Soc 101 Test 2

This second wave feminist slogan argues personal issues are related to larger societal forces?

"Personal is political"

Harvard men warn how much more than women 10 years after they start their undergraduate studies?

$53,600 more than women. At most elite colleges male alumni far out-earn their female classmates.

How the Idea of Race changes over time.

**Most of human history, when folks talk about race they meant ethnicity- cultural differences.** -European expansion- Came into conflict of labor, transatlantic slave trade. -Reclassified slaves as Less than a person. **Big motive to changing meaning of Race, when they classified Blacks as less than human.** J. Craig Venter, lead scientist on human genome project, noted in 2000 that, "The concept of race has no genetic or scientific basis." -Doesn't mean abilities. -Race (as we know it today) an invention of European Expansion.

War on Drugs

-4/5 of drug arrests for possession -1/5 of arrests for sales -Example: in Chicago, 72% of criminal cases for drugs. -70% of those are class 4 felonys (the lowest) -Most people in state prison for drug offense had no prior violent history, no prior significant history. -Weed accounted for almost 80% of drug arrests growth in the 1990's -Burston et. al. (1995) -Well sited study in the journal of alcohol and drug education -Survey question: "would you close your eyes for a second, envision a drug user, and describe that person to me?" -95% describe black users -Only 15% of users at the time.

Drugs are not Racialized

-Blacks 12-13% of population -Are about 13% of drug users -represent 35% of those arrested for possession -55% of those convicted for possession -74% of those sentenced to prison for possession

Race in natural opposition=myth

-First contact positive -Subordination comes with conflict over resources. -Europe before 18th century, race thought of as ethnicity. -Only in 18th century does race begin to mean biology.

Vicious Cycle of Mass Incarceration

-In some cities, as many as 80% of young Black men have a criminal record. 122 cali employers were interviewed -Employers group research services (2002) -less than 25% would consider a drug felon -7% for property felon -1% for a violent felon

Racial and Ethnic Relations

-Inequality is only really bad in the USA. Not Canada.... -Net worth, white- $144,200, and Black- $11,200 -2010- White= 63%, 16% Hispanic, 11.2% African -2050- White= 46%, 28% Hispanic, 13% Black -We talk about minority groups like number of people but in here we talk about minorities and dominate groups in the sense of power, status, and opportunities.

Forces perpetuating Racial Inequality:

-Past-is-present inequality. -Institutionalized inequality: In an institution, different groups are treated different. -Dominant Cultural beliefs: Linked to explicit and implicit bias. -Discrimination (jobs)

Children who grow up without their father:

-Perform worse on standardized tests. -Earn lower grades. -Stay in school fewer years. -Have more behavioral and psychological problems. -Have sex earlier and are more likely to have children young and out of wedlock. -As Isabel Sawhill explains, "On average, children from single parent families do worse in school and in life."

Peeples and Loeber (1994)

-Random sample of 506 public school males. -Black youth= More crime/serious crime -41% of Black youth in underclass neighborhoods -Must be wealthy at peer level review.

Today, American women earn about what percentage of what men do in the paid workforce

78%-82%

If you account for the fact all workers don't do equal things the wage gap drops to?

92%

prejudice

A belief about an individual or a group that is not subject to change on the basis of evidence.

Race

A group of people who share a set of characteristics (usually physical characteristics) deemed by society to be socially significant.

Affermative action

Allows African Americans and women to benefit from fair job hiring processes.

Implicit Bias

Attitudes or stereotypes about social groups. That affect our understanding, action, and decision in an unconscious manner. These attitudes are "hidden" and are invisible, outside of conscious awareness and control and are actually involuntary.

Gender

Behavioral characteristics that differ between males and females based on culturally enforced and socially learned norms.

Family: The "factory of gendered personalties"

Both overt and more subtle means Differential: Treatment, tasks, clothing and toys, and freedom. Empirical example: Studies show spending more time with fathers = less gender type employment for daughters and more for sons.

Ethnicity

Characteristics of groups associated with national origins, languages, and cultural and religious practices

For High School educated couples today:

Childbearing increasingly disconnected from marriage (65% of births non-marital). Childbearing early (late teens/early 20's) and are much less planned. Marriages are much less durable (if they even happen at all) with only 40% chance of 20+ years of marriage (for HS or less couples). *Fragile families have a difficult time surviving due to low-income, precarious work, and dangerous neighborhoods.* 5 years after birth of a child, more than 2/3 of women unmarried at birth of child no longer romantically involved with father.

50 years ago, most American families had bread winner dads and homemaker moms.

Divorce was uncommon. Only 4% of births outside of marriage in 1950. String patriarchal divison of labor. Widely-shared prosperity which allowed families to live on one male income. Strong norm against out-of-wedlock births (shotgun marriages common). Most baby boomers raised by both biological parents. Since 1970's, most dramatic change in family structure in American History. Sex, marriage, and procreation delinked (advent of birth control pills).

What do whites and blacks commit at similar rates?

Drug Crimes

What type of study is Devah Pager famous for?

Employment audit study.

The income gap between Whites and Blacks has rapidly narrowed over the last 50 years?

False

The share of elected government positions going to American women and men is roughly equal?

False

Due to wealth, the US has one of the lowest incarceration rates in the world?

False Due to war on drugs and implemented mandatory sentencing.

Sex and gender both refer to culturally defined roles for men and women?

False Gender- How do you learn what masculinity or femininity is.

Race and ethnicity both refer to differences in national origin and cultural characteristics.

False This is the definition of ethnicity.

What is the largest racial ethnic group of minorities in the US? It will only continue to grow.

Hispanic Americans

Employment Audit Study

If seeing people treated unequal.

Race and Crime

Important Crime Facts: -Black and white drug use is similar -Prosecution is unequal -Blacks violent and property crime is higher --Race effect disappears when you control for: -Poverty Status -Employment status -Neighborhood characteristics

Residual Wage Differentials

In one study, gender pay gap reduces from 81% to 92% when factors like occupational segregation and individual level differences accounted for.

Hegemonic Masculinity (Overriding, most typical)

Individual characteristics interact with culture. Masculinity valued over femininity Women objectified- lack of respect, dehumanized. Men entitled to power and women's bodies. Men rewarded for promiscuity (lots of sexual partners) and women punished for it. Life a "masculinity contest," emphasizes competition. Gendered cultural norms Women taught to be passive, men aggressive. Sex conflated with violence.

US government provides how much assistance to families with children compared to other rich countries?

LESS

Married men do how much housework and childcare compared to their wives in the US?

Less

Minorities

Less powerful groups who are dominated by a more powerful group and, often, discriminated against on the basis of characteristics deemed by the majority to be socially significant

What percentage of sexual violence claims end up being false?

Less than 10%

What contributes to the gender wage gap?

Occupational segregation (choosing different job fields), mommy penalty (taking time off for work when having kids), and discrimination.

Account for differences in wage explained by:

Occupational segregation. In terms of college major, field, and rank. Segregation both an individual and structural phenomenon. Work experience

Occupational Segregation

Overrepresentation of females in low-paying fields contributes to wage gap- or the "Pink collar occupational ghetto." To name a few: 97% of preschool and kindergarden teachers. 95% of administrative assistants 95% of childcare workers 91% of receptionists 85% of personal care workers A business degree even from a top school in the country, won't be enough to protect women from the gender wage gap. Top MBA programs: mem earm $105,000 initally, women $98,000 6-8 years out of school: Men %175,000 and women $140,000

This is an important agent of gender socialization?

Parents, media, peers and schools.

What contributes to racial inequality?

Past-is-present inequality, Institutionalized inequality, and prejudice and discrimination.

Difference between Race and Ethnicity?

Race refers to a person's physical characteristics, such as bone structure and skin, hair, or eye color. Ethnicity, however, refers to cultural factors, including nationality, regional culture, ancestry, and language. ... You can have more than one ethnicities but you are said to have one race, even if it's "mixed race".

Peeples and Loeber (1994)

Random sample of 506 public school males -Black youth= more crime/more serious crime -41% of black youth is "underclass" neighborhoods -only 2% of whites -When neighborhood controlled, crime similar

Diva Pager

Researcher at Harvard, did one of a few amazing studies. -Black men with no criminal record less likely to get job compared to white men whose been to prison. Who gets called back? -White man, no jail time- 34 -White man, jail time- 17 -Black men, No jail- 14 -Black men, jail- 5

Intraracial

Same race Most rape survivors know attackers (73% partners, 12% family) Most are intraracial

The "glass ceiling" refers to?

Slower upward mobility for professional women.

Women expecting more changes in marriage compared to the past and men less is hochschids?

Stalled Revolution Men expect more egalitarian marriages and so do women but less different than grandparents than women who expect more equality.

Race and Inequality

Stephe Deconio (1979): -African Americans should have approached economic equality by mid-20th century. -In absense of Jim Crow and contemporary inequality.

Assimilation

The absorption of a minority group into the dominant culture.

Sex

The anatomical and other biological characteristics that differ between males and females and that originate in genetic differences.

Gender Roles

The attitudes and behaviors that are considered appropriately "masculine" or "feminine" in a particular culture.

Cultural Pluralism

The coexistence of different racial and ethnic groups, characterized by acceptance of one another's differences

Gender Wage gap

The difference between the earnings of women who work full-time year-round as a group and those of men who work full-time year-round as a group.

Racism

The idea that one racial group is inherently superior to another, often results in institutionalized relationships between dominant and minority groups that create a structure of economic, social, and political inequality based on socially constructed racial categories.

Glass Escalator

The nearly invisible promotional boost that men gain in female-dominated occupations.

Segregation

The practice of separating people spatially or socially on the basis of race or ethnicity.

Expulsion

The process of forcibly removing a population from a particular area.

In allegory of the cave discussion, inequality we observe but don't scientifically understand is?

The shadows. The fire is the causes

No fault divorce

The time you stopped needing a reason for divorce. People are not getting married as much anymore. Marriage rates are highest amongst the most-educated women. How much a wedding costs is growing for top percent.

Blacks twice as likely to be poor?

True

Compared to whites, African Americans tend to have lower income, household wealth, and home ownership.

True

Half of Black Americans born poor, stay poor

True

Homeownership more common among whites than other racial and ethnic groups.

True

Most people go to prison for drugs, 80% is possession.

True

On surveys Americans tend to underestimate the extent of racial inequality in the US?

True

Sexual violence is a very under reported crime?

True

The current scientific study does not link skin color to cognitive ability?

True

Total income as % of Whites went up by 6% points for Blacks since 1950?

True

When it comes to neighborhood, the typical Black family earning $100,000, doesn't live in a $100,000 neighborhood, they live in a $30,000 neighborhood.

True

Whites net worth is 13x greater than African Americans?

True

Race has no control over cognitive function?

True -Scholarly Consensus: Race is a social construction. -Racial categories reflect the particular historical circumstances and power relations from within which they emerged. -Yet too many, our everyday understanding of race is that it is somehow natural and explanatory. -Relying on cultural or biological explanations.

Majority of children will live with single-parents before 18?

True Feminist revolution changed gender and marital norms. Women headed to work (new opportunities, economic necessity, and changes in patriarchy). Individual swing placed more emphasis on self-fulfillment.

Strong tendency in our culture to victim-blame

True, When we blame the victim for what they might have been wearing, where they might have been, who they were with, if they were drunk or on drugs, and how they act.

US number 1 incarceration country in the world?

True, started in 1980. -Zero tolerance for drugs -Policies, low income communities have more police. -Blacks- Higher risk of crime against property. -When you put neighborhood, race, poverty level, and income into a regression, race is not a main factor.. -Minorities tend to live in these bad areas, causing them to be exposed to bad things more often.

Survivors of sexual violence typically are romantically involved with or acquaintances with the person?

True.

Mass Media

Typical American child watches 3-4 hours of TV a day. Research shows both quantity and quality of gender portrayals matter. Empirical Example: The more children watch TV, the more stereotypical their attitudes about gender. In movies with strong female characters like frozen, women only had 41% of lines and only 23% in Mulan. Objectification of women in music as well.

What contributes to the unequal incarceration rates of blacks?

Unequal neighborhoods, unequal poverty, and unequal drug enforcement.

institutionalized discrimination

Unequal treatment that has become a part of the routine operation of such major social institutions as businesses, schools, hospitals, and the government.

Slowing of Gender Change

Up until 1970's, minority of women in paid work. 29% of labor force in 1950 59% of women today, 47% of total labor force 73% in full time jobs. Causes: Women's movement and cultural changes. Need for dual-earners families/falling male wage Shift towards service and info based economy. Marital instability Birth control

Gilliam and Lyengar (2000)

Well-cited study in the American journal of political science. -Viewers asked to recall images of perpetrators in news stories where no blacks were shown. -60% recalled seeing a black person -70% of those believed perpetrator was black.

Sexual Violence Today

Womans chance of rape in lifetime: 1 in 5 (men 1 in 71) 91% of rape/sexual assault survivors are female. Ages 16-20 vulnerable age Most rapes (54%) and sexual assaults (68%) are not reported to police (most underreported crime) Woman 2x likely to get pregnant when raped versus consensual sex.

Today, high-income and/or highly-educated families follow the 1950s model and are durable, with the exception that:

Women work. Marriage and child-bearing are delayed by career establishment (late 20's/early 30's). Domestic work is divided more evenly. Less than 10% non-marital births. 78% chance of 20+ years of marriage.

Surveys revel a significant decline in explicit racial bias

Yet interview studies suggest these surveys overstates our process. Example: Racism without racists by Eduardo Bonilla-Silva.

The concept of race as biologically determining abilities is?

a relatively new idea, gains steam in the 18th century, develops to justify imperialism and exploration.

Stereotype threat

a situation in which an individual is at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about his or her social group.

Glass Ceiling

an artificial boundary that allows women to see the next occupational or salary level even as structural obstacles keep them from reaching it.

Stigma

an attribute that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of others.

Labor supply factors

factors that highlight reasons that women or men may "prefer" particular occupations

Labor demand factors

factors that highlight the needs and preferences of the employer.

occupational segregation by gender

the concentration of men and women in different occupations

Human Capital

the skills, knowledge, and credentials a person possesses that make him or her valuable in a particular workplace.

Second shift

the unpaid housework women typically do after they come home from their paid employment.

What percentage do college students believe that rape is reported falsely?

they believe 50% are false claims. Studies show 2%-10% are false claims.