SmartBook 13
A statement attributed to a U.S. army officer upon entering a burned-out Vietnamese town expressed the quandary of U.S. combat soldiers in Vietnam when he said
"We had to destroy the town in order to save it"
When North Vietnam began a new offensive against South Vietnam in 1975, how much did Ford request from Congress in emergency funding?
$1 billion
César Chávez allied with which fellow organizers to attempt to unionize Mexican agricultural workers?
- Dolores Huerta - Gil Padilla
Radicals in the late 1960s, throughout the world, lauded which of the following?
- Mao Zedong - Che Guevara - Fidel Castro - Ho Chi Minh
Which of the following contributed to most Americans being unaware of Asian involvement in identity politics?
- Most Asian Americans were unlikely to join in the more public and vocal protests of the era. - Most Asian Americans lived in only three states.
Why did the Puerto Rican community in New York lose some of the leadership it needed to advance its political interests after World War II?
- Most Puerto Ricans were not willing to put down the kind of roots stateside that would have been necessary. - Many light-skinned Puerto Ricans escaped racial discrimination and segregation to blend into the middle class.
Which of the following accurately describes women's participation in the civil rights and antiwar movements?
- They participated as fully as men. - Their participation often revealed gender discrimination even within the movements.
Which of the following occurred in reaction to Nixon's announcement, on April 30, 1970, that an "incursion" of American troops had gone into Cambodia?
- a march on Washington - the deadly protest at Jackson State - congressional repeal of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution - the deadly protest at Kent State
As part of the Tet Offensive, the Vietcong
- invaded the American Embassy in Saigon - attacked the presidential palace in South Vietnam
The first of U.S. combat troops that President Johnson sent to Vietnam consisted of
3,500 marines
In 1973 the Native American activist group AIM protested policies of the U.S. government's Bureau of Indian Affairs by taking over a trading post in
Alcatraz
According to Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, the key problem confronted by married, middle-class American women was that
American culture regarded them simply as homemakers rather than as individuals with dreams and aspirations
In 1963, women's rights were brought to national attention in The Feminine Mystique, written by
Betty Friedan
In the early 1970s, the United States hoped to reach the Soviet Union by reaching out to
China
This 1970s act, which prohibited discrimination based on gender, passed the House and the Senate but failed to gain sufficient support in state legislatures.
Equal Rights Amendment
In the 1968 presidential election, what third-party candidate won about 14 percent of the vote?
George Wallace
Which of the following statements about Eugene McCarthy is not true?
He had strong support from conservative Republicans.
Which of the following statements is NOT an accurate representation of Ralph Nader's interaction with the private sector in the 1960s?
His advocacy of government regulation of the private sector contributed to a notable decline in national GDP as the decade concluded.
Which statement about the advanced technology used in Vietnam by the United States is true?
It couldn't tell if the Vietcong was a friend or foe
Which of the following best describes Johnson's attitude concerning domestic issues and foreign policy in the early years of his presidency?
Johnson placed a priority on domestic programs like the Great Society but felt he had to appear decisive on foreign problems like Vietnam.
At the 1968 Democratic National Convention, radicals were pitted against
Mayor Daley's "machine"
What event made Black soldiers, especially, question why they were fighting in Vietnam?
Muhammad Ali's refusal to be drafted
Which of the following statements best portrays the efforts of the Nixon administration to achieve more favorable relations with the Soviet Union and China?
Nixon sought to resolve issues of mutual concern with the Soviets and exploited the rivalry between the Soviet Union and China to his advantage.
Besides Eugene McCarthy, another antiwar leader who campaigned in the 1968 Democratic presidential primaries was
Robert Kennedy
What Chicano leader laid out a blueprint for a separatist Chicano society?
Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzalez
A key problem for U.S. policymakers posed by the Ho Chi Minh Trail was that it allowed North Vietnam to ferry men and material back and forth from ______.
South Vietnam
In the 1960s to the 1980s, Asian immigrants to the United States included a higher percentage of people from
Southeast Asia
What was the sticking point in peace negotiations in Vietnam in the early 1970s?
The North Vietnamese rejected any agreement that left the South Vietnamese government in power.
Which of the following statements concerning the Gulf of Tonkin incident and its immediate aftermath is most accurate?
The U.S. Congress authorized the president to take measures that held the potential to deepen the U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
Which of the following is not an accurate statement concerning Latin American culture and politics in the 1960s?
The intractable differences among various Latino groups made cooperation among them impossible.
What happened to the American Indian Movement after Wounded Knee in 1973?
The movement splintered into more than 100 different organizations.
Which of the following best describes the position of African Americans concerning the Vietnam War?
The racial consciousness of many African Americans led them to identify with the Vietnamese.
What happened at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago?
Violent riots broke out, all but destroying the chance that Democrats would win the upcoming election.
For the U.S. military-intelligence community, the Tet Offensive can best be described as
a huge failure
The Ho Chi Minh Trail could best be described as
a network of routes that passed through Laos and Cambodia
After the Tet Offensive, how did the general public view the Johnson administration's assessment of U.S. prospects in the war?
as unrealistic
In 1966 U.S. national leaders who were hawks concerning the Vietnam War
believed that a U.S. victory was crucial to safeguard the lives of Americans fighting in the war
During the Vietnam War, the type of people that were most likely to serve in the military were
blue collar
Because the fighting against the Vietcong had no well-defined front lines, the U.S. military gauged success by the number of enemy killed, a measurement known as
body count
A highly visible manner in which students expressed their feelings about U.S. military policy was to do this to their draft cards.
burn
As the war progressed, a point of contention with the Selective Service System was the fact that
college students and people in certain occupations could avoid military service
American fears of communism during the Cold War hamstrung U.S. president by
creating a climate in which losing a regional ally to communism would entail crippling domestic and foreign political costs
The deforestation of South Vietnam ultimately had a great role in
damaging people's long-term health
Vietcong guerrillas were able to conduct the Tet Offensive by
diverting U.S. troops from urban areas to rural areas
During the Vietnam War, U.S. leaders who opposed the country's involvement in Vietnam were known as
doves
The majority of Americans who served in the military in Vietnam were chosen by the Selective Service System as part of the
draft
Nixon and Kissinger sought to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union through negotiations, a policy given the French name
détente
In 1974 the American Psychiatric Association promoted gay and lesbian rights by
ending its classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder
As Nixon and Kissinger characterized it, they would achieve an honorable solution to the Vietnam War by
ensuring that Hanoi would recognize and respect a permanent, pro-American government in Saigon.
In the 1960s this movement emerged from the rejection of the idea that pollution and destruction of natural resources were acceptable in exchange for industrial progress and prosperity.
environmental movement
President Johnson's focus on his Great Society programs was seriously diverted by the
escalating situation in Vietnam
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution
gave President Johnson the authority increase military involvement in Vietnam
Affirmative action rested on the notion that racial minorities had been discriminated against as
groups
In the 1950s and 1960s, the United States was involved in the politics of South Vietnam by
helping make Ngo Ding Diem the president of South Vietnam
Nixon privately doubted that the United States could achieve victory in Vietnam, and publicly he
hinted that he could find a favorable outcome for the United States
The Daughters of Bilitis and the Mattachine Society were founded to promote the rights of
homosexuals
Barry Commoner argued in his book The Closing Circle that modern society was courting disaster by trying to
improve on nature
Nixon believed that the best way to jump-start peace negotiations whenever they stalled was to do this to the scale of U.S. military action.
increase
The ongoing peace negotiations affected U.S. servicemen and veterans by
increasing tensions between officers and enlisted men in the field
The heavy U.S. spending associated with the Vietnam War threatened the economy by contributing to
inflation
Following the death of Ho Chi Minh in 1969, North Vietnam
insisted that the U.S. cease supporting the South Vietnamese government
The best way to describe internal criticism among the Johnson administration and its allies was that some believed that
it was illogical and costly to "save" people by destroying their homes
The Johnson administration saw affirmative action as a way to correct the effects of discrimination in this kind of way.
legally
Muhammad Ali's refusal to enter the U.S. military resulted in the
loss of his heavyweight boxing title
As he prepared to begin peace negotiations, Nixon sought to use his previous foreign-policy stances to convince Hanoi that he was a bit of a
lunatic
After the Tet Offensive, many Americans felt that the Johnson administration had
misled the public by suggesting that the Vietcong were close to defeat
In the 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union sought political accommodation and signed agreements to limit these kind of weapons.
missiles
As part of their tactics, the Vietcong commonly
mixed in with civilians
In the wake of the Tet Offensive, a critical problem for the U.S. leadership was that
no one could be sure if any level of force could secure a U.S. victory
The marches, boycotts, and hunger strikes employed by César Chávez illustrated his devotion to
nonviolent resistance
Nixon defied members of his cabinet in 1970 by
ordering the deployment of troops into Cambodia
A key challenge faced by Richard Nixon and Hubert Humphrey, the two main contenders for the 1968 election, involved distancing themselves from their
past policy positions
Although student movements varied from country to country, it would be fair to characterize the 1960s as a
period of student radicalism
Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. both exemplified liberal politics because of their history of championing the cause of the
poor classes
In the context of the 1960s, liberalism described a belief system that
promoted civil rights and helped the disadvantaged
The first contingent of U.S. combat troops arrived in Vietnam to
protect U.S. airbases
The American involvement in Vietnam essentially came to an end in 1975 because
public frustration compelled the U.S. Congress to refuse further funding
The disorder that occurred during the Chicago Democratic national convention was led by
radicalized protesters who sought to challenge the party hierarchy
In the late 1960s, with the costs of the federal budget increased by the cost of the Vietnam War and social-welfare programs, President Johnson
refused to raise taxes
What was the U.S. Army tactic used in Vietnam for identifying enemy strongholds, attacking them, and then returning to base?
search-and-destroy
During the 1968 peace negotiations in Paris, the United States and North Vietnam
showed few signs of progress
Nixon labeled the ordinary laborers who opposed liberal activism as the
silent majority
The first round of U.S.-North Vietnamese peace talks in Paris was initiated as a result of a March 31, 1968
speech given by Lyndon Johnson
During his negotiations with the Vietnamese, Nixon hoped to remind people about his past
strong anticommunist views
According to Nixon, which group was not a part of the portion of society he represented?
suburban youth
Meetings in which college professors described the issues concerning the Vietnam War to concerned students were called
teach-ins
The federal government sought to improve social conditions for Native Americans by reforming the reservation system though a policy known as
termination
The United States increased its indirect involvement in Vietnam after World War II because
the French were unable to defeat indigenous guerillas.
In the opinion of most scholars of the later 1960s, which of the following was at fault in Vietnam?
the United States
Following the Tet Offensive, U.S. Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford met with a group of respected cold war experts who concluded that
the United States could not win the war and that Johnson should seek a negotiated settlement with North Vietnam
A key problem that dogged Humphrey and Nixon as they campaigned for the presidency was how they proposed to handle
the Vietnam War
An effect that emerging minority activism had on conventional liberal politics was that
the belief that all groups would assimilate into mainstream America gave way to the idea that groups would be equal but remain distinct
By the end of the 1960s, many rights activist organizations splintered because members developed differing ideas about
their individual identity
What was La Raza Unida's goal?
to gain power in communities in which Chicanos were a majority
As Nixon sought to end U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War, which of the following actions did he not take in 1969-1970 in an effort to make the North Vietnamese government more pliable at the negotiating table?
unilaterally declaring a U.S. cease-fire throughout South Vietnam
Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1968. In 1968, Humphrey was the
vice president
By 1967, members of the public such as college students were increasingly more likely to
voice their opposition of the Vietnam War
The 1968 U.S. presidential election revealed that the country
was relatively disillusioned with Democratic liberal government, given Nixon's victory
The Tet Offensive can best be described as a
well-coordinated Vietcong operation that surprised U.S. forces
Compared to the soldiers sent to fight in World War II, Americans who served in Vietnam usually
were younger