Smartbook Ch. 1
What is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called?
Receptor
Dissection and anatomy both mean ______.
cutting apart
_____ surgery is the practice of diagnosing illness by opening the body.
exploratory
Students are studying how the heart pumps blood through the body, which is its major function. They are studying the ______ of the heart.
physiology
A _____ is the name of a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment.
placebo
Effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as _____ effects.
psychosomatic
Match each term with its correct definition. 1. neurophysiology 2. endocrinology 3. pathophysiology 4. comparative physiology
1. Physiology of the nervous system 2. Physiology of hormones 3. Study of disease mechanisms 4. Study of how biological processes vary in different animal species
An organ is best described as which of the following?
A structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function
Which evolutionary process leads to the establishment of species characteristics that favor survival and reproduction?
Adaptation
Who was the anatomist that taught anatomy to medical students using cadavers in the 1500s?
Andreas Vesalius
Who was the first to observe and describe microorganisms using a microscope?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Which habitat refers to living in the trees?
Arboreal
Which philosopher believed that not only could disease have supernatural causes, but natural causes as well, and argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components?
Aristotle
What is the smallest particle of matter with a unique chemical identity?
Atom
A physician who is listening to your heart beat is utilizing which diagnostic procedure?
Auscultation
The "Galen of Islam" whose influential textbook was the leading authority in European medical schools for 500 years is ______.
Avicenna
Who was the Muslim scholar that wrote the book called The Canon of Medicine?
Avicenna
Rene Descartes and Francis _____ revolutionized the philosophy of science, arguing for a more systematic enterprise aimed at new discoveries.
Bacon
Which philosopher is credited with leading scientific inquiry along the modern path by using the scientific method?
Bacon
What is the ability to walk upright on two feet called?
Bipedalism
Which of the following is an example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism?
Body temperature
Who is known as the father of the theory of natural selection?
Charles Darwin
What is the study of more than one species in order to observe their structural similarities and differences called?
Comparative anatomy
What is the process of transforming a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function called?
Differentiation
What type of equilibrium occurs when there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point?
Dynamic
What is the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce quick reactions called?
Excitability
Which statement best describes a theory?
Explanatory statement that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge on a phenomenon and provides direction for further study
Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is called which of the following?
Fact
True or false: Statistical tests help scientists establish statements of absolute truth.
False
True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.
False
True or false: The work of Galen is considered the birth of experimental physiology.
False
True or false: Vesalius was the first to describe the "cell theory."
False
Which physician to the Roman gladiators wrote on the anatomy of humans based on his dissections of pigs, monkeys, and other animals?
Galen
What is an increase in the size of a cell or organism called?
Growth
Which of the following best describes Aristotle?
He was a philosopher who believed that not only could disease have supernatural causes, but natural causes as well.
The ______ oath is a code of ethics for physicians.
Hippocratic
Which branch of medicine examines tissues for disease?
Histopathology
A physician's assistant devises a treatment plan based on the patient's age, lab results, economic status, perceptions, and emotions. What type of treatment is this?
Holism
Which theory states that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be understood by its individual parts?
Holism
What is the body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment called?
Homeostasis
The Englishman who invented the modern compound microscope in the 1600s and observed plant cells was Robert _____.
Hooke
Of the following, which one is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known?
Hypothesis
What is an educated speculation based upon observations that can be tested by experimentation called?
Hypothesis
Which method of reasoning begins with a hypothesis or question and then tries to answer that question?
Hypothetico-deductive method
To be considered a scientific fact, information must be what?
Independently verified
What are the benefits of a large sample size? Select all that apply.
It controls for individual variation. It controls for chance events. It enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome.
Which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis?
It is testable and falsifiable. It is consistent with what is already known.
What is a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon called?
Law of nature
Who was the Jewish physician that wrote 10 medical books and numerous books on diseases?
Maimonides
Who was the famous Jewish physician who served in the court of the sultan, Saladin?
Maimonides
Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe what?
Microorganisms
Which is an example of an organelle?
Mitochondria
Which of the following is made by joining two or more different atoms together?
Molecule
Which of the following states that some individuals have hereditary advantage over their competitors?
Natural selection
The inductive method allows one to make conclusions based on what?
Observation
What is a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual functions called?
Organelle
Which of the following describes a single complete individual?
Organism
Taking a pulse by feeling the radial artery is an example of which of the following?
Palpation
When a doctor feels for a swollen lymph node, what action is she using in her exam?
Palpation
What is the method of having results evaluated by other experts in the field called?
Peer review
What is the act of tapping the body to feel for abnormal resistance or listen for sounds called?
Percussion
Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication, can result from failure to consider which of the following?
Physiological variation
Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?
Plasma membrane
Placebos are often given to avoid what kinds of effects?
Psychosomatic
Which theory states that a more complex structure can be understood by studying its smaller parts?
Reductionism
Which of the following are features of an arboreal habitat?
Relatively less competition Relative safety from predators Rich supply of leaves and fruit
Who improved the microscope and was the first to observe and describe cells?
Robert Hooke
Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?
Scientific method
Which forces promote the reproductive success of some individuals over others?
Selection pressures
What does the term dissection refer to?
The process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships
What is gross anatomy?
The study of body structures that can be observed without magnification
What is an explanatory statement, or set of statements, that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge of a phenomenon and provides direction for further study called?
Theory
Who was the first anatomist to publish an atlas of anatomy?
Vesalius
Who was the Englishman from the 1500s known for his study of physiology, especially of the heart?
William Harvey
Students are studying the shape, size, and parts of the heart. They are studying the ______ of the heart.
anatomy
The ability to stand and walk on two legs is called _____.
bipedalism
Physiology is the study of ______.
body functions
The _____ theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells.
cell
The study of individual cells is called ______.
cytology
A change in the genetics in a population over a period of time is called ______.
evolution
Responsiveness is also known as ______.
excitability
In an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the _____ group contains the variable being tested.
experimental
The term for the conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data is _____ bias.
experimenter
Students are looking at major arteries and veins on the surface of the heart, which does not require a microscope. They are studying the ______ of the heart.
gross anatomy
If the textbook states a value for a typical human heart rate, you should assume that the value refers to the heart rate of a(n) ______.
healthy 22-year-old
The study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials, is called _____.
histology
Most exploratory surgery has been replaced with ______.
medical imaging techniques
Blood pressure is controlled by a _____ feedback.
negative
The subdiscipline of physiology that is concerned with the mechanisms of disease is _____.
pathophysiology
_____ is a branch of medicine that utilizes medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the body.
radiology
The number of animals (or people) used in an experimental study is called the _____ size.
sample
Which of the following are statistical tests?
Chi-square test T test
Who was the physician to the Roman gladiators that wrote one of the most influential medical textbooks of his era?
Claudius Galen
Evolutionary trends between species are often studied in which discipline?
Comparative anatomy
True or false: The study of ultrastructure focuses on examining individual cells, but not the fine details of cells.
False
What are features that have evolved in response to environmental pressures called?
Adaptations
Who was the Greek physician considered to be "the father of medicine"?
Hippocrates
Changes in the environment, to which organisms respond, are called what?
Stimuli
Experimenter bias is defined as which of the following?
The conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data
_____ is the study of body structures
anatomy
