Slavery in the Caribbean Final

Vodou

Actively practiced by enslaved people in secret to keep religious beliefs brought from Africa alive. Helped to carry out the Haitian revolution.

Thomas Clarkson

Clarkson worked hard to collect as much evidence as possible, that would prove how badly slaves were treated. His travels would take him 35,000 miles around the country and make him one of the best known men in the kingdom.; wrote about the terrors of the slave trade and worked with other English abolitionists to end it

Amelioration

Making circumstances more bearable. During abolition movement it was about making slavery easier and not ending it altogether.

Age of Revolution

The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1849 in which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas.

Baptist War 1823

The Baptist War, also known as the Christmas Rebellion, was an eleven-day rebellion that mobilized as many as sixty thousand of Jamaica's three hundred thousand slaves in 1831-1832. It was considered the largest slave rebellion in the British Caribbean. The name Christmas Rebellion came from the fact that the uprising began shortly after December 25. It was also called the Baptist War because many of the rebels were Baptist in faith; ended during the first week of January 1832. However, sporadic resistance continued for another two months as the rebels resorted to guerilla tactics while fighting in Jamaica's mountainous interior. At the end of the fighting, fourteen free blacks who supported the rebellion and over two hundred rebels had been killed. More than three hundred enslaved men and women were executed, including Samuel Sharpe, who was hanged. The Baptist War, however, pushed Great Britain to adopt full emancipation throughout all of its colonies, including Jamaica and the West Indies in 1838.

Demerara Revolt 1823

The Demerara Rebellion of 1823 was an uprising involving more than ten thousand enslaved people in the Crown colony of Demerara-Essequibo (now part of Guyana) on the coast of South America. The rebellion took place on August 18, 1823, and lasted two days. No particular incident sparked the rebellion; the enslaved simply grew tired of their servitude and sought to resist in the most direct way they could.; Although the rebellion ended on Tuesday, August 19, the punishment that came afterward was severe. Hundreds of rebels were hunted down and killed, including two hundred who were beheaded as a warning to other enslaved people. Fourteen rebels were hastily tried and sentenced to be hanged. Governor Murray commuted their sentences and had them deported to other Caribbean islands. Jack Gladstone was deported to St. Lucia. His father, Quamina, who had argued against the revolt, was tracked down by dogs and Indians and killed in September 1823.

Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs for a total of sixty-eight million francs; France needed to sell Louisiana for money because of the Haitian revolution (economically)

Societe des Amis des Noirs

The Society of the Friends of the Blacks was a group of French men and women, mostly white, who were abolitionists

Liberated Africans

The ___________ was the acquisition of the territory by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs for a total of sixty-eight million francs.

Samuel Sharpe

rebel leader who led the rebellion of 1831 in Jamaica; knew how to read and write which was becoming more common

Indentured Laborers

subject to formal contracts requiring their work; oppressive system that

1844 Dominican Republic

"independence" from Haiti

Somersett Case

1772; James Sommersett wrongfully kidnapped and taken to US; Granville Sharp represented and Judge Lord Mansfield presided overt he case and the decision; slavery is not illegal in England; attracted press attn and folx were paying for representation on both sides; showed that property was paramount and freeing all slaves at once was dangerous

Jonathan Strong

1765, Barbados slave who was brought to London and beat by owner and left in street; injuries so bad he stayed in hospital for 4 months; Sharpe payed medical bills; Strong's old owner saw him in street and kidnapped him/sold him to Kerr; court case brought forth, Kerr was denied access to Strong then Kerr brought case against Sharpe; argued that slaves were property because the law stated nothing about slavery and eventually Kerr filed 8 cases and had to pay court for wasted time

Jean Jacques Dessalines

Born around 1758, in Africa, Jean-Jacques Dessalines was enslaved in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. He served as a lieutenant under Toussaint L'Ouverture after the 1791 slave revolt and later eliminated French rule. Dessalines renamed the colony Haiti in 1804 and declared himself emperor. Despised for his brutality, yet honored as one of Haiti's founding fathers, he was killed in a revolt on October 17, 1806, in Pont Rouge, near Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

Zong Case

Came about after 442 slaves went on ship and Captain Collingwood lost his way/lost water to drink on ship; captives were ill and dying and Collingwood called meeting between crew because if the slaves died naturally the captain had to pay but insurance covered if there was a threat/emergency/revolt; they threw over roughly 122 and 10 jumped; case ruled insurance fraud 133 x 30 pounds per captive; Sharpe got involved; ship owners were not to get insurance money

Captain Collingwood

Captain from Zong Massacre convinced crew to kill off slaves to make sure they'd get insurance money (made it like a revolt so they had to kill to get loss covered by insurance)

Olaudah Equiano

Captured far from the African coast when he was a boy of 11, _______________ was sold into slavery, later acquired his freedom, and, in 1789, wrote his widely-read autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of _________________, or Gustavus Vassa, the African.

2 Phases of Abolition

First phase of abolition is the abolition of the slave trade. 2nd phase is the emancipation of slaves and abolishment of slavery.

95 million francs

France, with warships at the ready, demanded Haiti compensate France for its loss of slaves and its slave colony.

Toussaint Louverture

Haitian revolution leader; President of Haiti; had an internal battle because of his ties to economic wealth of plantation and the fact that he was Black and wanted to rebel

Maroon Wars

Maroons used topographic conditions to their advantage as they could use guerrilla tactics; took refuge in rugged mountains and forests; first maroon war (1739) ended in treaty and Maroons in Jamaica secured their freedom, second maroon war (1795) fought to maintain settlements already established and burned settlement to the ground, fled to mountains to use their tactics and eventually lost because of their deceitful governor who promised peace and not to deport rebels LIED and sent almost all from Trelaway Town (approx 600 people) to Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Haitian Revolution

Organize formerly enslaved folks as they really had no scope of what freedom would look like. About four months after the revolution began, Black enthusiasm died down and thousands began to surrender as the European powers came in to regain and reestablish power. Louverture went to negotiate for some freedom and reforms on plantations and the White folks wanted revenge and refused. Eventually, French freed slaves and this was globally known. Louverture was able to beat White armies around the world and this worried White folks everywhere. Napoleon rose to power in France and Louverture understood that slavery was something that could return. Newly freed slaves were needed to mobilize but many wanted to work for themselves. Napoleon made it clear through legislation that French colonies could reinstate slavery. Louverture ended up writing the constitution that would not allow slavery or discrimination based on race for San Domingue and this pushed Napoleon over the edge. Louverture was arrested when the French fleet came to San Domingue and was taken to France. Slavery was reinstated in San Domingue and the war started back up. In 1803, the French army was driven out and San Domingue became the world's first Black republic.

Aponte's Rebellion

a Cuban activist, military officer and carpenter of Yoruba origin who organized one of the most prominent slave rebellions in Cuba, the Aponte Conspiracy of 1812. He had formally been first corporal in Havana's black militia, and was the leader of his local Yoruba association. Aponte was a free black carpenter in Havana was proclaimed to be was the leader of a plot to rebel against the Cuban government, free the slaves and uplift free people of color, and overthrow slavery in Cuba. The movement struck several sugar plantations on the outskirts of Havana, but it was soon crushed by the government.

1838

act of abolition; apprenticeship by the english

Granville Sharpe

after seeing Strong he dedicated his efforts toward antislavery; researched these cases kidnapped former slaves as courts deferred from making definitive statements regarding slavery (no precedent); would make personal rulings that were too specific

Ottobah Cuguano

an African abolitionist who was active in England in the latter half of the eighteenth century. Captured and sold into slavery at the age of 13 in present-day Ghana, he was shipped to Grenada. In 1772 he was purchased by an English merchant who took him to England, where he was freed. Later working for the Cosways, he became acquainted with British political and cultural figures, and joined the Sons of Africa, abolitionists who were Africans.

1807

end slave trade in England

Negros de Nacion

enslaved people born in Africa

Criollos

enslaved people born in Caribbean

Emancipation

freeing of slaves; British began then a ripple effect occurred

1848

french abolish slavery

Systadial Development

growth of plantations in new places (Cuba, Mississippi Valley, Brazil)

Second Slavery

high tech slavery in the shadow of Black freedom

Cabildo

intended to establish civilization through urban life; town councils would be the center of towns and decision making

Reform Act 1832

measure designed to harmonize upper- and middle-class interests while continuing traditional landed influence

Free POC

more women in this category and were between slavery and "freedom"; existed in every Caribbean colony regardless of colonial ruler and many became free thru manumission or birth

Saint Domingue

name of haiti

Barrios extramuros

neighborhoods

Gradual Emancipation

the freeing of enslaved people in a way that is not immediate or urgent

William Wilberforce

was an English politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to stop the slave trade;

Apprenticeship

way to integrate formerly enslaved folks into society by teaching them specific skills/jobs