Skull, Facial Bones, Orbits
d
For a SMV for zygomatic arches projection, what positioning modification is necessary if the patient is unable to fully extend their neck? a) adjust the central ray until it is perpendicular to the MML b) adjust the central ray until it is perpendicular to the OML c) adjust the central ray until it is perpendicular to the AML d) adjust the central ray until it is perpendicular to the IOML
tilt
For a typical tangential projection of the zygomatic arches, what positioning criteria will directly affect how much of the arch is seen without superimposition?
close
For imaging of the orbits, patients will be instructed to ____ their eyes.
PA, OML
For imaging of the orbits, the patient will be ____ with the ____ perpendicular to the IR.
closest, outer canthus,
For lateral orbits projection; The affected eye should be placed _____ to the IR and center at the ___ ___. Adjust the patient's head to place the MSP parallel to the IR plane. The interpupillary line should be perpendicular to the IR.
OML
For the Caldwells view (pa axia) the _____ should be perpendicular to the receptor.
15, caudad, suspend
For the Caldwells view (pa axial) , The central ray should be ____ degrees ______, exiting at the nasion. The patient should ____ breath.
parallel, sponge, ioml
For the Lateral skull position Adjust the patient's head so the MSP is _____ to the plane of the IR. If the patient is recumbent, a ____ under the mandible may help keep the patient in position. The patient's _____ should be parallel to the long axis of the IR.
anterior oblique, affected side
For the Lateral skull position The patient is placed in an ______ _____ position either upright or recumbent with their ________ ____ closest to the IR.
perpendicular, eam
For the Lateral skull position, Ensure that the patient's interpupillary line is _______ to the IR. Ideally, the central ray should be directed 2 inches (5cm) superior to the ____.
15
For the caldwells view, the OML should be at a ____ degree angle, this can be accomplished by angling the tube or raising the patients chin
canthus, eam
For the lateral projection when imaging facial bones, the CR should be midway between the outer ____ and the ___
affected side
For the lateral projection when imaging facial bones, the ___ ___ should be closest to the IR
30, caudad, 37, caudad, glabella
For the townes view (AP Axial View) The central ray should be directed _______ degrees ____ to the OML or _______ degrees ____ to the IOML at the MSP approximately 2.5 inches (6.5cm) above the _____ to pass through the foramen magnum at the level of the base of the occiput.
oml, vertex
For the townes view (AP Axial View) The patient will either be recumbent or upright for this projection. Have the patient tuck their chin bringing the ____ perpendicular to the IR. Ensure to align the MSP to the IR. Ensure that the ______ of the skull is included in the collimated field.
acanthion
For the waters view, the CR should exit at the ____
C
How is the CR angle determined for a PA axial (Caldwell's) facial bones projection of a patient who is unable to accurately position the head? a) angle the CR parallel to the IOML and add 8 degrees caudad b) angle the CR parallel to the OML c) angle the CR parallel to the OML and add 15 degrees caudad d) angle the CR parallel to the IOML
pre mri, trauma, fb
Identify 3 reasons for imaging the orbits
petrous ridge
Identify A on this Caldwells view (pa axial) of the SKULL
christa galli
Identify B on this Caldwells view (pa axial) of the SKULL
lambdoid suture
Identify C on this Caldwells view (pa axial) of the SKULL
right
Identify the direction of rotation in this image 30º fronto-occipital (Townes) projection:: Towards the _____
a
Identify the direction of rotation on this 30º fronto-occipital (Townes) projection: a) Towards the left b) Towards the right
C1
Image Evaluation, lateral skull: If the IOML is perpendicular to the front edge of the cassette then the posterior/inferior cranium will be free of superimposition of the posterior ring of ____
superimposed,
Image Evaluation, lateral skull: Rotation, Mandibular rami, EAC's, the greater wings of the sphenoid and Anterior cranial cortices ant/post are ______
superimposed, horizontal plane
Image Evaluation, lateral skull: Tilt, the oribital roofs should be _____ sup/inf and the lesser sphenoid wings and EAC's should be in the same _____ ____
1/3rd, supraorbital margins
Image Evaluation; Caldwells view (pa axial) CR/OML alignment - the petrous pyramids should be visualized in the lower _____ of the orbits and the _______ _____ should be visualized without superimposition.
orbital margins, symmetrical
Image Evaluation; Caldwells view (pa axial) Rotation - there should be equal distance from the lateral _____ _____ to the lateral cortex of the cranium on either side. The superior orbital fissures should be ________ within the orbits.
Sella turcica, rami, EACs
Image Evaluation; Lateral Facial bones; -___ __ is in profile -Mandibular ____ are superimposed -Greater wings of the sphenoid are superimposed ant/post -___ are superimposed ant/post
atlas, mandibular rami
Image Evaluation; Lateral Facial bones; If the chin is raised too much the posterior aspect of the cranium will superimpose the posterior arch of the _____ If the chin is tucked too much the ____ ___ will superimpose the anterior ring of C1
foramen magnum
Image Evaluation; Townes View (ap axial) Rotation: Dorsum sellae centered in the _____ ____ (equal distance to the lateral foramen border)
clinoids, foramen magnum
Image Evaluation; Townes View (ap axial) Rotation: Equal distance from the posterior _____ to the lateral border of the _____ ____
petrous pyramids
Image Evaluation; Townes View (ap axial) Rotation: The _____ ___ should be symmetrical
horizontal plane
Image Evaluation; Townes View (ap axial) TILT: The petrous ridges and posterior clinoids are in the same _____ _____
center
Image Evaluation; Townes View (ap axial) The dorsum sellae and posterior clinoids are seen within the ______ of the foramen magnum
nasal septum
Image Evaluation; Waters; rotation; Equal distance from the lateral skull margins to the lateral orbital rim & ____ ___
long axis, horizontal plane
Image Evaluation; Waters; tilt, the nasal septum should be aligned to the ___ ___ of the plate and the The infraorbital rims & petrous ridges are in the same ___ ___
entry, exit, multiple myeloma, pituitary adenoma
Skull radiography is useful in: -identifying skull fractures -locating ____ and ___ points for gunshot wounds -diagnosing _______ _____ -diagnosing ______ ______
townes
The AP Axial view of the skull is also known as _______
caldwells
The PA Axial view of the skull is also known as the ______
mentomeatal line
The waters view can be done erect or recumbent. While extending the neck, place the patient's chin against the IR. Adjust the head until the ___ __ ___ is perpendicular to the IR or until the OML forms a 37o angle with the plane of the IR.
Parietoacanthial
The waters view is also known as the _____ view
reverse waters
This projection is typically done in trauma situations where the patient cannot be PA
dorsum sellae, atlas's
We know that this 30º fronto-occipital (Townes) projection is overangled because the ____ ___ is foreshortened and seen superimised of the _____ posterior arch
caldwells, lateral
What are the two standard views when imaging the orbits when a FB is suspected.
caldwells, lateral, waters
What are the typical projections requested for facial bones?
c
What is the CP for the 30º fronto-occipital (Townes) projection of the skull? a) acanthion b) glabella c) CR through EAM d) 2cm superior to superciliary arches
b
What positioning error has occurred for an AP Axial (Townes) skull projection if the dorsum sellae and anterior clinoids are demonstrated superior to the foramen magnum? (assume correct CR angle used) a) excessive patient tilt b) patient's chin not tucked enough c) excessive patient rotation d) patient's chin tucked too much
d
What positioning error has occurred for an AP Axial (Townes) skull projection when the dorsum sellae will be foreshortened and will be superimposed over the atlas posterior arch. a) excessive patient tilt b) patient's chin not tucked enough c) excessive patient rotation d) patient's chin tucked too much
caldwells (pa Axial)
What view is demonstrated here
inferior
Where in the foramen magnum, should the C1 arch appear for a 30º fronto-occipital view (Townes) of the skull? ____ to the posterior clinoids
frontal, anterior ethmoids
Which 2 sets of sinuses are best demonstrated on this PA Cranium image?
posterior clinoids, centered, symmetrical
Assessing rotation on a 30º fronto-occipital (Townes) projection: - Equal distance from the ____ ___ to the lateral border of the foramen magnum -Dorsum sellae _____ in the foramen magnum -The petrous pyramids are _______ -Distance from the lateral border of C-spine to mandibular rami is equal
suspended
Breath should be _____ for caldwells view
suspended
Breath should be _____ for waters view
suspended
Breath should be ______ for the lateral view of the facial bones.
30
The central ray should be directed ____ degrees caudad through the center of the orbits. This will place the petrous below the inferior margins of the orbits.