Shadwick POB Test 3 Review
Euglenids
- Photosynthesis - Mixotrophy - Eyespot for detecting light intensity
Dinoflagellates
- Unicellular algae - Cause "blooms" in polluted coastal waters Red Tides Bioluminescent Ocean
Steps of virus reproduction
1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Replication 4. Budding 5. Assembly 6. Biosynthesis
Steps to solve a genetic cross
1. Determine the genotype of each parent. 2. List the possible gametes from each parent. 3. Combine all possible gametes. 4. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of all offspring.
Requirements for Harvey-Weinberg equilibrium
1. No mutations 2. No genetic drift 3. No gene flow 4. Random mating 5. No selection
A male who does not have hemophilia (XHY) mates with a hemophiliac female (XhXh). What is the probability that a male child born to this couple will have hemophilia?
100%
23 chromosomes diagram
22 autosomal 1 sex 23 sets total
Trisomy
3 copies of a chromosome
A male who has color blindness (XbY) mates with a carrier female (XBXb). What percentage of their male children will be color blind?
50%
What does an extra X chromosome become?
A Barr body
1. Alternative forms of a gene that influence the same trait and are found at the same location in homologous chromosomes are called A. alleles. B. phenotypes. C. genotypes. D. incomplete dominance.
A alleles.
Bottleneck effect
A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population Recessive alleles become more prominent Ex: Natural disasters
Microevolution
A change in allele frequency in a population over time Populations evolve, individuals do not.
Founder effect
A few individuals leave a population to colonize an island or other new habitat, reducing gene variation
Directional natural selection
A form of natural selection that selects against one of two extremes and leads over time to a change in a trait.
Taxon
A group containing an organism or group of organisms that exhibit a set of shared traits
Phylogeny
A hypothesis of evolutionary relatedness among taxa represented by a "family tree"
What can all life be traced back to?
A single common ancestor named the "Last Universal Common Ancestor" (LUCA)
Polyploid species
A species with more than two chromosome sets Ex: Gray Treefrog
Polygenic inheritance
A trait controlled by two or more genes, dominant alleles are additive Ex: Skin color, height, hair color, eye color
4. A normal male marries a color-blind woman. What percent of their female children will be color-blind? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100%
A. 0%
14. In guinea pigs, B = black, b = brown, S = short hair, s = long hair. A heterozygous black, short-haired animal reproduces with a brown, long-haired animal. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring? A . 1 black short hair, 1 black long hair, 1 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair B. 9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 brown short hair C. 9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair D. 9 black short hair, 6 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 brown short hair
A. 1 black short hair, 1 black long hair, 1 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair
15. In humans, aniridia, a type of blindness, is due to a dominant allele A. Migraine headaches are due to another dominant allele M. If a man who suffers from both conditions (AaMm) marries a woman who suffers from both (AaMm), what are the chances of an offspring expressing both traits? A. 9/16 B. 3/16 C. 1/2 D. 1/16
A. 9/16
4. Which piece of evidence did Darwin observe during his 5-year journey aboard the HMS Beagle? A. A South American species of finch is most likely the ancestor of the Galápagos Island finches. B. Species do not change over time. C. All species share the same basic genetic and molecular makeup. D. The earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old.
A. A South American species of finch is most likely the ancestor of the Galápagos Island finches.
What type of inheritance is represented by the above pedigree? Remember, affected individuals are represented by filled in shapes. A. Autosomal Dominant B. Autosomal Recessive
A. Autosomal Dominant
20. Fruit flies of the species Drosophila melanogaster are an important model organism for eukaryotic genetics. The genes for olive body color and purple eye color are on the same chromosome. Consider an organism with the chromosomes in the diagram above. What process is capable of producing a gamete with the alleles "pO"? A. Crossing Over B. Mitosis C. Independent Assortment D. Nondisjunction
A. Crossing Over
8. In a Mendelian monohybrid cross involving two homozygous genotypes, the ________ generation is always completely heterozygous A. F1 B. F2 C. P D. P2
A. F1
14. At one time, biologists thought that fungi were merely forms of plants that had lost their chlorophyll and had returned to saprotrophy to gain food. Why is this no longer considered a solid theory? A. Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose. B. Fungi attack and engulf food for internal digestion. C. Fungi have flagella at some stage, providing mobility that plants never have. D. Plants are multicellular and fungi are unicellular or multinucleated noncellular plasmodia.
A. Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose.
12. Which of the following is true about genetic drift? A. It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population. B. It increases the number of heterozygotes in a population. C. It increases the level of rare alleles in a population. D. It reduces the chances of mutation in a population.
A. It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population.
13. An individual who has an XXY combination of sex chromosomes is said to have _____ syndrome. A. Klinefelter B. Turner C. Down D. cri du chat
A. Klinefelter
25. Who invented the term "virus"? A. Louis Pasteur B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek C. Stanley Miller D. Harold Urey
A. Louis Pasteur
Consider the above diagram. The eggs and the resulting gametes would be the result of nondisjunction in A. Meiosis I. B. Meiosis II.
A. Meiosis I.
30. Which type of archaean is likely to be found in the intestines of animals? A. Methanogen. B. Halophile. C. Thermacidophile.
A. Methanogen.
29. A population of mice live in a grassy area near a stream. Some individuals have alleles that give them white fir while others have alleles for brown fur. A family of hawks move in and nest nearby. The hawks catch the white mice at a higher rate because those mice do not blend in to the surroundings so well. This changes the genetic makeup of the population and a higher percentage of the next generation of mice have brown fur. This is an example of _______. A. Natural Selection B. Genetic Drift C. Mutation D. Gene Flow
A. Natural Selection
1. Single-celled eukaryotes are A. Protists. B. Archaea. C. land plants. D. animals.
A. Protists.
4. Members of which genus of algae are found in ponds and have chloroplasts that are arranged in a spiral? A. Spirogyra B. Euglena C. Chlamydomonas D. Volvox
A. Spirogyra
17. Disruptive selection is described in the text with the case of British land snails. In the grassy fields, the light-banded snails escape bird predators. In the darker forest, the dark snails survive and the light-banded snails are eaten. As long as the snails continue to cruise across the British landscape mating at the same season and having access to each other, why doesn't this "disruptive selection" eventually lead to two separate species? A. There is no reproductive isolation to prevent gene flow. B. They are already two separate species and the intermediate forms are hybrids. C. The color forms are probably not genetically determined. D. There must be some unknown factor producing an equal stabilizing selection "to hold the species together."
A. There is no reproductive isolation to prevent gene flow.
23. The above pedigree pertains to colorblindess. What is the genotype of the individual indicated by the asterisk? A. XB Xb B. XB XB C. Xb Xb D. XB Y
A. XB Xb
31. Common fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, have been used as model organisms to study inheritance in animals for many years. Flies with the yellow body phenotype make no melanin. Look at the image above to see diagrams representing the "wild-type" and "yellow body" flies. In an experiment, Karen crossed a true-breeding line of wild-type flies with yellow body flies. All the offspring of those crosses were wild-type. Then Karen crossed the offspring with each other. She got 328 yellow body flies and 1014 wild-type flies. What is the probably inheritance pattern for the yellow body allele? A. Yellow body is recessive to wild-type. B. Wild-type is recessive to yellow body. C. Wild-type and yellow body are incompletely dominant. D. Wild-type and yellow body are codominant.
A. Yellow body is recessive to wild-type.
29. In peas, yellow is dominant over green in seeds. With which of these is it best to cross a yellow-seeded pea plant to determine whether it is homozygous or heterozygous? A. a green-seeded plant B. a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant C. a pure yellow-seeded plant D. a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant or a pure yellow-seeded plant
A. a green-seeded plant
1. The location of a gene on a chromosome is called A. a locus. B. a linkage map. C. a linkage group. D. an allele.
A. a locus.
20. The model of speciation that requires some time with geographic barriers between two populations, allowing evolution of reproductive isolation, is A. allopatric speciation. B. phyletic gradualism. C. sympatric speciation. D. punctuated equilibrium. E. prezygotic isolation.
A. allopatric speciation.
26. The fin of a tuna and the flipper of a dolphin are A. analogous structures. B. homologous structures. C. homogeneous structures. D. reciprocal structures.
A. analogous structures.
22. Lichens A. are a symbiotic relationship between an alga and fungus. B. thrive in areas of high pollution. C. cause the flavors in blue cheese. D. are important in making bread.
A. are a symbiotic relationship between an alga and fungus.
7. Mendel's law of segregation implies that the two members of an allele pair A. are distributed to separate gametes B. are distributed to the same gamete C. are assorted dependently D. are segregated pairwise
A. are distributed to separate gametes
20. Diatoms A. are unicellular algae with glassy cell walls. B. have pseudopodia. C. are excavates. D. all of the above are true. E. Only A and B are true.
A. are unicellular algae with glassy cell walls.
21. Which stage of viral reproduction takes place when the spikes of the virus bind to a specific receptor molecule on the surface of a host cell? A. attachment stage B. penetration stage C. biosynthesis stage D. release stage
A. attachment stage
28. The process of bacterial reproduction is referred to as A. binary fission. B. budding. C. mitosis. D. meiosis.
A. binary fission.
24. Consider the above phylogenetic tree. Which of the following species are most closely related? A. chimpanzee and rhesus monkey B. gibbon and capuchin C. rhesus monkey and capuchin D. galago and green monkey
A. chimpanzee and rhesus monkey
26. You have two true-breeding rose bushes, one with red flowers and one with white flowers. A cross between these two roses yields a bush with white flowers that have red splotches. What condition does this demonstrate? A. codominance B. incomplete dominance C. environmental effects D. polygenetic inheritance E. monohybrid inheritance
A. codominance
19. Which type of natural selection increases the frequency of one extreme phenotype? A. directional B. stabilizing C. disruptive D. nonrandom
A. directional
27. Cyanobacteria A. do photosynthesis similar to green plants. B. are heterotrophs. C. have a nucleus and chloroplast. D. split hydrogen sulfide.
A. do photosynthesis similar to green plants.
29. The first membranes that formed before full cells were likely made of A. fatty acids. B. phospholipids. C. proteins. D. RNA.
A. fatty acids.
6. Which evidence for evolution uses impressions of plants and animals pressed into sedimentary rock? A. fossil record B. biogeography C. comparative embryology D. comparative biochemistry
A. fossil record
13. A random alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant of the gene is A. gene mutation. B. gene frequency. C. disruption. D. allele frequency.
A. gene mutation.
25. Consider the above phylogenetic tree. Which of the following species are most closely related? A. gibbon and green monkey B. gibbon and capuchin C. green monkey and capuchin D. galago and capuchin
A. gibbon and green monkey
35. Red-legged frogs and Bullfrogs can interbreed in the lab. However, Red-legged frogs only breed in fast-moving streams and Bullfrogs only breed in ponds. This is an example of a _______________ isolating mechanism. A. habitat B. temporal C. behavioral D. mechanical
A. habitat
8. Which of the following sex-linked diseases is characterized by the absence of a clotting factor? A. hemophilia B. color-blindness C. Duchenne muscular dystrophy D. None of the answer choices is true.
A. hemophilia
23. Consider the above phylogenetic tree. Which of the following species are most closely related? A. human and green monkey B. gibbon and capuchin C. green monkey and capuchin D. galago and green monkey
A. human and green monkey
31. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek A. improved microscope lenses to allow him to see tiny organisms he called animalcules. B. invented the idea of spontaneous generation. C. did experiments to refute the concept of spontaneous generation. D. tested theories about how organic molecules could form without the presence of life.
A. improved microscope lenses to allow him to see tiny organisms he called animalcules.
The organism represented in the above image A. is an excavate. B. is in the genus Euglena. C. is a flagellate. D. is a chromalveolate. E. is in the genus Amoeba. F. makes pseudopodia.
A. is an excavate. B. is in the genus Euglena. C. is a flagellate.
2. Which of the following represents the physical characteristics of the individual? A. phenotype B. genotype C. alleles D. dominance
A. phenotype
18. What genetic disorder is associated with the lack of an enzyme necessary for the normal metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine? A. phenylketonuria (PKU) B. Huntington disease C. sickle cell disease D. cystic fibrosis (CF)
A. phenylketonuria (PKU)
22. Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans , are the result of what form of inheritance? A. polygenic B. incomplete dominance C. simple Mendelian inheritance D. codominance
A. polygenic
24. Some human diseases appear to be due to protein agents that may convert other normal proteins in the cell to also become these agents. This new disease protein agent is called a(n) A. prion. B. cyanobacterium. C. phage. D. retrovirus.
A. prion.
19. Which genetic disorder is associated with an irregular shape of the red blood cells? A. sickle cell disease B. Marfan syndrome C. Huntington disease D. cystic fibrosis (CF)
A. sickle cell disease
2. What general feature is necessary to consider an organism a microbe? A. small enough that a microscope is required to see them B. heterotrophic C. sexual reproduction D. use aerobic respiration for metabolism
A. small enough that a microscope is required to see them
28. Cheetahs are very genetically similar, meaning there is not a lot of genetic diversity in their gene pool. It appears that at least 2 times in the last 10,000 years cheetah populations crashed to very low numbers. The present day low genetic diversity is due to _____________. A. the bottleneck effect. B. the founder effect. C. natural selection. D. non-disjunction.
A. the bottleneck effect.
2. Lamarck's proposal of the inheritance of acquired characteristics included the idea that A. the continual stretching of giraffe's necks to reach leaves led to longer necks in offspring. B. local catastrophes cause mass extinctions of species. C. species are fixed and unchanging over time. D. organisms are acted on by the environment.
A. the continual stretching of giraffe's necks to reach leaves led to longer necks in offspring.
1. According to Lamarck, which variable would have the greatest influence on the evolution of an organism? A. the environment B. the genetics of the individual C. Both the environment and genetics are equally responsible for the evolution of an organism. D. Neither the environment nor the genetics of an organism play a role in its evolution.
A. the environment
27. Lizards on a small island are more likely to have to mate with close relatives. The form of microevolution is A. the founder effect. B. mutation. C. gene flow. D. natural selection.
A. the founder effect.
17. A viral envelope describes A. the outer layer of some viruses composed of the host's plasma membrane B. viral DNA. C. a prion. D. a protein capsid.
A. the outer layer of some viruses composed of the host's plasma membrane
9. Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA from the medium pieces that were released from dead bacteria in a process called A. transformation. B. transduction. C. conjugation. D. replication.
A. transformation.
2. Which features set most of the members of protista apart from the rest of the kingdoms? A. unicellular and microscopic B. multicellular and microscopic C. photosynthetic and unicellular D. None of the answer choices is correct.
A. unicellular and microscopic
7. Anatomical features that are fully developed and functional in one group of organisms but reduced and functionless in a similar group are termed A. vestigial. B. homologous. C. analogous. D. sympatric.
A. vestigial.
Plasmids
Accessory rings of DNA that carry certain genes, such as antibiotic resistance
Viruses
Acellular structures that are parasites Use the host cell's replication machinery, such as ribosomes and certain enzymes
What impacts chances of down syndrome?
Age, the probability of having a kid with down syndrome increases rapidly after age It is possible to karyotype in order to diagnose down syndrome early
Linkage group
All alleles on one chromosome Alleles that are linked do not show independent assortment
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
All species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
Homology proof of evolution
All vertebrae embryos look very similar at one stage, with a tail posterior to the anus and structures called pharyngeal (throat) pouches.
Genotype
Alleles carried by chromosomes that are responsible for a given trait
Phenotype
An individual's actual appearance (Visible or microscopic/metabolic)
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait, can be dominant or recessive
Vestigial structures
Anatomical structures with a function in one group of organisms but reduced and possibly no function in a closely related group
Opisthokonts
Animals, fungi, and certain flagellates
Eukaryotic supergroups
Archaeplastids Chromaveolates Excavates Amoebazoans Rhizarians Opisthokonts
Sexual reproduction in prokaryotes
Asexual
Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)
Autosomal Dominant • Prion disease of the brain • Mutation in protein causes misfolding • Increasing insomnia, panic attacks, hallucination, total inability to sleep, dementia • Death in about 18 month after onset of symptoms Only ~40 families are known to carry this disorder
20. What are the chances that two individuals with wavy hair (an incomplete trait) will have a curly hair child? Curly hair and straight hair exhibit incomplete dominance. A. None B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%
B. 25%
7. If a woman is a carrier for the color-blind recessive allele and her husband has normal vision, what are their chances that a son will be color-blind? A. None, because the father is normal. B. 50%, since the mother is only a carrier. C. 100% because the mother has the gene. D. 25% because the mother is a hybrid. E. None since the son will also be just a carrier.
B. 50%, since the mother is only a carrier.
7. Which of the following organisms move about by means of pseudopodia? A. trypanosome B. Amoeba proteus C. Chlamydomonas D. Paramecium caudatum
B. Amoeba proteus
6. Which is NOT true according to Mendel's law of segregation? A. Each individual contains two alleles for each trait B. An individual can have either both dominant alleles, both recessive alleles, or a dominant and recessive allele C. Alleles separate from each other during gamete formation D. Each gamete contains one copy of each allele E. Fertilization restores the presence of two alleles
B. An individual can have either both dominant alleles, both recessive alleles, or a dominant and recessive allele
10. Which of these is a correct description of a form of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria? A. Crossing-over occurs between paired chromosomes in meiosis. B. Conjugation occurs when a cell passes DNA to another cell by means of a sex pilus. C. Transformation occurs when a bacteriophage carries a bit of DNA from a previous host cell to a new host cell. D. Transduction occurs when a live bacterium picks up DNA from dead bacteria that have shed it into the environment of the living cell.
B. Conjugation occurs when a cell passes DNA to another cell by means of a sex pilus.
22. All cases of Down syndrome are caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. A. True B. False
B. False
34. A man with AB blood type can have a child with type O. A. True B. False
B. False
12. ____ are mostly saprotrophic decomposers that assist in recycling of nutrients in ecosystems. A. Algae B. Fungi C. Protozoans D. Ciliates
B. Fungi
9. Molds (except slime and water molds) and mushrooms belong to the kingdom A. Protists. B. Fungi. C. Plantae. D. Animalia.
B. Fungi.
Which mechanism of evolution must not be present during speciation? A. Genetic Drift B. Gene Flow C. Nonrandom mating D. Natural Selection E. Mutation
B. Gene Flow
30. A population of mice live in a grassy area near a stream. Some individuals have alleles that give them white fir while other have alleles for brown fur. One day the stream floods killing a higher percentage of mice wtih the brown alleles basically at random. This changes the genetic makeup of the population and a higher percentage of the next generation of mice have white fur. This is an example of A. Natural Selection B. Genetic Drift C. Mutation D. Gene Flow
B. Genetic Drift
24. You have 2 true breeding rose bushes, one with red flowers amd one with white flowers. A cross between these two roses yields a bush with pink flowers. What does this demonstrate? A. Codominance B. Incomplete dominance C. Environmental effects D. Polygenetic inheritance
B. Incomplete dominance
13. In what way are fungi like heterotrophic bacteria? A. They both produce gametes. B. They are both heterotrophic and play an important role in ecosystems. C. They both have cell walls of the same material. D. They are both photosynthetic and thus are producers.
B. They are both heterotrophic and play an important role in ecosystems.
15. Which of the following is NOT true about viruses? A. The genome may be DNA or RNA. B. They contain nucleic acid, protein, and mitochondria. C. They exhibit host specificity. D. They are obligate intracellular parasites.
B. They contain nucleic acid, protein, and mitochondria.
14. A person with an XO genotype is classified as having A. Down syndrome. B. Turner syndrome. C. Klinefelter syndrome. D. a poly-X state.
B. Turner syndrome.
11. Generally, it is not possible to determine whether nondisjunction failed to occur in oogenesis or spermatogenesis. However, it is possible to assert that _____ resulted in nondisjunction in ____. A. XXY; oogenesis B. XYY; spermatogenesis C. XXX; oogenesis D. XXY; spermatogenesis
B. XYY; spermatogenesis
3. Genes on the ___ chromosome determine if the sex of a child will be male or female. A. X B. Y C. 21st D. 5th
B. Y
11. When only a few individuals survive unfavorable times, thereby losing the majority of genotypes in the next generation, it is called A. natural selection. B. a bottleneck effect. C. a founder effect. D. industrial mechanism.
B. a bottleneck effect.
16. A chain of asexual spores produced by a sac fungus is called A. a mycelium. B. a conidia. C. an ascospore. D. a basidiospore.
B. a conidia.
6. A color-blind (recessive trait) woman will pass the allele to A. her sons only. B. all her children. C. her daughters only. D. none of her children. E. her husband.
B. all her children.
3. What are alleles? A. genes for different traits, such as hair color and eye color B. alternative forms of a gene for a single trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes C. the locations of genes on a chromosome D. recessive forms of a kind of characteristic carried by genes
B. alternative forms of a gene for a single trait , such as blue eyes or brown eyes
The wing of a bee and the wing of a bird are... A. homologous structures. B. analogous structures. C. homogeneous structures. D. vestigial structures.
B. analogous structures.
17. If a chromosomal segment appears more than once in the same chromosome, it is termed a(n) A. translocation. B. duplication. C. deletion. D. inversion.
B. duplication.
16. The innermost core of a virus's structure is made up of A. a membranous envelope. B. either DNA or RNA. C. a protein capsid. D. a protein spore coat.
B. either DNA or RNA.
14. Movement of alleles between populations such as by the migration of breeding individuals is called A. genetic drift. B. gene flow. C. nonrandom mating. D. natural selection.
B. gene flow.
A dead animal is more likely to become fossilized if... A. it dies on a mountain side. B. it dies in a river delta with much sedimentation. C. it is eaten after it dies.
B. it dies in a river delta with much sedimentation.
12. When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, this is termed A. linked genes. B. nondisjunction. C. crossover. D. monosomy.
B. nondisjunction.
Adaptive radiation A. occurs when radioactive substances cause mutations in organisms. B. occurs when a single species changes into multiple species to fill different ecological niches. C. occurs primarily by genetic drift.
B. occurs when a single species changes into multiple species to fill different ecological niches.
27. Cold weather can change the ______ of a Himalayan rabbit A. genotype B. phenotype C. alleles D. sex
B. phenotype
14. The capsid of a virus is composed of A. RNA. B. protein. C. DNA. D. cellulose.
B. protein.
If you get sick two hours after eating at a restaurant, the type of food poisoning is probably caused by bacterium that A. caused an infection in your intestines. B. released toxins into the food.
B. released toxins into the food.
32. In Arkansas, the gray tree frog breeds in March, while the closely related species Harpers frog breeds at the end of May. This is an example of a ___________________ isolating mechanism. A. habitat B. temporal C. behavioral D. mechanical
B. temporal
3. Miller's laboratory experiments showed that A. it is possible to form protocells. B. the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules. C. atmospheric pressure is required for life to begin. D. the earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old.
B. the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules.
16. Which refers to the movement of a piece of one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome? A. inversion B. translocation C. deletion D. duplication
B. translocation
10. A person who has an extra copy of a chromosome is said to have A. monosomy. B. trisomy. C. nondisjunction. D. duplication.
B. trisomy.
What is the most common type of prokaryote on earth?
Bacteria
Which domains are prokaryotic?
Bacteria and Archaea
Transformation
Bacterium takes up DNA from environment released by dead bacteria
How do archaea reproduce?
Binary fission
Chromaveolates
Brown algae, diatoms, cialites, sporozoans, and water molds
13. A cross is made between two parents with genotypes AaBB and aabb. If there are 32 offspring, how many of them would be expected to exhibit both dominant characteristics? A. 32 B. 24 C. 16 D. 8 E. 0
C. 16
9. What will the genotypic ratio be of a monohybrid cross of two individuals who are both heterozygous for a trait? Use the link in the instructions to an online Punnet square frame. A. 100 % homozygous dominant B. 50 % homozygous dominant, 50 % homozygous recessive C. 25 % homozygous dominant, 50 % heterozygous, 25 % homozygous recessive D. 50 % homozygous dominant, 50 % heterozygous
C. 25 % homozygous dominant , 50 % heterozygous , 25 % homozygous recessive
21. The four o'clock flower is an example of incomplete dominance: R = red, r = white, and Rr = pink. If two hybrids are crossed, what are the chances that an offspring will have pink flowers? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100 %
C. 50%
5. Color-blindness is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. A male who is color-blind marries a heterozygous woman. What percent of their total children will be color-blind? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100%
C. 50%
17. In guinea pigs, B = black, b = brown, S = short hair, s = long hair. Two heterozygous individuals reproduce. The expected results are A. 9 black long hair, 3 black short hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 brown short hair. B. 9 black short hair, 6 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 black short hair. C. 9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair. D. 9 brown short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 black short hair.
C. 9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair.
10. A pheasant breeder starts with two birds in the P generation , one of which is AA and the other is aa . If he takes two of the birds from the F1 generation and breeds them together , what can he expect in his F2 offspring ? A. AA and Aa B. Aa and aa C. AA, Aa, and aa D. Aa only
C. AA, Aa, and aa
12. Some plants fail to produce chlorophyll, due to a recessive trait. If we locate a pea plant that is heterozygous for this trait, self-pollinate it, and harvest the seeds, what are the likely phenotypes of the resulting offspring? A. All will be green with chlorophyll since that is the dominant trait. B. About one-half will be green and one-half white since that is the distribution of the genes in the parents. C. About one-fourth will be white and three-fourths green since it is similar to a monohybrid cross. D. About one-fourth will be green and three-fourths white since it is similar to a monohybrid cross.
C. About one-fourth will be white and three-fourths green since it is similar to a monohybrid cross.
7. A new classification by domains separates prokaryotes into A. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria. B. photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria. C. Archaea and Bacteria. D. autotrophs and heterotrophs.
C. Archaea and Bacteria.
6. What is the evolutionary relationship among archaea, bacteria, and eukarya? A. Since archaea are the most primitive, archaean ancestors gave rise to bacteria that in turn gave rise to eukaryotes. B. All three domains are equally distant from the most primitive common ancestor, a protocell. C. Archaea and eukarya share nucleic acid similarities, so eukarya split off from archaea. D. Bacterial ancestors gave rise to both archaea and to eukaryotes as two separate side branches.
C. Archaea and eukarya share nucleic acid similarities, so eukarya split off from archaea.
6. Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows? A. amoeboids-pseudopodia B. ciliates-cilia C. Euglena-pseudopod D. Paramecium-cilia
C. Euglena-pseudopod
8. The kingdom ____ are characterized by having filaments called hyphae that are used to absorb nutrients. A. Archaea B. Protista C. Fungi D. Animalia E. Plantae
C. Fungi
32. This pedigree documents an autosomal recessive trait. Remember, affected individuals are represented by filled in shapes. What is the genotype of individual 6 at generation II? A. Homozygous Dominant B. Homozygous Recessive C. Heterozygous D. There is not enough information given to tell.
C. Heterozygous
31. A population of mice live in a grassy area near a stream. Some individuals have alleles that give them white fir while others have alleles for brown fur. One day a mouse is born in which an allele for brown fur has change and causes the mouse to be tan. This is an example of A. Natural Selection B. Genetic Drift C. Mutation D. Gene Flow
C. Mutation
11. ____ are organisms that break down dead organic matter in order to absorb the nutrient molecules. A. Eukaryotes B. Parasites C. Saprotrophs D. Heterotrophs
C. Saprotrophs
13. Which statement is NOT true about bacteria? A. They lack mitochondria. B. They lack a nucleus but contain DNA. C. They reproduce sexually. D. They have a single circular chromosome.
C. They reproduce sexually.
22. During allopatric speciation A. gene flow continues between subpopulations. B. reproduction between all subpopulations is impossible. C. a geographic separation occurs between subpopulations. D. wide phenotype differences appear between subpopulations. E. subpopulations are still able to interbreed.
C. a geographic separation occurs between subpopulations.
34. In peacock spiders, a male displays before a female. If the male is of the wrong species then the female will reject him because he does not do the correct courtship display or have the correct color patterns. This is an example of a ___________________ isolating mechanism. A. habitat B. temporal C. behavioral D. mechanical
C. behavioral
15. Fungi are NOT photosynthetic because they lack A. xylem. B. cell walls. C. chloroplasts. D. cell membrane.
C. chloroplasts.
8. One bacterial cell passes DNA to a second cell through a sex pilus in the process of A. transformation. B. transduction. C. conjugation. D. replication.
C. conjugation.
15. Which refers to the loss of a portion of a chromosome? A. inversion B. translocation C. deletion D. duplication
C. deletion
5. Which is an example of an alga? A. amoebae B. slime molds C. diatoms D. ciliates
C. diatoms
32. Louis Pasteur A. improved microscope lenses to allow him to see tiny organisms he called animalcules. B. invented the idea of spontaneous generation. C. did experiments to refute the concept of spontaneous generation. D. tested theories about how organic molecules could form without the presence of life.
C. did experiments to refute the concept of spontaneous generation.
28. Hydrangeas are a flowering plant with large showy blooms. When a plant is grown in aluminum-rich soil it has blue flowers. If the same plant is transplanted into soil that is lacking aluminum, the flowers produced will be pink. This is an example of A. codominance. B. incomplete dominance. C. environmental effects. D. polygenetic inheritance.
C. environmental effects.
4. The ______ indicates the gene combination of an individual A. phenotype B. loci C. genotype D. homozygous
C. genotype
3. The ____ algae are thought to be closely related to the first plants because they share most of the characteristics of plants. A. brown B. red C. green D. pink
C. green
30. In a testcross, an organism with a dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype is crossed with which of the following to establish its genotype? A. homozygous dominant B. heterozygous C. homozygous recessive D. heterozygous dominant
C. homozygous recessive
2. Considering that males can have Klinefelter (XXY) syndrome, XYY, and normal XY chromosomal combinations, and females can have Turner (XO) syndrome, poly-X (XXX, XXXX), and normal XX combinations, it is obvious that A. maleness results from the presence of only one X chromosome. B. maleness results from the absence of two or more X chromosomes. C. maleness results from the minimal presence of one Y chromosome. D. femaleness results from the presence of two or more X chromosomes.
C. maleness results from the minimal presence of one Y chromosome.
16. Inbreeding within a population is an example of A. genetic drift. B. gene flow. C. nonrandom mating. D. natural selection.
C. nonrandom mating.
21. During sympatric speciation A. evolution ceases for a time. B. wide phenotype differences disappear between subpopulations. C. reproductive isolation between certain subpopulations occurs. D. a geographic separation occurs between certain subpopulations.
C. reproductive isolation between certain subpopulations occurs.
10. An organism that will feed on dead plants, animals, and microbes are called A. autotrophic. B. heterotrophic. C. saprotrophs. D. parasitic.
C. saprotrophs.
8. Which of these conditions is NOT among the requirements of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. no net mutations B. no net migration of alleles into or out of the population C. small population with genetic drift D. no selection of one genotype over another
C. small population with genetic drift
18. Which type of natural selection occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored? A. disruptive selection B. directional selection C. stabilizing selection D. genetic drift selection
C. stabilizing selection
22. When an enveloped animal virus enters a cell during the entry stage, A. the next thing it does is assemble a new virus. B. the envelope is removed after the virus is inside the cell's nucleus. C. the protein capsid is removed through uncoating to expose the viral genome. D. it immediately integrates its nucleic acid genome into the host chromosomes.
C. the protein capsid is removed through uncoating to expose the viral genome.
11. Which type of genetic exchange occurs among bacteria in which DNA is carried into a bacterial cell by means of a virus? A. conjugation B. transformation C. transduction D. budding
C. transduction
Classification levels
Categories from highest to lowest are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species The higher the category, the more inclusive it is
Evolution of living cells
Cells with membranes and DNA, RNA, and protein; supported by the RNA-First Hypothesis Codon chart seems optimized to deal with mutation, may have been natural selection on codons
Genetic drift
Chance events change allele frequencies from one generation to the next. The smaller the population, the more impact genetic drift is likely to have.
Epigenetic Inheritance (Lamarck)
Chemical modifications to the DNA may be passed on to later generations
Karyotype
Chromosomes arranged by pairs according to their size and general appearance.
Cold & The Flu
Colds are caused mainly by rhinoviruses Flu is caused by influenza viruses Antigens on cold and flu viruses can change.
Three mechanisms of genetic recombination
Conjugation Transformation Transduction
Test Cross
Cross between individuals with dominant phenotype and recessive phenotype If offspring with recessive phenotype is produced, then the dominant parent is heterozygous
5. Which of the following is NOT correct concerning the law of independent assortment? A. It is based upon the process of meiosis B. Each pair of factors separates independently C. All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes D. It follows the observation that all maternal chromosomes end up in the egg
D. It follows the observation that all maternal chromosomes end up in the egg
10. Which statement is NOT true about the founder effect? A. It is a form of genetic drift. B. It produces a high frequency of some rare alleles in a small isolated population. C. Founding members contain a tiny fraction of the alleles found in the original population. D. The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors.
D. The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors.
12. Which statement is true about bacteria? A. They contain a nucleus. B. They lack ribosomes. C. They usually lack a cell wall. D. They contain a single, circular DNA molecule as the genetic material.
D. They contain a single, circular DNA molecule as the genetic material.
3. When he arrived at the Galápagos Islands, Darwin did not observe the amazing tool-using "woodpecker finch" that can modify twigs to pry out grubs. Because there are no true woodpeckers on the Galápagos Islands, this behavior allows this finch to exploit an untapped food source. However, not all members of this species exhibit this behavior, which is probably learned from watching other finches. Therefore, which of the following is NOT true? A. Young isolated at hatching will not know how to do this. B. It is probably not "hardwired" in the brain as a behavior passed on genetically. C. There must be a great advantage to reaching this food source for this learned behavior to be repeated by most descendants each generation. D. This "learned" behavior will not lead to evolutionary change in the woodpecker population.
D. This "learned" behavior will not lead to evolutionary change in the woodpecker population.
17. The mycelium is a mesh of filaments, each of which is called A. a conidium. B. an ascospore. C. a basidiospore. D. a hypha.
D. a hypha.
19. Amoebae A. have pseudopodia. B. have a nucleus C. are heterotrophic. D. all of the above are true. E. Only A and C are true.
D. all of the above are true.
20. The life cycle stage of an animal virus during which a mature capsid forms around copies of the viral RNA genome is A. budding. B. biosynthesis. C. uncoating. D. assembly.
D. assembly.
18. Which of these is the most accurate description of a virus? A. a noncellular living organism B. one of the smallest bacteria known C. a cell at the boundary between living and nonliving things D. chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein
D. chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein
18. Which refers to the addition of a repeat segment of a chromosome? A. inversion B. translocation C. deletion D. duplication
D. duplication
23. Which of the following is an example of the blending of phenotypes? A. codominance B. polygenic inheritance C. simple Mendelian inheritance D. incomplete dominance
D. incomplete dominance
19. If a chromosomal segment is turned around 180°, the chromosomal mutation is termed a(n) A. translocation. B. duplication. C. deletion. D. inversion.
D. inversion.
33. Two species of peas are visited by the same species of bee. Each species of pea has its stamens positioned to place pollen on different parts of the bee's body. Upon visiting other flowers, the pollen from the bee can only get on the female parts of the same species. This is an example of a ___________________ isolating mechanism. A. habitat B. temporal C. behavioral D. mechanical
D. mechanical
9. Which refers to the loss of a complete chromosome? A. inversion B. translocation C. deletion D. monosomy
D. monosomy
9. If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect? A. evolution leading to a population better adapted to an unchanging environment B. evolution leading to a population better adapted to a changing environment C. very slow and continuous evolution with no increased adaptation D. no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same
D. no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same
4. Which of the following kinds of molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere? A. water vapor (H2O) B. methane (CH4) C. hydrogen (H2) D. oxygen (O2)
D. oxygen (O2)
1. Microbiology is the study of microbes. These include all but which of the following? A. Archaea B. Bacteria C. viruses D. plants
D. plants
25. When two or more genes with multiple alleles affect the same trait in an additive fashion, it is termed A. a double-trait cross B. codominant C. incomplete dominance D. polygenic inheritance
D. polygenic inheritance
23. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or "mad cow disease," is caused by a(n) A. archeon. B. bacterium. C. cyanobacterium. D. prion.
D. prion.
5. Considering the various theories, the energy used in forming organic molecules in the primitive atmosphere could have come from all EXCEPT A. lightning. B. ultraviolet radiation. C. heat from volcanoes. D. sound.
D. sound.
18. When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and shaken, a cloud of powdery material is released. The material released are A. mycelia. B. sporangia. C. hyphae. D. spores.
D. spores.
5. What evidence would NOT be studied by a biogeographer? A. continental drift or the movement of tectonic plates over time B. ocean currents and wind patterns C. ranges of animals and ability to migrate D. the genetic makeup of organisms that evolved in separate but similar conditions
D. the genetic makeup of organisms that evolved in separate but similar conditions
16. In which kind of cross could you expect to find ratios of 1:1:1:1 among the offspring? A. monohybrid cross B. dihybrid cross C. one-trait test cross D. two-trait test cross
D. two-trait test cross
15. Which of the following conditions does NOT contribute to evolution? A. mutations B. gene flow C. genetic drift D. unchanging environmental conditions
D. unchanging environmental conditions
19. Which of the following is considered to be acellular? A. bacteria B. fungi C. algae D. viruses
D. viruses
11. A woman who can roll her tongue (presumably dominant) is married to a man who cannot. Two of their four children can roll their tongues and two cannot. If A = roll tongue and a = cannot roll tongue, then what is the genotype of the parents? A. woman Aa; man Aa B. woman AA; man aa C. woman Aa; man AA D. woman Aa ; man aa
D. woman Aa; man aa
Biochemical proof of evolution
DNA Sequences of genes are compared to make evolutionary trees
Nucleic acid core
DNA or RNA in a virus
If both parents have a disorder, but the child doesn't, what does that make the disorder?
Dominant carried by two heterozygotes
Conjunction
Donor cell passes DNA to a recipient cell by way of a sex pilus
If a chromosome started out with the gene sequence ABCDEFG and ended up with the sequence ABCDEDEFG, which of the following took place?
Duplication
Types of food poisoning
E. Coli and Salmonella
21. Euglena A. is an excavate. B. is an chromalveolate. C. has an eyespot. D. all of the above are true. E. Only A and C are true.
E. Only A and C are true.
Himalayan Rabbit example
Environmental factors at play • Allele (ch) produces melanin, but only at low temperature • Ears and extremities are brown Ice pack makes a brown patch
Environmental influences
Environmental factors such as nutrition or temperature can influence the expression of genetic traits Ex: Height impacted by nutrition, egg incubation temperature affects sex, male clownfish change sex
Nondisjunction
Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate • In meiosis I - Homologous pair fails to separate • In meiosis II - Sister chromatids fail to separate Results in trisomy or monosomy when fertilized
Macroevolution
Evolution involving speciation and divergence of life into all its form
Spirogyra (Archaeplastid)
Example of a charophyte • Filamentous green alga • Cell has a ribbon-like chloroplast • Sexual reproduction by conjugation - cell walls connect by a tube and haploid cells fuse
Microbe resistance diagram
Example of directional selection
Endosymbiotic theory
Explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Thermoacidophiles (Archaea)
Extremely hot, acidic, aquatic environments. • Hot springs, geysers and underwater volcanoes • Evolved to function at temperatures as high as 800C
T/F Charles Darwin invented the concept of evolution.
False
T/F, All bacteria on the skin cause parasitic infection.
False
T/F: One allele is always more fit than another allele, no matter what environment it is in
False
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics Studied pea plants, found that plants pass distinct factors to offspring
Gametic isolation
Female and male gametes are not compatible
Mechanical isolation
Female and male sex organs are not compatible
Zygote mortality (Postzygotic isolating)
Fertilization occurs, but zygote does not survive
Rhizarians
Foraminiferans and radiolarians
Transitional forms
Fossils that connect ancestral species with their descendants through a series of tiny steps Intermediate between two known organisms
Halophiles (Archaea)
Found in salty habitats Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea, and hypersaline soils
What is the founder effect an example of?
Genetic Drift
What is the bottleneck effect an example of?
Genetic drift
Retrovirus
Genome is RNA Able to convert genome into DNA with an enzyme called reverse transcriptase
Allopatric speciation
Geographical barriers separate a population into two groups
Excavates
Has feeding grooves and flagella Ex: Euglenids and certain other flagellates
Photoautotrophs
Have Chlorophyll and do photosynthesis that releases oxygen, also referred to as algae Ex: Cyanobacteria
F2 fitness (Postzygotic isolating)
Hybrid is fertile, but F2 hybris has reduced fitness
Hybrid sterility (Postzygotic isolating)
Hybrid survives but is sterile and cannot reproduce
Other sources of organic monomers
Hydrothermal vents Meteors or comets
Taxonomy
Identifying, naming, and classifying organisms
Key for when nondisjunction occurs
If 2/4 daughter cells have chromosomes from both parents, it occured in Meiosis I If 3/4 have both, it occurred in Meiosis II
Hypercholesterolemia
Incomplete dominance • Lack receptors to bring cholesterol from blood into cell for processing • Heterozygotes get mild form • Homozygotes have severe and early heart disease
Lamarck's Theory of Evolution
Individuals can acquire traits during their lifetime and pass them onto their offspring
Sex-linked inheritance
Inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosomes; most on the X chromosome X and Y are non-homologous
A chromosomal ______ event occurs if the gene sequence on a chromosome is EFGHIKJ
Inversion
What is unique about blood type inheritance?
It has more than two alleles IA, IB, i
Polygenic chart
Key: The higher up the horizontal line, the closer the relation
Classification of life (img)
Key: The lower, the more specific
Archaeplastids
Land plants as well as green and red algae
Examples of prion diseases
Mad cow disease and chronic wasting disease
X-linked traits for men
Male receives an X-linked allele from mother's X chromosome NO matching allele on Y
Fitness
Measured by the number of fertile offspring produced by an individual
X-linked recessive disorders are more likely to be found in what sex?
Men
Monosomy
Missing a chromosome, only 1 copy
Fossil Molds vs Casts
Mold - if air space remains Cast - if silica fills space
Organic monomers (Stage 1 of microbial life)
Monomers evolved from inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells Ex: Amino acids and nucleotides
Flagellates (Excavates)
Most are heterotrophic protozoans that propel themselves using one or more flagella
What is interesting about X-linked disorders?
Most are recessive for women, since the male only have one allele that decides whether the disorder is present or not
Male humans get their X chromosome from their...
Mother
Gene flow
Movement of alleles between populations. • Gene flow mixes genetic diversity. • Gene flow also keeps the gene pools of two or more populations similar.
Stabalizing selection
Natural selection that favors average individuals in a population; results in a decline in population variation Improves adaptation of the population to a stable environment.
Antigenic shift
New combinations of surface spikes
Polygenetic tree of eukaryotes
Node - A branch point Polytomy - More than two branches from a single node (Desirable)
Gametes with extra or missing chromosomes are the result of...
Nondisjunction
Nonrandom mating
Occurs when individuals are selective about choosing a mate. (Random mating is never observed in natural populations)
Disruptive selection
Occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
Adaptive radiation
One species becomes many through natural selection Ex: Galapagos Finches
Speciation
One species gives rise to two species
Stages of microbial origin
Organic monomers Organic polymers Protobionts Living cells
Organic polymers (Stage 2 of microbial life)
Organic monomers were joined (polymerized) to form organic polymers Ex: DNA, RNA, proteins
Protobionts (Stage 3 of microbial life)
Organic polymers became inclosed in a membrane to form the first cell precursors called protobionts
Amoeba
Organisms with pseudopodia
Fimbriae
Outer "hairs" of a bacteria used to attach to various surfaces
Protobionts
Outer membrane made of fatty acids Proteins or other polymers on inside Larger vesicles able to divide
Capsid
Outer portion of a virus comprised of proteins • May be surrounded by a lipid envelope • May have spikes for attachment to a host cell
Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation (img)
Pasteur is left, spontaneous is right Disproved spontaneous generation
Blood type key
Phenotype = Genotype A = IAIA or IAi B = IBIB or IBi AB = IAIB O = ii
Protist Nutrition Key
Photoautotroph = Algae Heterotroph eating = Protozoans Heterotroph infecting = Parasite
Classification
Process of naming and assigning organisms or groups of organisms to a taxon
Endospore
Produced by some bacteria in order to help it survive in harsh conditions
Evolution of polymers
Protein First Hypothesis - Solar energy causes amino acids at shoreline to form simple ploypeptids with catalytic properties RNA-First Hypothesis - RNA evolved first and acted as both hereditary material and an enzyme
Prions
Protein infectious particles. Normal proteins change their shape; this causes other normal proteins to change their shape. • Causes degenerative diseases in nervous system • Prions passed through ingestion of infected tissues
What causes prion disease?
Proteins misfold, making it so they don't degrade easily
Living cells (Stage 4 of microbial life)
Protobionts acquired the ability to self replicate, as well as other cellular properties
If neither parent has a disorder but a child does, what does that make the disorder?
Recessive
Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
Reducing atmosphere facilitates organic molecule formation
Fossils
Remains and traces of past life • Hard body parts most often preserved (Bone, teeth, pollen, wood, shells etc.) • Majority of fossils embedded in sedimentary rock deposited in layers called strata
Heterotrophs
Require organic carbon for food
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY, XXXY)
Result of a random genetic error after conception. Low testosterone and reduced muscle mass, facial hair, and body hair. Most males with this condition produce little or no sperm.
Example of heterozygote advantage
Sickle cell anemia protects from malaria, but the heterozygous gene makes it so they don't develop the actual disease
Homology
Similarity resulting from common ancestry Characteristics with underlying similarity but different functions.
Analogy
Similarity that results from separately evolved structures that have a similar function Eyes of humans and eyes of octopi are analogous
Antigenic drift
Small changes in the virus, mutation
Archaea
Small, genome is a single, closed, circular DNA molecule Plasma membrane is a single lipid layer with branched side chains Three main types are based on unique habitats and metabolism
Sympatric speciation
Speciation occurs in same region Plants might become polyploidy and reproductively isolated
Stages of microbial growth by which type of evolution
Stages 1 and 2 - Chemical evolution Stages 3 and 4 - Biological evolution
Homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry Have different functions
Analogous structures
Structures that evolved differently but have similar functions
Phylogenetics
Studies the evolutionary relatedness of groups of organisms • Use fossil records, comparative anatomy and development • Also sequence, structure, and function of DNA and protein
Microbiology
Study of microbes, including bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, viruses, and prions
Flagella
The "tail" of a bacteria used to aid in movement
How do you find the possible gametes of the F1 generation?
The FOIL method using a dihybrid cross
Binary Fisson
The division of bacteria cells into two new cells called daughter cells
Where is the extra barr body in poly x females?
The nucleus
Systematic biology (systematics)
The study of evolutionary history of biodiversity
Behavioral isolation
There is little or no mate recognition between females and males of different species
What is special about mutations?
They are the only source of NEW, random variation
Salmonella
Toxic bacteria produced in the intestines
E. Coli
Toxic bacteria produced while growing food
Types of horizontal gene transfer
Transformation Transduction Conjugation
A chromosomal ________ occurred if the chromosome first had the sequence ABCDEFGH and then had the sequence ABCDEFPQR after
Translocation
Is someone with a trisomy or monosomy more likely to survive?
Trisomy Ex: Down syndrome
What is the lone trisomy with a chance of survival after birth?
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), since chromosome 21 is one of the smallest
T/F, Protists have a nucleus.
True
T/F, Two viruses infecting the same cell and exchanging spike genes have evolved by antigenic shift.
True
Sex chromosome syndromes by gender
Turner syndrome (X, XO) is in females Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) is in males
What goes through translocation?
Two NON HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes
Temporal isolation
Two species breed at different times (seasons, times of day)
Habitat isolation
Two species live in the same general area but not in the same kind of place
Artificial selection
Type of human-controlled breeding to increase the frequency of desired traits
Ciliates
Unicellular protists including heterotrophs Named for their use of cilia to move and to sweep food into their mouth Ex: Paramecium
Methanogens (Archaea)
Use carbon dioxide and hydrogen as energy sources... Produce methane as a byproduct • In anaerobic environments like swamps, and intestines of animals. • Cows and other animals, including humans
Chemoautotrophs
Use inorganic chemicals to fix carbon dioxide into organic form
Viral reproduction
Viruses are specific to a particular host. • Spikes on a virus configure exactly to receptor molecules on the membrane of a potential host cell.
Transduction
Viruses carry bacterial DNA from cell to cell
Female humans with abnormal numbers of X chromosomes can develop normally due to...
X chromosome Barr bodies.
Hemophilia
X-linked recessive disorder • Caused by absence of a clotting factor. • Bleed excessively after external or internal injury
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
X-linked recessive disorder • Wasting away of the muscles • Caused by absence of protein dystrophin
Do bacteria have chromosomes?
YES, they have one located in the nucleoid region
Two main components of a virus
capsid and nucleic acid core
Three-domain system
rRNA genes and new data challenged the five-kingdom system. Established: • Domain Archaea • Domain Bacteria • Domain Eukarya
Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA
• About 20% of people are carriers • Usually limited to skin infections. • A strain resistant to methicillin is called MRSA. Kills young, otherwise healthy individuals and has genes for toxins
Molecular similarities between organisms
• All organisms use DNA and RNA • Genetic code is universal • DNA, ATP, Enzymes • Many genes shared by almost all organisms
Rheumatic fever
• Can cause heart damage, other problems • Caused by untreated strep throat leading to autoimmune problems
Examples of X-linked recessive disorders
• Color blindness • Duchenne muscular dystrophy • Hemophilia
Law of Independent Assortment
• Each non-homologous chromosome migrates at anaphase I free of another chromosomes • If genes are on separate chromosomes, then the alleles migrate randomly • Dihybrid cross test if two genes are on different chromosomes
Mendel's Law of Segregation
• Each pea plant has two factors (alleles) for each trait, making them diploid. • Factors segregate (separate) during the formation of gametes. • Each gamete contains only one factor, making them haploid • Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait.
Characteristics of Down Syndrome
• Facial abnormalities • Mild to moderate intellectual disability • Sleep apnea • Increased risk of cardiac defect • Stubby fingers • Simian line
Turner syndrome (X, XO)
• Females have one X chromosome. • Usually are short with webbed neck, high palate, and small jaw • Many have congenital heart and kidney defects • Most have ovarian failure and do not undergo puberty or menstruate without hormone therapy • About 1 in 2000 girls born
Amoebazoans
• Free-living amoebae • Feed by phagocytosis. Plasmodial slime molds Cellular Slime molds
Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms
• Habitat • Temporal • Behavioral • Mechanical • Gametic
Three main types of archaea
• Halophiles • Thermoacidophiles • Methanogens
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
• Heritable variation • Over-reproduction: Organisms compete for available resources. Individuals in a population differ reproductive success or fitness. • Organisms become adapted to conditions as the environment changes.
Incomplete dominance
• Heterozygous individual has phenotype between that found in both homozygous Ex: Red and White flower make Pink flower
Latency (Virus)
• Hidden inside host cell • New viruses are not produced, but the genome is • Environmental stresses can lead to production of new virus particles
How do antibiotics work?
• Inhibit protein synthesis by bacteria • Inhibit cell wall biosynthesis
Brown Algae (Chromalveolate)
• Large and complex • Multicellular • Mostly marine • Include kelp • Primary producers
Pedigree chart reading key
• Males are squares • Females are circles • Colored are effected • White are uneffected
What aspects of life are universal to all eukarya?
• Membrane bound organelles • Nucleus • Mitochondria • Sex
Poly X Females (XXX, XXXX)
• More than 2 X chromosomes. • They are usually taller • XXXX has more issues than XXX • Possibility of menstrual difficulties, but most do so regularly and are fertile.
Bacterial metabolism
• Most are heterotrophic • Some are chemoautotrophs • Cyanobacteria are phototrophs
Brown Algae (Chromaveolate)
• Multicellular and marine • Brown because of pigments • Include kelp • Primary producers for diverse and productive community
Mechanisms of evolution
• Mutation • Gene flow • Genetic drift • Nonrandom mating • Natural selection
Streptococcus infections
• Pharyngitis: commonly called strep throat • Impetigo in infants: mild skin disease • Scarlet fever: produces red rash • Rheumatic fever: auto-immune
Protist Nutrition
• Photoautotrophs, called algae, producing their food by photosynthesis • Heterotrophs, called protozoans, eating bacteria and other protists • Heterotrophs, called parasites, derive their nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction • Mixotrophs, using photosynthesis and heterotrophy.
Examples of amoebozoans
• Plasmodial slime molds • Cellular slime molds • Amoeboids
Problems with antibiotics
• Potentially fatal allergic reactions • Killing off of normal flora (beneficial bacteria) • Bacterial resistance
Diatoms (Chromaveolate)
• Unicellular algae • Do 20 to 25% of photosynthesis on Earth • Glassy cell wall containing silica • Freshwater and marine • Diatomaceous earth formed from fossilized remains
Miller-Urey Experiment (monomers)
• Used to simulate the development of life with early earth's reducing atmosphere • Amino acids and other organic acids were produced Overall: Showed that organic molecules can develop from simple chemical reactions
Protists
• Very diverse • Many unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms • Have meiosis and sex • Have mitochondria
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
• Zygote mortality • Hybrid sterility • F2 fitness
