SOC 101 Chapter 3
The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by
Charles Horton Cooley
Professor Zale bases her self-concept as a professor on the interactions she has with students, and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this, which process is Professor Zale utilizing?
Cooley's looking-glass self
ego
Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society
id
Freud's term for our inborn basic drives
superego
Freud's term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups
Why is entering into school significant from a sociological perspective?
It marks the transfer of allegiance from family to peer groups.
Charles H. Cooley
Our self-concept derives from a three-fold process in which we: imagine how we appear to those around us; try to make sense of how people are responding to us; develop and modify a sense of who we are based on our interpretations of what other people think.
What are the agents of socialization?
Peers, school, family, workplace, mass media
Carol Gilligan
She built on existing theories of moral development by arguing that boys and girls are raised to follow different rules: Boys are raised to follow rational principles; Girls are raised to follow relational principles
symbolic interactionism
Socialization occurs in social interaction and through communication with symbols Mead: the I and the me; role-taking; imitation to play to games Cooley: the Looking-Glass Self- seeing ourselves as we imagine others see us
Choose a phase of adulthood other than childhood or adolescence. Then give two examples of how socialization occurs during that phase that illustrate the concept of lifelong socialization.
The early middle years of adulthood is ages 30-49. In this phase, most people are aware of the things they want and goals they may have. One example of how socialization occurs could be the pressure of having children, at this age many women feel more pressured to have children by family and peers. Another example of socialization occurs could be marriage for both men and women. Many people start getting married and starting families at this age or in their late 20's. With both of these examples, there is pressure from society and the media because what is considered "normal".
George H. Mead (1863-1931)
The self is developed by 'taking the role of the other. The process of socialization entails a constant dialogue between the 'I' and the 'me''.
peer group
a group of individuals, often of roughly the same age, who are linked by common interests and orientations
social inequality
a social condition in which privileges and obligations are given to some but denied to others
transitional adulthood
a term that refers to a period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood; also called adultolescence
People and groups that influence our orientation to life—our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors—are called
agents of socialization
transitional older years
an emerging stage of the life course between retirement and when people are considered old; about age 63 to 74
significant other
an individual who significantly influences someone else
feral children
children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans
The idea of the looking-glass self is that we come to know ourselves by looking in the mirror.
false
Which one of the following is probably the most influential agent of socialization?
family
mass media
forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, and television that are directed to mass audiences
George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages—the ________, _______, and _______ stages.
imitation; play; team games
total institutions
institutions in which individuals are under complete control 24 hours a day, stripped of their "selves" and re-socialized ex: prison
gender socialization
learning society's "gender map," the paths in life set out for us because we are male or female
behaviorism
people learn behavior through positive and negative reinforcement
agents of socialization
people or groups that affect our self concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life
taking the role of the other
putting yourself in someone else's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks, so you anticipate how that person will act
looking glass self (Cooley)
refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us
When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of
resocialization
gender
the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity
social enviornment
the entire human environment, including interaction with others
personality
the fairly stable patterns of thoughts and feelings of an individual
In Freud's theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex?
the id
lifespan socialization
the idea that socialization takes place through-out life, even into old age. Exemplified by Erik Erikson's stage theory of human development
manifest functions
the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions
socialization
the lifelong process of social interaction through which we acquire personality and learn the ways of life of our society
generalized other
the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self
anticipatory socialization
the process of learning in advance an anticipated future role or status
re-socialization
the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
life course
the stages of our life as we go from birth to death
degradation ceremony (Harold Garfinkel)
to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place
Parents are typically the first significant others to show children the gender map.
true
latent functions
unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions
