Sleep and Dreaming Ch. 1-4

Pons

"bridge" damage to pons can reduce or abolish REM sleep • has connections to other brain areas to activate cortex, start eye movements and block muscle movements during REM

Total sleep deprivation

(usually 2-3 days) - Microsleeps increase but effects on cognitive function, motor performance, and physiological function are inconsistent due to procedural variations.

Yawning

...an involuntary, slow, deep breath accompanied by wide gaping of mouth found in all mammals

Delta Waves

0.5-3 cycles per second (sleep) (the slowest)

Partial sleep restriction

Increase in sleepiness (both subjective reports and low latencies on the MLST), disturbances on written tests of mood, and poor performance on tests of vigilance have been reported. (3-4 hours a night)

Sleep

A reversible behavioral state of low attention to the environment typically accompanied by a relaxed posture and minimal movement.

Stanford Sleepiness Scale

Alertness Test

Electrooculogram, EOG

Around the eyes to measure eye movement via activity of muscles around the eyes

Manifest

Behavioral component with performance errors.

Sleep Period

Between first falling asleep and final awakening

Entrained

Entrained 24-hr protocol - subjects live without external, environmental cues.

Glutamate

Glutamic acid is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain carboxylic acid, classifying it as a polar negatively charged, aliphatic amino acid. Wikipedia

Orexin/Hypocrytin

Produced in the hypothalamus - which controls the pituitary gland and, therefore, controls hormones and circadian rhythms. • Genes responsible for nacrolepsy, a disorder in which individuals suffer from sleep attacks, involve orexin/hypocretin • Orexin is released onto cells in many of the areas of the brain important for the control of sleeping/waking. • It is especially important in regulating REM sleep and in maintaining normal wakefulness.

Sleep Efficacy

Proportion of sleep period spent asleep rather than awake.

Tryptophan (Precursor

Serotoninhelps NREM onset by dampening the brains response to sensory input. Tryptophan which is present in milk and turkey is the precursor (starting chemical) that neurons use to make serotonin. -As serotonin increases, it induces a calming state. As serotonin activity decreases, aggression, hostility, and depression may result.

N2

Sleep Spindle, K complex

N1

Sleep stage 1, Theta waves

N3

Slow wave sleep

Multiple sleep latency test

Tests are at 2 hr intervals; Patients is instructed to lie quietly with eyes closed for 20 min and try to sleep; measures sleep latency and onset of REM - the physiological sleep need.

Physiological

The biological need for sleep (a drive like hunger or thirst that can motivate behavior)

Polygraph

The recording of these variables is polysomnography with a machine (EEG, EOG, EMG)

Sleep Architecture

The transitions among sleep stages throughout the sleep period

Sleep Latency

Time it takes to get to sleep

Shift Work

Internal clocks are no longer synchronized with the external environment

Norepinephrine

It is classified as a neurotransmitter, a chemical that is released from neurons. Because the release of norepinephrine affects other organs of the body, it is also referred to as a stress hormone. The sympathetic nervous system triggers a response that is commonly referred to as our 'fight or flight response.'

Short Sleeper

Most adults need 7 or more hours of sleep per night and are unable to function well after less than 6 hours of nightly sleep. But a small percentage of adults are short sleepers. They regularly feel alert and refreshed after sleeping less than 6 hours per night.

Cyclic alternating pattern

Occurrence of bursts of repetitive, transient, dramatic 2-60 sec changes in the EEG during NREMS; indicates unstable sleep.

Electromyogram, EMG

Under the chin to measure neck muscle tension

Synapse

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

Psychomotor vigilance tasks

a sustained-attention, reaction-timed task that measures the speed with which subjects respond to a visual stimulus.

Sleep-wake homeostasis

accumulation of hypnogenic (sleep-inducing) substances in the brain, which generates a homeostatic sleep drive.

GABA

acts to inhibit the activity of other neurotransmitters (e.g., alcohol increases GABA activity). During NREM sleep, GABA increases result in decreased neural activity and arousal. Norephinephrine/dopamine and histamine = ^waking; >NREM; >>REM -Acetylcholine = ^waking; >NREM; ^REM -Glutamate = ^NREM and REM -GABA = ^NREM -Serotonin = ^Waking; ^^NREM -Adenosine = accumulates during waking states and diminishes in sleep (caffeine blocks receptors for adenosine)

Sleep Efficiency

also declines with age, beginning around age 30, declining ~3% per decade.

Microsleeps

are brief, unintended episodes of loss of attention associated with events such as blank stare, head snapping, and prolonged eye closure which may occur when a person is fatigued but trying to stay awake to perform a monotonous task like driving a car or watching a computer screen.

Neurotransmitters

are chemical messengers released by neurons that help rely information across the physical gap between neurons called a synapse.

Tonic Component

are constant such as a sawtooth EEG , muscle paralysis, elevated brain temperature, tumescence (look it up)

Phasic Component

are short-lived clusters (rapid eye movements, muscle or limb twitches, variable heart rate and blood pressure) Easier to awaken someone in REM than someone in N3. N1 is the easiest to awaken someone.

Neurons

are the specialized cells in the brain that bring in sensory information, process information, and control action.

Seratonin

calming states. low for sleep

Process C

circadian; related to core body temperature; intensity of alertness. Process C is related to the 24-hr circadian rhythm.

Pineal Gland

eleases the hormone, melatonin, at night (even in nocturnal animals)

Process S

homeostatic. S builds up during wakefulness and may be defined as sleepiness. Process S builds up over time and decreases during SWS.

Amplitude

how high the waveform is on the paper tracing (microvolts).

Epworth Sleepiness Scale

how likely are you to doze off or fall asleep in the following situations, in contrast to feeling just tired?

Frequency

how many times the waves appear per second (cycles per second or hertz).

Thalamus

integrates and filters sensory information and is activated during dreams

Dopamine

is a brain chemical involved in many different functions including movement, motivation, reward — and addiction. Nearly all drugs of abuse directly or indirectly increase dopamine in the pleasure and motivation pathways and in so doing, alter the normal communication between neurons.

Sleep Spindle

is a burst of oscillatory brain activity visible on an EEG that occurs during stage 2 sleep. It consists of 12-14 Hz waves that occur for at least 0.5 seconds.

Sleep Fragmentation

is a hallmark of sleep-maintenance insomnia, which differs from sleep onset insomnia in that sleepers can generally get to sleep pretty fast after going to bed (low sleep latency) but have a hard time staying asleep.

Sawtooth Wave

is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform. It is so named based on its resemblance to the teeth of a saw. The convention is that a sawtooth wave ramps upward and then sharply drops.

Nychtemeron

is a period of 24 consecutive hours. It is sometimes used, especially in technical literature, to avoid the ambiguity inherent in the term day.

Subjective

is dependent upon self-report with awareness only for the individual unless shared - and may be faulty due to poor self-perception.

Objective measures

is something that multiple individuals can observe and confirm.

Acetylcholine

low for sleep Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals, including humans, as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells. Wikipedia

Reticular activating system or the reticular formation

maintains wakefulness by activating and coordinating: -the cerebral cortex through the activity of glutamate, norepinephrine and acetylcholine -Brings stimulatory information to the thalamus (which integrates sensory information). -the hypothalamus to use histamine and orexin/hypocretin to maintain wakefulness -the basal forebrain to excite the rest of the cerebral cortex. -The locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus to maintain wakefulness.

Brainstream

medulla, pons (includes the reticular formation), and midbrain - sits on top of the spinal cord. The rest of the brain is layered around it.

Monophasic

one long sleep time

Crepuscular

patterns of sleep refer to activity at dawn and dusk.

Jet Lag

refers to the fatigue, irritability and sleepiness resulting from travel across time zones. Because the free-running cycle is 24-25 hours, people can adjust easier when required to stay up later and sleep later.

Sleep Pressure

refers to the sleep drive or motivation that happens in a sleep deprived state. Your body attempts to maintain a certain balanced level of sleep called sleep-wake homeostasis.

Long Sleeper

regularly sleep more than the average member of their age group. Their nightly length of sleep tends to be 10 to 12 hours.

Forced desynchrony

requires subjects to be on a sleep-wake cycle that is outside the bounds of normal (e.g., 28 hours). This causes subjects to be sleeping and awake at different phases of their temperature cycle.

Phase-advanced (morning lark)

shorter sleep-onset times, with poor sleep in the last part of the sleep period. Depressive disorders tend to show the sleep advance pattern. •Can be treated by resetting circadian rhythm with a zeitgeber in the evening.

Sleep Debt

sleep deficit is the cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep. A large sleep debt may lead to mental or physical fatigue. There are two kinds of sleep debt, the results of partial sleep deprivation and total sleep deprivation. (Takes 1-3 nights)

Nocturnal

sleep during the day, awake at night

Constant Routine

subject remains in quiet, lying in bed or in a semi-recumbant position with low and constant illumination.

Free-run

the subjects can do whatever they want, whenever they want.

Sleepiness

the tendency of individual to fall asleep in the absence of competing stimuli.

Locus coeruleus

uses norepinephrine; Increase norepinephrine = increased arousal and wakefulness.

Raphe Nucleous

uses serotonin; Increase serotonin = increased SWS/NREM but decreased REM

Maintenance of wakefulness test

Same testing conditions as the MSLT except the patient is in a semi-reclining chair and told to remain awake for 40 min. It measures the ability to remain awake.

Introspective

Self-assessment of your internal state (subjective)

Precognitive

also called prescience, future sight, or second sight, is an alleged psychic ability to see events in the future.

Interior dialogue

also known as inner voice, internal speech, or verbal stream of consciousness is thinking in words. It also refers to the semi-constant internal monologue some people have with themselves at a conscious or semi-conscious level (see Default mode network).

Epiphenomenon

an accidental event occurring due to brain activation)

Clairvoyant

a person who claims to have a supernatural ability to perceive events in the future or beyond normal sensory contact. perception of current events beyond sensory awareness.

Sleep Inertia

a physiological state characterised by a decline in motor dexterity and a subjective feeling of grogginess immediately following an abrupt awakening. The impaired alertness may interfere with the ability to perform mental or physical tasks.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

a structure in the hypothalamus that is the body's internal master clock. -The SCN is active during the day, regardless of whether an animal is nocturnal or diurnal. -The SCN receives info on daylight (a zeitgeber) through the retinohypothalamic pathway. -The SCN controls circadian rhythms -SCN regulates and responds to (via feedback) the hormone melatonin which is secreted by the pineal gland. -SCN activity (and melatonin levels) change as days get shorter or longer, regulating seasonal rhythms. each of a pair of small nuclei in the hypothalamus of the brain, above the optic chiasma, thought to be concerned with the regulation of physiological circadian rhythms.

Archetypes

a very typical example of a certain person or thing., recurring

K Complex

an electroencephalography (EEG) waveform that occurs during stage 2 of NREM sleep. It is the "largest event in healthy human EEG". They are more frequent in the first sleep cycles.

Shadow

an unconscious aspect of the personality which the conscious ego does not identify in itself. Because one tends to reject or remain ignorant of the least desirable aspects of one's personality, the shadow is largely negative, or (2) the entirety of the unconscious, i.e., everything of which a person is not fully conscious.

Diurnal

animals sleep mainly at night

Cytokines

any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.

Peripheral nervous system

are not in the brain or spinal cord (they do have to communicate with neurons in the CNS). • The PNS is differentiated based on the type of muscles innervated (or controlled) and if they facilitate relaxed or activated states.

Phasic

cells in some regions of the brain, especially the visual areas are very active.

Central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord. • During NREM sleep, overall metabolic rate and many areas show lower activity than during waking.

Hypothalamus

contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus): Controls the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system (hormones). •Organizes behavior such as fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating as well as circadian rhythms and temperature. •Sends messages to the pituitary gland (the master gland).

Autonomic nervous system

controls the body's non-voluntary functions like the heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, and glands (hence the similarity to automatic); primarily controlled by the hypothalamus. Innervates glands and organs.

Displacement

displacement operates in the mind unconsciously, its transference of emotions, ideas, or wishes being most often used to allay anxiety in the face of aggressive or sexual impulses.

Continuity principle

dreams contain present concerns

Electroencephalography, EEG

electrical activity of neurons in the brain

Zeitgebers

external stimuli such as daylight

sleep hygiene

habits and practices that are conducive to sleeping well on a regular basis.

Masking

hiding symptoms of deprivation

REM pressure

increasing attempts to begin SWS

Confabulation

is a memory disturbance, defined as the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive. honest lying

Dream-incubation

is a practiced technique of learning to "plant a seed" in the mind, in order for a specific dream topic to occur, either for recreation or to attempt to solve a problem. For example, a person might go to bed repeating to themselves that they will dream about a presentation they have coming up, or a vacation they recently took. While somewhat similar to lucid dreaming, dream incubation is simply focusing attention on a specific issue when going to sleep.

Individuation

is a process of transformation whereby the personal and collective unconscious are brought into consciousness (e.g., by means of dreams, active imagination, or free association) to be assimilated into the whole personality. It is a completely natural process necessary for the integration of the psyche.

Content analysis

is a research technique in which themes are identified in stories by categorizing elements like characters, settings, objects, activities, social interactions and then counting the number of instances in each category.

Amygdala

is an almond shaped mass of nuclei (mass of cells) located deep within the temporal lobe of the brain. It is a limbic system structure that is involved in many of our emotions and motivations, particularly those that are related to survival.

Endocrine system

is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

Rebound Sleep

is the lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which occurs after periods of sleep deprivation. When people have been prevented from experiencing REM, they take less time than usual to attain the REM state.

tolerance

is the need to take more of the drug due to decreased sensitivity to the drug - usually due to adaptation of physiological processes.

Condensation

is when a single idea (an image, memory, or thought) appropriates the whole charge of libido of at least two other ideas.

Phase-delayed (night owl)

long sleep onset and increased wake time in the first half of the sleep period. •Can be treated by resetting circadian rhythm with a zeitgeber in the morning (i.e., exposure to bright light or activity in the morning).

Polyphasic

lots of sleep times

Histamine

low for sleep

Glycine

low for sleep. is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that produces muscle paralysis during REM sleep.

Adenosine

s a byproduct of cellular activity and builds up during wakefulness. Higher levels of adenosine result in more SWS and delta waves. During NREM sleep, adenosine levels decrease. Caffeine improves alertness by decreasing the effect of adenosine.

Telepathic

supposedly capable of transmitting thoughts to other people and of knowing their thoughts; psychic.

polysomnogram

the combination of EEG, EOG, and EMG.

Free Association

the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection.

Collective unconscious

the part of the unconscious mind that is derived from ancestral memory and experience and is common to all humankind, as distinct from the individual's unconscious.

dream work

the processes by which the unconscious mind alters the manifest content of dreams in order to conceal their real meaning from the dreamer.

REM sleep restriction

(N1 or N2 deprivation is not possible).

Prospective studies

A truly scientific approach requires prospective studies in which individuals are sampled about their dreams and then judges who know nothing about the dreams or individuals are asked to make predictions of likely events in real life from those dreams to avoid potential bias. • Then, determine if those predictions are supported by real events. • But what is the timeline for a prediction (how long does the study have to go - 1 year, 2 years)? • How accurate does the dream have to be (e.g., if they dream of a plane crash but there is a car crash instead)? • How big a sample would be required? This could be an incredibly expensive study.

latent content

According to psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, the latent content of a dream is the hidden psychological meaning of the dream. Freud believed that the content of dreams is related to wish fulfillment and suggested that dreams have two types of content: manifest content and latent conten

Alcohol

Alcohol increases GABA activity and alters glutamate and serotonin levels. • Initially arousing and then sedating; the extent of sedating effects are dependent upon prior sleep deprivation and circadian processes. • Hastens sleep onset and may increase SWS but decreases REM sleep in the first half of sleep when alcohol is still present. In the second half of sleep after alcohol is cleared, rebound effects produce increased Stage 1 sleep, increased REM sleep, and wakefulness - poor night of sleep overall. • In alcoholism, sleep and REM sleep become more and more disrupted and fragmented as the disorder progresses. Alcohol and alcoholism lead to insomnia

Caffeine

Caffeine: Sleep onset is delayed, sleep time is reduced, amount of Stage 1 sleep is increased. Sleep fragmentation also increases. -It reduces the effects of adenosine in the brain and consumption of caffeine every few hours improves alertness and performance during continuous sleep deprivation.

Manifest content

In Freudian dream analysis, content is both the manifest and latent content in a dream, that is, the dream itself as it is remembered, and the hidden meaning of the dream. The "Royal Road" to the Unconscious. Dreams embody the involuntary occurrences within the mind throughout various stages of sleep.

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Paradoxical sleep

REM sleep is characterized by partial paralysis, vivid dreaming, and an EEG that resembles waking brain activity. It is also referred to as paradoxical sleep because the sleeper, although exhibiting waking-state EEG waves, is harder to arouse than at any other sleep stage.

Lucid Dreams

Recognition that we are dreaming. -In dreaming, we normally lose self-reflective awareness, we are unaware of the state we are in and unable to control our thoughts. -Some individuals become spontaneously aware that they are dreaming. Research demonstrates that eye movements during lucid dreaming are distinct from spontaneous eye movements typically observed in REM sleep. -Children seem to have lucid dreams more easily than adults. -It is unclear if lucid dreaming can be learned by anyone or if some individuals find it easier than others. 14 Lucid Dreams: How To • Get a good night's sleep: this ensures longer stretches of dream-rich REM sleep. • Use self-suggestion: telling yourself "I will remember my dreams"several times during the day and again at bedtime. • Take time to remember: in the morning, lie still, and try to recollect everything you can about your dream (keeping your eyes closed may help). Write it down: keep a dream journal. • Dream-incubation technique: choose a pressing problem, phrase the dilemma succinctly, and think about it before bed each night.

Tonic

Some REM-on cells show high and steady activity during REM sleep but at no other time - they are the source of tonic aspects of REM. some areas of the brain are more active than during NREM sleep or waking.

Occipital cortex

The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1 (visual one).

PGO waves

These waves can be recorded from the pons, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and the occipital cortex regions of the brain, where these waveforms originate. eye movements

Animus

Unconcious Feminine and masculine

Limbic system

a complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring).

Basal forebrain

monitors sleep debt and promotes sleep due to input from the serotonergic raphe nuclei.. is a collection of structures located to the front of and below the striatum. It includes the nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, substantia innominata, and medial septal nuclei.

Actigraphy

non-invasive method of monitoring human rest/activity cycles

Overdetermination

occurs when a single-observed effect is determined by multiple causes, any one of which alone would be sufficient to account for ("determine") the effect. That is, there are more causes present than are necessary to cause the effect.

Wish Fulfillment

occurs when unconscious desires are repressed by the Ego and Superego. This repression often stems from guilt and taboos imposed by society. Dreams are attempts by the unconscious to resolve some repressed conflict.

Repetition principle

past emotional concerns

Day residue

psychoanalytic term for a dream related to an experience of the previous day.

Withdrawal

rebound insomnia

Alpha Waves

8-13 cycles per second (relaxed)

Beta Waves

14-25 cycles per second (alert)

Circadian rhythm

24 hour period (Sleep and temp)

Ultradian rhythms

24 hours (Heartbeat and Respiration)

Theta Waves

4-7 cycles per second (sleep)