other societies, and other societies norms will likewise not have punishment/reinforcement in positive or negative measures based on your cultural or societal surroundings.

social control

when a small town has a very limited amount of diversity within the population and it starts to grow, and many different stores open that are embracing various cultural backgrounds. such as Foods, Clothing options and music this is viewed in Sociology as What?

social diffusion

shared expectations that influence individual actions (like social roles, norms, laws, values and beliefs, rituals, and customs)

social facts

Schools are not the only Social Institutions that have ability to mold, build and create a perspective. If you grew up in a Religious household it is most likely that you would've attended religious services with your parents. For this example we will use Christianity. If you were a child it was likely you were dropped off at "Day Care" within the Church or "Sunday School" it is called this for a reason. Christianity has the concept of the 10 commandments that are taught to children to help them "be a good person". This is Non-Material Culture that is given to children with a sense of Culture Capital to help live a better life. Religion has controlled the pen of history many times, saying what is right and wrong. It uses social control and sanctions to enforce behaviors and build a shared perspective and creates a sense of "sin" to help individuals adhere to the rules. Religion also offers a place to feel connection, to find a community and help to those who need it. Humans are social beings and our need for connection is strong, and some find this through religiosity and others do not. However, various institutions from Government, Religion, Academics and more use multiple ways to teach manifest and latent functions to youth to continue the process of Socialization.

social institutions

established patterns of behavior and rules for organizing

social institutions

families, government, economy, healthcare, education, work and religions

social institutions organize:

interactions we hold in society hold value to our understanding when acting in a group we portray an image we want to be seen as. the world is our stage, and the roles we play are calculated and meant to be seen. interactions in large groups or small groups vary based on the influence, message, and image we want to be seen versus why is reality and fabrication.

social interaction between two or more people

broadened view beyond our own individual opinions that sees how each person is connected with (or embedded within) society

sociological perspective

each personal biography is embedded in social history. individuals lives are linked to what's happening in society. being able to see the connection between personal troubles and public (social) issues.

sociological perspective

we will study concepts and examples that describe how people act within society. use our sociological imagination and practice it throughout the course. will learn different ways to view society and analyze social behaviors within it.

sociological perspectives

external factors of our behaviors (psychology focuses on the internal factors)

sociology

As Generation Z, you have been raised with the Controller, I-Pad, Laptop and Keyboard at your disposal from the moment of your birth. With the increased accessibility of The Internet we have seen the rise of Social Media. Social Media has taken the social interactions of daily life, and placed them in a strange place of "in-between". Sociologist Erving Goffman talks about, "The Presentation of Self In Everyday Life" and the idea of Dramaturgy and with this our perception of ourselves and the presentation of "self" in the view of those around us. However, how does this play when we are making most of our connections, interactions and understanding behind a light and screen? It is a interesting Paradox to take the Dynamic complexities of social interaction and change the medium of understanding and distribution. Where does it fit as a socialization agent? Well it is a tool of Mass Socialization. It defies almost all rules of interaction in that we can be rude, or unlike ourselves with the isolation behind the keyboard and the light of the computer screen. It is worth noting that we are starting to socialize the internet similar to society. In society if you break a Formal Norm you are punished to the degree of the sanction that is designated for that violation. With the use of "Cancel Culture" we are starting to see the Sanctions be applied "Digitally" so the question will be, Will this tool of Mass Socialization continue now that we are starting to regulate it? It was suppose to be an unregulated space to speak our "minds" and share "Culture", but as with all social constructs there are implied values, ethics and standards and when those are not enough violations and Sanctions come to enforce social control. I believe we are starting to see this now.

social media

How we consume our media is affected by social traits like Class, Race and Age! Your parents are more likely to watch Cable Television than is a Millennial, or Generation Z. You are likely to consume more social media through websites than even me, your Instructor due to the Socialization of how I as Older Millennial was taught to consume media for information. Yet as our Social Innovations (Technology) Expands the use of Streaming services have become more of a Cultural Universal than a Particular since the Norm was been more established than it was before! Consumption of media can also have a Socio-economic impact as Lower Income families watch more television than do their Higher Economic counter parts. Television and Media can also encourage the concept of social understanding. In controlled studies children who watched sesame street have a broader understanding of ethnicities than those who do not. The media we consume impacts us both socially, psychologically and ideologically.

social media; where does it fit as a socialization agent?

Web of group affiliations. A bridge between online and offline networks of large proportion. Collective "Group Think", Major individual disconnection, Extremely low Cohesion, Hight Impact for large goals. Local Meeting Places, Online Forums, Social Media... Etc.

social network

manifest functions (intended), latent functions (unintended but beneficial), and dysfunctions (negative)

social processes include:

how society is set up/organized

social structure

socialization is a life long experience, it is taught to us at a young age, and continues till the day we die. even after our lives have ended the experiences we have had, the choices we have made and the connections we have made still leave a mark and a story. it is essential to understand that humans are social creatures, and we are a product of our environments and those we allow into the weird little worlds we have. as the world advances and becomes smaller and smaller by the use and implementation of technology the ways in which we absorb information can change, but the outcome remains similar. we are the information we observe and the people we learn from and the groups we are apart of. how has IG become reality? how many of your opinions come from YouTube, TikTok, Snapchat, Facebook or Video Games? when you watch a movie do you find the characters style to inspire you? magazines about fashion do they provide context towards how you dress, or do you match the groups you want to be apart of? what is your major right now? did you choose it, or have you chosen it because you think, for some reason, it is a safe and respected career? asking questions, looking around and understanding the dynamics of what governs us allows us to develop self-awareness. the ability to just "be" and follow the rules is easier than finding the reasons why. it is with Sociological Imagination we start asking why do I dress this way? why is this the music I listen to? why is this my favorite genre of music.asking is to find out the truths of that which matter to "me" and that is the development of "self"

socialization

the process of learning the culture of one's group or society. think of the groups you are a part of, think of your family and how they've impacted your life. your circle of friends, your personal and professional connections. these all play into your socialization within the world and society around us. nonmaterial culture - norms, values, beliefs, language, symbols. ex: "Show me the life hack that you randomly saw one day, that is now an unconscious standard practice in your life, I'll go first". the process upon which you learn how to "act" and "govern yourself" in the various levels of society as a whole. It is the lessons, understandings, and knowledge of what would be right to do, what is the way to be when around certain people, and things that if you did this action would violate a norm and not follow the established understanding of the "group" or "culture".

socialization

macro theoretical perspective. views society as a complex system with many interdependent parts. parts work together to promote social stability, cohesion, and order. system seeks to maintain its equilibrium. change results from a gradual adjustment to emergence of disorganization. tends to ignore conflict between groups. macro-level

structural functionalism

fit in with the larger mainstream culture and also have a separate culture. examples - people who share a common ethnicity, race, customs, food, and people who share common experience, emo, rap/hiphop, various TikTok feeds, gamers, athletes, skin heads, goths, hippies, stoners

subcultures

you have used surveys from applications all the way to things more personalized such as census data. think of how many times you've had to rate your drivers on Uber, or the Airbnb that you stayed at after you were on vacation. how many times after getting your car serviced are you sent an e-mail and the sales rep asks you to leave all 5 stars if possible? this is a survey and it impacts how your experiences were evaluated, and you are now the voice of reason towards improvement and many, many of these create a sample and show data trends

survey collection

surveys use various platforms to collect data from a sample of participants that are selected based on various demographic criteria to gain an understanding of a culture, groups, or societies thoughts and opinions to craft various views on information to obtain objective research methods using questionnaires

surveys

which paradigm of sociology views society as a product of everyday interactions?

symbolic interactionalism

micro paradigm- best form smaller scale phenomenon. views society as the product of everyday interactions. definition and meaning given to a situation is central. society is a complex mosaic of understanding that emerges from the process of people interacting. people behave based on what they believe, not on what is objectively true. reality is socially constructed. micro-level

symbolic interactionism

words, objects, feelings, that are given special meaning. hold value towards our socialization within society, if you have a love for reading it is likely that your family showed symbolic importance to this at some point in your life. this applied to various important symbols in ones life and how they are understood w/ your personal experience and importance

symbols

within class we talked about how when people are being watched they tend to act differently than when they are alone. what is this Theory called?

the Hawthorne Effect

Do what you are "Told" and follow the orders of Authority. The power of influence, conformity and the truth behind, "I was just following Orders". Would you say, "No" ? | Have you said, "No" ?

the Milgram Experiment

The introduction to the World Wide Web (Internet) changed history forever. When you have the ability to have a little bit of everything, all of the time then you get to choose a narrative and build a perspective with almost unlimited confirmed biases to build your opinion on. The Internet brings with it the ability to have Mass Cultural Diffusion at an impossible rate of distribution than was ever dreamt of before, but at the same time it allows hate, anger and biases to be spread at the same time as well. Humans have our "Original Sin" that our mind is a gift, and also a curse. "I guess words are a ......, They can be great! Or they can degrade, or even worse, they can teach hate" - Eminem. The Internet is a tool, like any other tool, it can be wielded for good and it can be used for bad. As we enter a world of Mass Socialization agents like the Internet it is even more imperative that we as society learn to connect, build and engage in ways to help expand the betterment of Humanity.

the internet

which of the following is the definition of sociology?

the scientific (or systematic) study of society and social behaviors

used along w/ the sociological perspective and patterns of behavior to question, analyze, and look at the world around them to find answers based on Empirical Evidence. process: ask a question, research, hypothesis, design/conduct a study, draw conclusions, report results.

the scientific method

a person's identity that develops from their social interactions•Mead's theory on self-development. Preparatory (imitation) stage: approximately 0-2 years. imitation, mimicking action, and repeating words. think of a baby babbling sounds they hear, repeating words like "dadda, Momma". Play stage: approximately 2.5-6 years. adapting the roles of authority/important figures: faking phone calls to imitate parents, wearing a costume to be their favorite superhero. significant others Game stage: approximately 6 or 7 and up. a child is capable of understanding the roles people play. an usher at a theater, a concession stand worker, and a ticket ripper. the roles we play in society and their purpose or importance Generalized other: the common behavioral expectations of general society. ability to understand how they are "viewed" by others.

the self

what quality of our mind allows us to see how larger social forces shape our life story?

the sociological imagination

Authority-Accepted Power Power -The ability to exercise one's will over others -Weber. Power tends to corrupt; and absolute power corrupts, absolutely.-Lord Acton With Great Power, Comes Great Responsibility -Uncle Ben (Spider-Man). The measure of a man is what he does with power -Pittacus

types of authority

Normative -Ski Clubs, Unions, Soccer Leagues Coercive -Prisons, Psychiatric Wards, Military Schools. Total Institutions Utilitarian -Colleges, High School, The Work Force Bureaucracies -Weber saw as the "Ideal" type of Organization when looking at these examples.

types of formal organizations

Instrumental-Goal oriented (Task Completion) Generals, Fortune 500 CEO's, Metric Based Orgs.. Expressive-Supportive, Emotional Strength. "Company Culture Focus" Start-ups, Religious Orgs.. These functions are often combined in leader positions

types of leadership functions

when something is seen as similar regardless of where you are in the world this is known as a Cultural ____, whereas in most cases peoples way of lives are different and this is seen as Cultural _____.

universals, particulars

the study actually measures what you want to measure

validity

Max Weber brought to the light the need for this- the practice of remaining without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results. an art form, and in many cases many sociologists do not think remaining bias-free is possible and that individual issues or implicit biases make their way into the study. this is why many times it is important to admit/caution the readers or participants to understand that studies may have a certain amount of bias within it, and also shows why it is important to make aware to the participants if deception is used, or any other tools/tactics are utilized for integrity and ethical purposes

value neutrality

individuals in society have specific beliefs, but what is powerful is that individuals can share collective values. this can be seen illustrated within the concept of the "American Dream". it is shared by all people who come to this country that if you work hard, put in the effort you can become successful and wealthy. this would be seen as a collective value that wealth is good and important. values define what is seen to hold value, or what is important. you can take the over fixation, especially within the U.S., that is held to the standard of what is "beautiful". culture to culture, this idea of beauty changes, but the American standard of beauty is a certain look, an ideal body type and a "value" that is wanted to be obtained to be seen as valuable. because of the importance held on beauty American's spend millions of dollars obtaining surgeries and different procedures to obtain what is the "Look" that is wanted culturally at the time. you can also see this within the idea of social media meritocracy in the massive spending people do to obtain the status of an "influencer" and the value that is gained through notoriety and fame. values provide an insight into what is called "Ideal Culture" and the standards society would like to embrace and live up to. this is the concept, but hardly becomes the reality and that is important when understanding the idea of "real culture" or how society actually is based on what occurs and exists.

values through cultures

W.E.B Du Bois was a prolific and important scholar. which of the following are true about him?

viewed as one of the Founding Father's of sociology, was the first African-American to obtain a Ph.D. from Harvard, and authored the theory of double consciousness