sensory perception FINAL

Maelynn is an audiologist. She knows that we are most sensitive to sounds at frequencies between 2,000 and _____ Hz, which is also the range for understanding speech. a. 4,000 b. 7,000 c. 10,000 d. 20,000

a. 4,000

John has had a stroke. His speech is now labored and stilted and he can only speak in short sentences. He can comprehend what others are saying. What is the term for John's condition? a. Broca's aphasia b. Wernicke's aphasia c. Broca's ataxia d. Wernicke's ataxia

a. Broca's aphasia

Carter is training rats to run through a maze to get food. He then removes part of the rat's brain and runs them through the maze again to see if they can still reach the food. What procedure did Carter use on the rats? a. ablation b. dissociation c. discrimination d. emission

a. ablation

Cooper, a teaching assistant, is demonstrating how the eye is constantly adjusting its focus in a small group session. He has his students close one eye and look at a point on the wall while holding a pencil at arm's length. As they continue to look at the point on the wall, he asks them to move the pencil closer. They notice that it becomes more blurry. Then, when they shift to looking at the pencil, the point on the wall becomes blurry. What process is Cooper demonstrating? a. accommodation b. transduction c. transformation d. assimilation

a. accommodation

Janet is holding her phone out in front of her at arm's length, equidistant from her left and right ears. She has it on speakerphone. She then moves her hand straight up and down, increasing and decreasing the sound source's elevation, with the source still equidistant from her two ears. If she was not holding the phone herself, she would not be able to indicate the elevation of the sound source because the source is equidistant and the time and level differences are zero. What concept does this scenario best illustrate? a. cone of confusion b. sound ambiguity c. auditory localization d. parabelt area

a. cone of confusion

According to ____ theory, an image displacement signal occurs when an image moves across receptors in the retina; a motor signal occurs when a signal is sent from the brain to the eye muscles; and a copy of the motor signal is sent to the brain where it is compared to the image displacement signal to determine whether movement has occurred. a. corollary discharge b. optic array c. visual stimulation d. receptor movement

a. corollary discharge

A baseball pitcher is looking at home plate, but suddenly throws to first base in an attempt to catch a player trying to steal second base. The baseball pitcher is engaging in _____. a. covert attention b. selective attention c. directed attention d. overt attention

a. covert attention

Chloe turns the light off in her bedroom before going to sleep and cannot see a thing. She trips over some books on the floor. A few minutes later, after ____ has occurred, she can clearly see the books she tripped over. a. dark adaptation b. spectral sensitivity c. neural convergence d. retinal regulation

a. dark adaptation

Because the _____ papillae contain no taste buds, stimulation of the central part of the tongue, which contains only these papillae, causes no taste sensations. a. filiform b. fungiform c. foliate d. circumvilliate

a. filiform

Jason is riding his bike on campus. He perceives that the trees nearest to him and the sidewalk beneath him are moving faster than the trees and sidewalk farther away. What is this phenomenon called? a. gradient of flow b. focus of expansion c. visuomotor flow d. destination absence

a. gradient of flow

Josie and Madeleine are playing a game in which one person closes her eyes and the other gives the person with closed eyes an object to explore with her hands and then identify correctly. For the first round, Josie closes her eyes and Madeleine gives her an orange. As Josie explores the orange with her hands and fingers, she is engaging in _____. a. haptic perception b. passive touch c. inactive touch d. active perception

a. haptic perception

Ed is measuring the frequency of sounds in units. What are these units called? a. hertz b. watts c. amps d. ohms

a. hertz

Blake is outside on a windy night and sees that the clouds are moving past the moon. He perceives that the moon appears to be racing through the clouds. What is this phenomenon called? a. induced motion b. prompted motion c. object motion d. simulated motion

a. induced motion

Carl Goss found that neurons in the ____ respond to complex visual stimuli. a. inferotemporal cortex b. locus coeruleus c. corpus callosum d. limbic system

a. inferotemporal cortex

Dr. Canine conducts an experiment where she deactivates a cat's posterior auditory areas. The findings will most likely indicate that this disrupts the cat's ability to _____. a. locate sounds b. identify sounds c. understand sounds d. hear sounds

a. locate sounds

Sarah is collaborating on an experiment in her an anatomy and physiology class. She and her partners lower electrodes into a cat's cortex. They place the electrodes perpendicular to the cat's cortex and every neuron they encounter has its receptive field at about the same location on the retina. This is a replication of an experiment demonstrating that the striate cortex is organized into _____. a. location columns b. horizontal columns c. vertical columns d. position columns

a. location columns

Some of the signals leaving the IT cortex reach structures in the _____ lobe that are extremely important for memory. a. medial temporal b. occipital c. dorsolateral frontal d. parietal

a. medial temporal

Erin is focusing on the experience of a sequence of pitches as belonging together in her current musical studies. Which term describes Erin's area of interest? a. melody b. timbre c. rhythm d. tonality

a. melody

Dr. Fechner conducts an experiment in which he presents a series of sounds that gradually get louder in order to identify each participant's threshold for hearing the tones. What does Dr. Fechner call this method? a. method of limits b. method of constant stimuli c. method of adjustment d. method of change

a. method of limits

Jerry sees everything in shades of lightness (white, gray, and black). Which of the following best describes Jerry's condition? a. monochromat b. dichromat c. trichromat d. deuteranopia

a. monochromat

The idea behind _____ cues is that we can feel the inward movement of the eyes that occurs when the eyes converge to look at nearby objects, and we feel the tightening of eye muscles that change the shape of the lens to focus on a nearby object. a. oculomotor b. occlusive c. assimilative d. sensorimotor

a. oculomotor

Devon has damaged a dime-sized area of her olfactory system. Odorant molecules are carried into the nose in an air stream into this region, which is on the roof of the nasal cavity. Which of the following has Devon damaged? a. olfactory mucosa b. olfactory bulb c. papillae d. insula

a. olfactory mucosa

The fact that we perceive the sound of a phoneme as the same even though the acoustic signal is changed by coarticulation is an example of _____. a. perceptual constancy b. the McGurk effect c. audiovisual speech perception d. phonemic reprocessing

a. perceptual constancy

Dr. Watkins is investigating how learning is associated with odors. He is conducting experiments on an area of the brain thought to be involved in learning to discriminate between different odors. What area of the brain is Dr. Watkins investigating? a. piriform cortex b. olfactory mucosa c. substantia nigra d. temporal lobe

a. piriform cortex

Doug likes to listen to his music at top volume through his earphones. He is likely to incur hair cell damage over time, otherwise known as _____. a. presbycusis b. presbyopia c. rarefication d. stapes

a. presbycusis

Dr. Derek conducts an experiment where he presents two sequences of notes simultaneously through earphones, one to the right ear and one to the left. The notes presented to each ear jump up and down, meaning that they do not create a scale. However, the results indicate that the listeners perceived smooth sequences of notes in each ear, with the higher notes in the right ear and the lower ones in the left ear. What effect is Dr. Derek researching? a. scale illusion b. auditory distortion c. melodic delusion d. pitch deception

a. scale illusion

Dr. Minder conducts an experiment where he measures participants' brain activity as they are viewing various complex indoor and outdoor scenes. Which "mind reading" analytic method should Dr. Minder use if he is interested in the meaning of the scenes? a. semantic encoding b. structural encoding c. apparent encoding d. subliminal encoding

a. semantic encoding

Throbbing, prickly, hot and dull are to the _____ component of pain as torturing, annoying, frightful and sickening are to the _____ component of pain. a. sensory; affective b. cognitive; emotional c. sensation; perception d. affective; emotional

a. sensory; affective

Sam has a neuron that responds only to his mother's face. Which concept best explains this phenomenon? a. specificity coding b. distributed coding c. sparse coding d. scattered coding

a. specificity coding

Andy is measuring differences in the responses of rods and cones to different wavelengths of light. What is Andy measuring? a. spectral sensitivity b. excitatory responses c. refractory periods d. propagated responses

a. spectral sensitivity

Dr. Smith conducts an experiment in which participants are asked to respond to fine lines so that the smallest line-width the participant can detect is identified. This best illustrates the _____ relationship. a. stimulus-perception b. stimulus-physiology c. sensation-physiology d. sensation-response

a. stimulus-perception

Susan is cross-eyed. What is the term for Susan's condition? a. strabismus b. stereopsis c. myopia

a. strabismus

Chad is an art teacher who is teaching his students to mix paint to create different colors. He explains that each blob of paint absorbs wavelengths and these wavelengths are still absorbed by the mixture. Chad is teaching his students about _____. a. subtractive color mixture b. additive color mixture c. selective color mixture d. opponent color mixture

a. subtractive color mixture

While Shane is checking his e-mail, his attention is diverted to a pop-up advertisement. The pop-up ad is best described as a(n) _____ stimulus. a. task-irrelevant b. unattended c. extraneous d. superfluous

a. task-irrelevant sitmulus

Dr. Sims is rearing cats so that their vision alternates between the left and right eyes every other day during the first 6 months of their lives. After this six-month period of presenting stimuli to just one eye at a time, Dr. Sims records from neurons in the cat's cortex and finds that (1) these cats have few binocular neurons, and (2) they are not able to use binocular disparity to perceive depth. What do the results of this experiment demonstrate? a. the connection between binocular neurons and perception b. the lack of binocular neurons in cats c. the idea that the use of binocular disparity is an evolutionary relic d. the absence of depth perception in cats

a. the connection between binocular neurons and perception

Kelly is at the beach watching a large flock of seagulls flying in the same direction. She perceives the birds to be one large unit flying together rather than as individual birds. What principle does this scenario best illustrate? a. the principle of common fate b. the principle of simplicity c. the principle of similarity d. the principle of proximity

a. the principle of common fate

Riley and Aaron are in an orchestra. Riley plays the flute and Aaron plays the oboe. To warm up, they play the same note at the same loudness, pitch, and duration. Yet the audience can still distinguish between the two, due to the difference in _____. a. timbre b. tone c. frequency d. condensation

a. timbre

Kate walks up to an automated teller machine and pushes a button. The pressure exerted by her finger is transformed into electrical energy, which causes a device that uses mechanical energy to push her money out of the machine. This process is called _____. a. transduction b. induction c. reflection d. alteration

a. transduction

According to the ____ theory of color perception, color vision depends on the activity of three different receptor mechanisms. a. trichromatic b. trireceptor c. trimechanic d. triprocess

a. trichromatic

Leslie is plotting a barn owl's neuron firing rate against the interaural time difference. She is measuring the ITD _____ curves. a. tuning b. spectrum c. perception d. function

a. tuning

Dr. Pressure is testing his patient's ability to detect details on the skin. He gently touches the points of a drawing compass to his patient's skin and has the person indicate whether he or she feels one point or two. What method is Dr. Pressure using? a. two-point threshold b. bimodal method c. tactile point threshold d. grating point method

a. two-point threshold

Doug is shown a series of pictures of faces seen from different angles. He is able to recognize that the pictures are of the same woman. Doug is easily able to do what a sophisticated computer program is unable to do because he makes use of _____. a. viewpoint invariance b. perceptual segregation c. environmental regularities d. the principle of pragnaz

a. viewpoint invariance

Dr. Barnes conducts an experiment in which he has participants stand in a room with a stationary floor while the walls and ceiling swing towards and away from the participant. He finds that participants sway back and forth to compensate, even though the floor is stationary. Which statement explains these results? a. Vision is a powerful determinant of balance. b. The inner ear is the most important determinant of balance. c. Receptors in the muscles override other balance information. d. Receptors in the joints are the most important determinant of balance.

a. vision is a powerful determinant of balance

Dr. Stone is a neuropsychologist who is testing the handgrip of a patient. Which mechanoreceptor is Dr. Stone testing? a. Merkel receptor b. Meissner corpuscle c. Ruffini cylinder d. Pacinian corpuscle

b. Meissner corpuscle

____ neurons in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus respond with an excitatory response to light from one part of the spectrum and with an inhibitory response to light from another part. a. Mirror b. Opponent c. Antagonist d. Dual-function

b. Opponent

Emily is hiking in the mountains. She takes a break to look out at the horizon and notices the mountains in the distance are blurry and appear to have a blue tint. What is this called? a. relative height b. atmospheric perspective c. perspective convergence d. relative size

b. atmospheric perspective

Which statement is true with regard to attention? a. Attention slows responding. b. Attention can influence appearance. c. Attention decreases neural activity. d. Attention changes the appearance of objects.

b. attention can influence appearance

Doug is watching television. Out of the corner of his eye he sees something moving, and realizes it is his dog coming into the room. What process is best illustrated in this scenario? a. coherence b. attentional capture c. induced motion d. illusory motion

b. attentional capture

Alyssa is a participant in an experiment where the researcher is measuring her neuronal response to different stimuli. The findings indicate that her neurons fire when she hammers a nail and when she hears the sound associated with hammering a nail. What are these neurons called? a. audio sensory neurons b. audiovisual mirror neurons c. activated neurons d. temporal stimulus neurons

b. audiovisual mirror neurons

Lea and Heather are in a noisy restaurant. Lea looks intently at Heather's lips to help her understand what Heather is saying because the restaurant is so loud. What is this called? a. visual anchoring of audition b. audiovisual speech perception c. acoustic speech perception d. audiovisual incongruence

b. audiovisual speech perception

Blake is eating a fresh peach. He enjoys the sweetness of the peach and its fragrance while eating it. Which type of neuron is likely being stimulated? a. multimodal b. bimodal c. bisensory d. multisensory

b. bimodal

Brent is conducting an experiment where he has participants look at a red square with one eye for 30 to 45 seconds. He then has them look at various colored objects in the environment. They report differences in the saturation of red and orange objects based on which eye they use. What phenomenon is Brent studying? a. color constancy b. chromatic adaptation c. lightness adaptation d. lightness constancy

b. chromatic adaptation

Shana admires the redness of her sweater while seated in a dark restaurant. She goes outside into the bright sunlight and again notices how red her sweater is. Shana's perception of the color of her sweater reflects the experience of color _____. a. stability b. constancy c. reliability d. consistency

b. constancy

Sherri is processing lab data on the locations of retinal activations in the brain. She notes that even though the fovea accounts for only 0.01 percent of the retina's area, signals from the fovea account for 8 to 10 percent of the retinotopic map on the cortex. This apportioning to the small fovea of a large area on the cortex is known as _____. a. spatial organization b. cortical magnification c. lateral inhibition d. cortical activation

b. cortical magnification

A major goal of the _____ approach to perception is to determine how movement creates perceptual information that both guides further movement and helps observers perceive the environment. a. perceptual b. ecological c. observational d. accommodation

b. ecological

The ability to share and vicariously experience someone else's feelings is called _____. a. sympathy b. empathy c. identification d. projection

b. empathy

Khan is learning about neurons and discovers that a(n) _____ response occurs when the inside of the neuron becomes more positive through a process of depolarization. a. inhibitory b. excitatory c. potential d. ionic

b. excitatory

Kim is looking down at her hands. Which specialized area of the cortex is being activated? a. parahippocampal place area b. extrastriate body area c. parahippocampal body area d. fusiform face area

b. exstrastriate body area

Jake is undergoing a(n) ____, which takes advantage of the fact that blood flow increases in areas of the brain that are activated; specifically, hemoglobin carrying oxygen in the blood contains a ferrous (iron) molecule and therefore has magnetic properties. a. MRI b. fMRI c. PET d. CAT

b. fMRI

Justin is scanning the crowd at the mall to try to find his friends. Each time Justin briefly pauses at a face, he is engaging in _____. a. saccadic movement b. fixation c. conjunction d. covert attention

b. fixation

Mary is teaching children vowel sounds by having them repeat them over and over again. As a speech teacher, Mary knows the specific sounds of each vowel are created by changing the overall shape of the vocal tract. This change in shape modifies the resonant frequency of the vocal tract and produces peaks of pressure at a number of different frequencies. The frequencies at which the peaks occur are called _____. a. vocalizers b. formants c. spectrals d. articulators

b. formants

Dr. Axon is conducting research on the part of the eye that contains only cones and no rods, in other words, the _____. a. lens b. fovea c. peripheral retina d. cornea

b. fovea

Justin is looking through the crowd in the mall as he tries to locate his friends. Justin has to visually scan the crowd because only the part of the eye known as the _____ creates good detail vision. a. lens b. fovea c. cornea d. pupil

b. fovea

Ellie is conducting auditory research on pure tones. She is measuring the repetition rate of the tones. What is another term for what Ellie is measuring? a. sound pressure level b. fundamental frequency c. rarefaction d. condensation

b. fundamental frequency

Because of their spatial regularity, _____ cells are likely able to provide information about the direction of movement. a. motion b. grid c. compass d. locus

b. grid cells

Mitch has damage to his auditory *what* pathway. Which of the following difficulties might Mitch experience? a. locating sounds b. identifying sounds c. understanding sounds d. hearing sounds

b. identifying sounds

Kris looks at a photo of a person diving into a pool, with water splashing up around him. He imagines the diver plunging into the pool as the picture is taken. What type of motion is illustrated in this photo? a. apparent b. implied c. obscure d. inferred

b. implied

Mattea is looking in a store window at some clothes. She shifts her attention to look at her reflection in the window and becomes less aware of the clothes in the window. Which concept is best illustrated by this scenario? a. binding problem b. attentional blindness c. inattentional blindness d. negligent attention

b. inattentional blindness

Jax is studying optic nerves in cats. He has found that stimulation of the area in the "surround" of the receptive field causes a decrease in the firing of neurons. Jax is studying the _____ of the receptive field. a. excitatory area b. inhibitory area c. excitatory field d. lateral inhibition

b. inhibitory area

Jared is writing a paper on the parts of the brain that contain the primary taste cortex. What is one of these areas? a. suprachiasmatic nucleus b. insula c. substantia nigra d. temporal lobe

b. insula

The finding that _____ supports the idea that there are specialized areas in the brain for color perception. a. achromatopsia has a clear genetic component and is sex-linked b. lesions in certain areas of the brain result in achromatopsia c. there are opponent neurons in the primary visual receiving area d. there are trichromatic neurons in the inferotemporal cortex.

b. lesions in certain areas of the brain result in achromatopsia

Dr. James is interested in studying the perception of shades ranging from white to gray to black. This concept is also known as _____. a. belongingness b. lightness c. coding d. rearing

b. lightness

Evan is asked to count to ten, which is an easy task for him. Which type of task best describes Evan's counting? a. low-capacity task b. low-load task c. little-capacity task d. effortless task

b. low-load task

Carrie is a graduate student who studies parts of the brain that play important roles in the perception of motion. Which area of the brain does Carrie study? a. medial frontal area b. medial temporal area c. medial parietal area d. medial occipital area

b. medial temporal area

Suppose you are looking at two corners - one from outside a building and one from inside a building. In both cases, the vertical height is 10 feet, yet the corner inside the building appears to have a greater vertical height than the corner outside the building. Richard Gregory explains this real-world demonstration of the Müller-Lyer illusion on the basis of ____. a. conflicting cues theory b. misapplied size constancy scaling c. apparent distance theory d. perceptual modification by context

b. misapplied size constancy scaling

Sam watches Willow walk across the room. What signal is sent from the brain to Sam's eye muscles as he moves his eyes to follow Willow walking across the room? a. tracking signal b. motor signal c. corollary signal d. displacement signal

b. motor signal

Maria is testing the behavior of monkeys. First, she shows the monkey a rectangle. Then she shows the monkey a rectangle and a cylinder. If the monkey pushes aside the rectangle, Maria gives the monkey a food reward. Which term describes this type of experiment? a. landmark discrimination b. object discrimination c. reward discrimination d. double discrimination

b. object discrimination

Jane was diagnosed with a brain injury after a car accident. The injury is located in the _____, where signals from the retina first reach the cortex. a. frontal lobe b. occipital lobe c. parietal lobe d. brainstem

b. occipital lobe

Dr. Saunders is conducting an experiment that focuses on how movement of the observer causes changes in the structure created by the surfaces, textures, and contours of the environment. What is the term for this structure? a. illusory motion b. optic array c. global optic flow d. event boundary

b. optic array

Pat is studying how a sound's frequency determines the timing of electrical signals. He finds that auditory nerve fibers fire in synchrony with the rising and falling pressure of the pure tone. Pat is studying _____. a. the oval window b. phase locking c. temporal coding d. the equal loudness curve

b. phase locking

What are /p/, /i/, and /t/ in the word pit known as? a. articulators b. phonemes c. vowels d. consonants

b. phonemes

Matthew is conducting a study on the basilar membrane. He finds that the base is tuned to high frequencies and the apex is tuned to low frequencies, and that the best frequency varies continuously along the basilar membrane between these extremes. Matthew's research supports which theory? a. frequency theory b. place theory c. cochlear theory d. firing theory

b. place theory

Greg has a home theater system with speakers situated in various locations around the room. He sits in a chair with a speaker right behind it. He perceives that the sound from the television is coming from that speaker. What is Greg experiencing? a. local acoustical effect b. precedence effect c. reverberation effect d. indirect illusion effect

b. precedence effect

Dr. Electra conducts an experiment in which participants press a blue button when they see a red light flash and a red button when they see a blue light flash. Dr. Electra is best described as studying _____. a. information processing b. reaction time c. stimulus transduction d. response extension

b. reaction time

An experimenter is showing mammograms (images of breast tissue) to radiologists and asking them to categorize the lesions as malignant or benign. The experimenter is using a(n) ____ test. a. recall b. recognition c. perception d. threshold

b. recognition

Mia is an art teacher who is teaching about the effects of mixing white into other colors. Mia is teaching her students about _____. a. whiteness b. saturation c. permeation d. concentration

b. saturation

Stacy is looking at the city skyline, with multiple buildings of different heights, architectural styles, materials and colors. She perceives the buildings as separate buildings, not a single mass, because of _____. a. grouping b. segregation c. structuralism d. organization

b. segregation

The idea behind _____ is that if an animal is raised in an environment that contains only certain types of stimuli, then neurons that respond to these stimuli will become more prevalent. a. specificity coding b. selective rearing c. experiential shaping d. early fixation

b. selective rearing

Kris is asked to visualize a kitchen and then to describe his visualization. He notes that there is a refrigerator and stove for food preparation, as well as a table for dining with friends and loved ones. Kris is able to provide meaning to this scene because of _____ regularities. a. physical b. semantic c. functional d. scenic

b. semantic

Kevin is testing the hearing of children. He presents sentences to subjects through earphones and asks them to repeat aloud what they are hearing. What technique is Kevin using? a. speech segmentation b. shadowing c. perceptual constancy d. spectogram

b. shadowing

The Olympic symbol, which is typically perceived as five distinctly colored, interlocked circles, best illustrates the Gestalt principle of _____. a. good continuation b. simplicity c. similarity d. proximity

b. simplicity

Carrie is looking at the poles on a fence row. She knows they are all approximately the same height, even though they appear to get smaller as she looks farther down the fence row. What is Carrie experiencing when she knows the fence poles are the same height, even though they appear to get smaller in the distance? a. stereopsis b. size constancy c. apparent distance d. Ponzo illusion

b. size constancy

Laura is at the beach. She hears the seagulls, the waves crashing, and children laughing as they play in the distance. These sounds are creating what is known as an auditory _____ around Laura. a. scene b. space c. expanse d. illusion

b. space

Dr. Jones is conducting an experiment in which the participants' brain activity is measured in a brain scanner as they try to detect lines with different orientations. This best illustrates the _____ relationship. a. stimulus-perception b. stimulus-physiology c. sensation-physiology d. sensation-response

b. stimulus-physiology

Dr. Bandan studies the subcortical structures in the auditory pathway. He is particularly interested in the auditory structures in the brainstem. Which structures does Dr. Bandan study? a. medial geniculate nucleus b. superior olivary nucleus c. inferior colliculus d. auditory cortex

b. superior olivary nucleus

Jack observes a dog. According to the principle of ____, fundamental changes in the stimulus occur between the actual dog and Jack's perception of the dog. a. change b. transformation c. transduction d. representation

b. transformation

The _____ grid is a grid of dark squares separated by white spaces in which illusory black spots appear in the intersections. a. Chevreul b. White c. Hermann d. Mach

c. Hermann

Human have the ability to discriminate differences in stimuli differs with different senses. Which alternative correctly orders senses from most to least sensitive? a. Humans can discriminate between one color, several million tones, and about half a million odors. b. Humans can discriminate between one trillion tones, several million colors, and about half a million odors. c. Humans can discriminate between one trillion odors, several million colors, and about half a million tones. d. Humans can discriminate between one trillion colors, several million odors, and about half a million tones.

c. Humans can discriminate between one trillion odors, several million colors, and about half a million tones.

Light and dark bands created at fuzzy borders are called ____ bands. a. Hermann b. White's c. Mach d. Chevreul

c. Mach

Dr. Kepler, an astronomer, knows that some very dim stars are difficult to detect when looked at directly, but that these same stars can often be seen when they are located off to the side of where the person is looking. Which statement best explains this phenomenon? a. Cones, which predominate in the periphery of the retina, have greater convergence than rods. b. Rods have a consistent response regardless of how bright or dim the light is. c. Rods, which predominate in the periphery of the retina, have greater convergence than cones. d. Cones have a consistent response regardless of how bright or dim the light is.

c. Rods, which predominate in the periphery of the retina, have greater convergence than cones.

Brenda is putting lotion on her skin and as she applies the lotion, she can feel her skin stretching. Which mechanoreceptor is responsible for perceiving stretching of the skin? a. Merkel receptor b. Meissner corpuscle c. Ruffini cylinder d. Pacinian corpuscle

c. Ruffini cylinder

Sherri is getting her hearing tested. The quietest sound she can hear is known as the _____. a. minimal threshold b. stimulus threshold c. absolute threshold d. fixed threshold

c. absolute threshold

Rick, a 48-year-old male, has recently suffered a stroke. He has difficulty following conversations in part because he can't see the motions of a speaker's face and mouth. Rick is most likely to have ____. a. akathesia b. aphasia c. akinetopsia d. myopia

c. akinetopsia

Which area of the brain is associated with the processing of facial reactions that indicate emotions as well as familiar faces? a. occipital cortex b. superior temporal sulcus c. amygdala d. fusiform face area

c. amygdala

John is looking at a sign that appears to have text scrolling across it. In actuality, the sign is made up of stationary lights programmed to flash on and off in a way that looks like letters scrolling across the sign. John's perceptual experience is called _____ movement. a. illusory b. proximal c. apparent d. virtual

c. apparent

Janice is watching her daughter play soccer. Suddenly, she notices a bright flash and loud boom off to the side of the soccer field, indicating a thunderstorm. Which term refers to Janice's involuntary shift of attention to the bright flash and loud sound? a. selective attention b. overt attention c. attentional capture d. stimulus salience

c. attentional capture

Third-grader Spencer complains to his mother that he has difficulty seeing what the teacher writes on the board at school. The ophthalmologist tells Spencer's mother that Spencer's eyeball is too long and thus, objects are not focused correctly. What is this condition called? a. refractive presbyopia b. refractive myopia c. axial myopia d. axial hyperopia

c. axial myopia

A neuron responds best to a spot of light that is the size of the excitatory center of the receptive field. This is because of _____. a. excitatory-dependent plasticity b. lateral inhibition c. center-surround antagonism d. belongingness

c. center-surround antagonism

In a ____ experiment, subjects reproduce a reference color by mixing different wavelengths of light a. color-adjustment b. color-mixing c. color-matching d. color-comparison

c. color-matching

Bryce is a graduate student who is conducting an experiment in which participants have to navigate a corn maze. He finds that objects at corners where the participant had to decide which direction to turn are more important for navigation. What are these objects known as? a. informational landmarks b. wayfinding objects c. decision-point landmarks d. navigation markers

c. decision-point landmarks

Dr. Ouch studies various models of pain, and is currently focused on one proposing that pain occurs when nociceptor receptors in the skin are stimulated and send their signals directly from the skin to the brain. What model is this? a. gateway model b. gate control model c. direct pathway model d. direct control model

c. direct pathway model

Leo and Mindy have just tasted a salad. Leo maintains that the greens in the salad are very bitter, while Mindy continues to enjoy the salad. Their different reactions seem to be a result of differences in the types and numbers of taste receptors, which causes them to have different _____. a. preferences b. predilections c. experiences d. inclinations

c. experiences

For _____ animals, olfaction provides cues to orient them in space, to mark territory, and to guide them to specific places, other animals, and food sources. a. microsmatic b. anosmic c. macrosmatic d. polyosmatic

c. macrosmatic

Nathan is taking his first train ride. He looks out the window and sees the ground below moving past in a blur. When he looks in the distance, the trees, bushes, and land seem to be moving more slowly. Nathan is experiencing _____. a. accretion b. texture gradient c. motion parallax d. atmospheric perspective

c. motion parallax

The Limulus eye is made up of hundreds of tiny structures called _____, each of which has a small lens on the eye's surface that is located directly over a single receptor. a. ocelli b. opisthsoma c. ommatidia d. chelicara

c. ommatidia

Jason is riding his bike on campus. He looks at the sidewalk moving below and the trees moving past him. The movement Jason is seeing is known as _____. a. affordance b. self-production c. optic flow d. focus

c. optic flow

The _____ is involved in determining the reward value of foods. a. insula b. amygdala c. orbitofrontal cortex d. piriform cortex

c. orbitofrontal cortex

Dr. Grip studies the area of the brain that is involved in reaching and grasping, the _____ reach region. a. occipital b. frontal c. parietal d. tempora

c. parietal

Maryl has a terrible cold and is coughing a lot. Her roommate, however, is still able to understand what Maryl is saying, even when Maryl's coughs result in the omission of word sounds. This illustrates the _____ effect. a. auditory insertion b. phonemic substitution c. phonemic restoration d. auditory deletion

c. phonemic restoration

Samantha, an artist, is drawing a cityscape that she sees off in the distance as well as the surroundings of the park in which she is sitting. As she is drawing the trees and buildings, Samantha notes that there are more vertical and horizontal lines than angled lines. These frequently-occurring characteristics of the environment that Samantha perceives are known as _____. a. uniform connectors b. scenic gist c. physical regularities d. scene schemas

c. physical regularities

The aspect of auditory sensation whose variation is associated with musical melodies is _____. a. frequency b. timbre c. pitch d. tone

c. pitch

Sylvester is participating in a study of the effects of pain medication. He is given a pill and then memorizes a lengthy poem. Whenever he makes a mistake in his recitation, he is given a mild electric shock. In fact, the pill he takes has no pharmacological action at all. It is a(n) _____. a. nocebo b. counterfeit c. placebo d. deceptor

c. placebo

Tricia is looking at a ball. If we could experience Tricia's processing of the image of the ball, we could see Tricia analyzing that the ball is red and round, or breaking the ball up into separate features (color, shape). Which stage of Treisman's feature integration theory does this example illustrate? a. attention stage b. focused attention stage c. preattentive stage d. perception stage

c. preattentive stage

Ian is in a band, and has taken the time to learn the ins and outs of the sound system. For example, he knows that when the diaphragm of a loudspeaker moves back in, a process called _____ occurs. a. refraction b. phase locking c. rarefaction d. condensation

c. rarefaction

Greg is learning how to draw a landscape scene. His instructor notes that objects with their bases closer to the horizon are usually seen as being more distant. What concept is the instructor describing? a. occlusion b. relative size c. relative height d. respective size

c. relative height

Lakshmi is shown two pictures simultaneously. Her left eye is shown a rectangle and her right eye is shown a tiger. Lakshmi reports that sometimes she sees the rectangle and other times she sees the tiger, but not both at the same time. This example illustrates binocular _____. a. fusion b. confusion c. rivalry d. contention

c. rivalry

Amy is examining how certain wavelengths of light pass through various fruit juices to create color. What concept is illustrated in this process? a. reflectance b. diffusion curvature c. selective transmission d. selective reflection

c. selective transmission

Apparent motion follows a principle called the _____, which states that apparent movement tends to occur along the shortest path between two stimuli. a. brief transit principle b. perceptual optimization principle c. shortest path constraint

c. shortest path constraint

Kristin is trying to learn Spanish. She listens to recordings of native speakers and has difficulties hearing the individual words. Instead, the words sound like an unbroken string to her. Kristin is having difficulty with _____. a. phonemes b. shadowing c. speech segmentation d. perceptual constancy

c. speech segmentation

Maria is testing the behavior of monkeys. First, she shows the monkey a rectangle. Then she shows the monkey a rectangle and a cylinder. If the monkey pushes aside the rectangle, Maria gives the monkey a food reward. In the second part of the experiment, Maria removes part of the monkey's brain, after which this problem was very difficult for the monkey. What part of the monkey's brain was removed? a. occipital lobe b. parietal lobe c. temporal lobe d. frontal lobe

c. temporal lobe

When people who are walking use the ____ strategy, they keep their body pointed toward a target and readjust if the target drifts left or right. a. drift feedback b. direct approach c. visual direction d. centered pathway

c. visual direction

Peter visits Niagara Falls and watches the water pour over the cliff. He then looks off to the side at the rocks and foliage, and they appear to move up for a few seconds. What is this effect called? a. Illusory motion b. optic array c. waterfall illusion d. optic flow

c. waterfall illusion

Stanley is learning about the properties of light in his physics class. He learns that the distance between peaks of electromagnetic transmissions is called the _____. a. packet b. refraction c. wavelength d. segment

c. wavelength

Fred is brushing his teeth using an electric toothbrush. The vibration makes his hand feel funny as he brushes his teeth. Which mechanoreceptor is responsible for Fred's feeling of vibration in his hand? a. Merkel receptor b. Meissner corpuscle c. Ruffini cylinder d. Pacinian corpuscle

d. Pacinian corpuscle

Charles is learning the anatomy of the structures in the vocal apparatus, including the soft palate, tongue, lips, teeth, and jaw. Together, these structures are called the _____. a. vocalizers b. processors c. stimulators d. articulators

d. articulators

Barry is given a piece of paper with horizontal and vertical lines on it. The lines are blue and red. Barry is asked to circle the blue horizontal lines. What type of search is this? a. feature search b. attribute search c. combination search d. conjunction search

d. conjunction search

Fifth-grader Mia is studying how light is focused in the eye. She learns that the _____ account(s) for 80% of the eye's focusing power. a. rods b. cones c. retina d. cornea

d. cornea

Bruce is studying the organization of beats into bars or measures, in which the first beat in each bar often accented. In this aspect of his study, Bruce is most focused on _____. a. melody b. timbre c. tone d. meter

d. meter

The idea of the gatekeeper function of taste is illustrated by the association of sweetness with compounds that have _____. a. celebratory connotations b. use in covering bad tastes c. an association with toxins d. nutritive or caloric value

d. nutritive or caloric value

Erica is studying the structure of the middle ear and its role in sound perception, specifically the three smallest bones in the body known as the _____. a. tympanic membrane b. pinnas c. cochlea d. ossicles

d. ossicles

____ is one of the behavioral responses in the perceptual process. a. Permutation b. Transduction c. Transmission d. Perception

d. perception

Ben is walking along some railroad tracks. He notices that the tracks appear closer together as he looks farther down the tracks until arriving at a single point. What is Ben experiencing? a. relative size b. relative height c. atmospheric perspective d. perspective convergence

d. perspective convergence

Doug is participating in an experiment where he is asked to describe what he is perceiving when he is tasting various foods. This is best described as the _____ report approach to studying perception. a. psychophysiological b. epistemological c. perceptual field d. phenomenological

d. phenomenological

Mina is a neuroscientist who is running a study that measures electrical signals in the brain of her participants. She is currently measuring the interval between the time one nerve impulse occurs and the next one can be generated in an axon. What is this interval called? a. polarization delay b. falling and rising phases c. propagated response interval d. refractory period

d. refractory period

Samantha is driving down the street and the movement provides data to her. She then uses the data to help steer her car in the right direction. What is the term for this process? a. gradient of flow b. focus of expansion c. optic flow d. self-produced information

d. self-produced information

Jean sees a flash of light. A structuralist would note that Jean is experiencing a(n) _____. a. perception b. assumption c. inference d. sensation

d. sensation

Olivia is a toddler who is looking at a book full of textures. She is feeling the scratchy sandpaper page. According to the duplex theory of texture perception, she is relying on both _____ cues. a. spatial and auditory b. tactile and spatial c. auditory and visual d. spatial and temporal

d. spatial and temporal

Dr. Long is researching the ability of infants to learn about certain characteristics of a language, such as the chances that one sound will follow another sound. What process is Dr. Long researching in these infants? a. perceptual constancy b. phoneme learning c. indexical characteristics d. statistical learning

d. statistical learning

Misty is a spectator at a marathon and looks for a friend. There is a large crowd of marathoners this year and they appear to be more tightly packed together the farther off in the distance she looks. Misty is experiencing the observation of _____. a. familiar size b. atmospheric perspective c. perspective convergence d. texture gradient

d. texture gradient

Amelie looks at a tree, which is imaged on the retina. The representation of the tree in the visual cortex is contained in the firings of neurons in separate cortical columns. The information in these separated columns is combined in the cortex to create our perception of the tree. These columns work together to cover the entire visual field, which is an effect called _____. a. double disassociation b. orientation c. hyperpositioning d. tiling

d. tiling