Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Ligaments

A strong elastic band of connective tissue, much like a rubber band. It links the bines in a joint together and holds them in place. A ligament also stops the bones from coming apart or bending too far in the wrong direction. Ligaments alone connect bone to bone. A type of connective tissues that attach bones to bones. They hold the skeleton together

Disorders of Muscular system

Arthritis- a swelling of the joints Tendonitis- an inflammation of the tendon due to too much exercise

Types of Muscles

Cardiac Muscle- Muscles found in the heart Skeletal Muscle- Muscles attached to the bones by tendons Smooth Muscle- Muscles found in the organs

Bone Marrow

Found in the center of a certain long bones; Femur in the upper legs and the humerus in the upper arms. It is a soft, jelly- like substance, where RBC and WBC are produced.

Disruption of Homeostasis: Injuries and Diseases

Fracture/ Broken Bone: when bones are broken Dislocation: a joint where one or more bones are out of place Sprain: a ligament is stretched too far or torn Arthritis: disease that causes joints to swell or stiffen Tendonitis: a repetitive injury to a tendon causing inflammation; requires long rest

What are bones

Human skeleton is made up about 206 bones. There are three small bones in the ears. The largest bone in the body is located in the thighs. The outer covering of a bone is periosteum. The hardest part of a bone is called a compact bone. Bones are soft and spongy at their ends. The soft part of the bone is called the spongy bone. Compact bone is made hard by the mineral calcium. Diary is a good source. New blood cells are made in the red bone marrow. Yellow marrow is located in long bones. Bone marrow fills the space in the spongy bone. Bones get their strength from the spongy bone. Yellow marrow is made mostly of fat. Periosteum is a bone that contains many blood vessels.

Bones and injuries

Made of connective tissues and minerals deposited by living cells. Bones are organs made of living cells, blood vessels, and nerves. Bones help your body maintain homeostasis by storing fats and minerals and making blood cells. They usually have three layers. Injuries and diseases- Broken bones: if a bone is put under too much stress, it will break. A bone repairs itself when the osteocytes ( bone cells) make more calcium to fill in the broken space. Osteoporosis: bones that are porous ( holey). As a person ages, less calcium is deposited in the bones, making them brittle.

Skeleton Parts

Major functions- Protection Support Production of WBC and RBC Movement Stores minerals and fats

Cartilage

Most bones start as flexible tissue called cartilage. Newborn babies have very little true bones. As you grow, cartilage is replaced by bones

Flexors

Muscles that bend a joint.

Extensor

Muscles that straighten a joint

Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal is attached to the skeleton and moves the body. They are voluntary. Skeletal muscle appears striated or striped, when viewed under the microscope. Muscles that move your skeleton work in pairs. For example: to bend your arm, the bicep muscle contracts and pulls the forearm up. To straighten the arm, the tricep muscle in the back of the arm contracts, the bicep extends and the arm straightens. When one skeletal muscle contracts, its partner muscle relaxes.

Types of Muscles

Smooth- Are found around the internal organs, blood vessels, and the diaphragm. They are involuntary. They are called smooth because it does not look stripes when viewed under a microscope. Muscles forming the walls of the digestive tract look smooth Cardiac- a special type of involuntary muscle that is found only in the heart! Cardiac muscles is striated under a microscope. Skeletal- Is voluntary and is found all over the body attached to skeleton. They look striated Muscle Structure and Function: A muscle cell is also called a muscle fiber. Muscle fibers contain a lot of mitochondria because they need a lot of energy for locomotion. Muscles also have large numbers of blood vessels to bring them oxygen and food and to remove waste products. Muscles produce movement by pulling.

Skeletal System

Supports and protects the body Spongy Bone- Part of the bone with many small pores or spaces. Compact Bone- Mostly solid, dense part of a bone Marrow- Soft tissue inside bones that produce blood cells. Joints-Where two bones meet. There are 3 kinds: fixed, movable, and partly movable. There are 4 kinds of movable joints: ball and socket, gliding, hinge, and pivotal. Most of the skeletal system is made up of bones. A major job of the skeletal system is to support the body. A skeleton that is inside the body is an endoskeleton. The outer parts of your ears are made up of Cartilage. A tough, but flexible tissue that is part of the skeletal system is cartilage. Most of an early embryo's skeleton is made up of cartilage. Bones work with muscles to move parts of the body. Bones store many minerals that are needed by the body. The brain is protected by the Skull. Some bones in the body make blood cells.

Muscular system information

The muscular system is made up of muscles that let you move. There are over 650 muscles of many sizes that work together to produce movement. Muscles are made of long, stringy fibers that contract when they receive an impulse from the brain. There are 2 main types of muscles: voluntary and involuntary

Protection

The skeleton also protects other parts of your body. For example: the brain is protected by the skull. The heart, lungs, and liver are protected by the ribs. The spinal cord is protected by the backbone.

Voluntary Muscles and Involuntary

Voluntary- Muscles that you can control. The muscles we can control ( such as those for walking and talking) are called voluntary muscles. If you can move a muscle by thinking about it, it is a voluntary muscle. Example- Bicep Muscle Involuntary- Muscles that don't need the brain to send them a message. Muscles that we are unable to control. These muscles help with digestion, breathing, and blood circulation. The work automatically with out a person having to think about making the muscles move. Example- Cardiac Muscle

Joints

Where two bones meet Most bones are connective at joints by ligaments Fixed joints- joints that don't allow any movement. Most joints in the body Partly movable- Joints that allow only a small amount of movement. The joints between the ribs and the breastbone Ball and socket joint- a joint that allows bones to move in most directions ( Shoulder, hip) Gliding- the bones make up the wrist ( wrist, ankle)Back and forth and side to side Hinge- Joints that allow movement in only one direction ( elbow, knee, forearm, toe) forward and backwards Pivotal- the joint between the skull and the neck ( neck, finger) side to side and up and down Found where 2 or more bones meet. Some joints alow movement, example arms and legs. Other joints do not allow movement, like the skull. Joints can be injured by excessive twisting, called a sprain. Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints, which leads to painful motion

How skeletal muscles move bones

Your bones are attached to your muscles by connective tissue. Tendons are strand of strong connective tissue found at the end of a muscle. It joins the muscle tightly to the bone so that the muscle can pull on the bone. Tendons are tight, they hold bone to might! For example, the Achilles tendon attached the calf muscle to the heel bone so that the foot can move. Hold bones at joints. Type of connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones. These allow us to move our skeleton.

muscular system

made up of more than 600 muscles that allow your body to move and function.

Striated Muscle- Striped

muscle tissue that makes cardiac muscle look striated under a microscope Skeletal muscle appears this way/ striped

Support

the skeleton gives your body structure and support, like the frame of a house. Without it, muscles would have nothing to attach to you and would be unable to move or even stand upright