SOC 1101-Chapter 5
You left your community to attend college and obtain a law degree. After working many years with various law firms, you return home to work as a prosecutor. However, you find yourself facing social pressure when you must prosecute members of your community for crimes. What is this an example of?
role conflict
Which of the following are examples of how an ascribed status can influence an achieved status?
1. A female student is discouraged from pursuing a career as an engineer 2. An older job applicant is rejected because he is perceived as being "out of touch"
Match the following terms with the appropriate examples 1. role conflict 2. role strain 3. role exit 4. social role
1. A woman with a business dinner scheduled on the same day as her son's birthday part 2. A man who finds it difficult to meet the expectations of his job 3. A child transitioning from living at home to living in a college dormitory 4. A New York cab driver who is expected to know how to get around the city
Which of the following are true about achieved status?
1. An individual has some control over it 2. It can be affected by an individual's ascribed status
According to Max Weber, there are 5 basic characteristics that make up an ideal bureaucratic structure. What are those basic characteristics?
1. Division of labor 2. Hierarchy of authority 3. Written rules and regulations 4. Impersonality 5. Employment based on technical qualifications
Which of the following are characteristics of typical bureaucracy?
1. Employment based on technical qualifications 2. Division of labor 3. Written rules and regulations
Which of the following are advantages for people who develop social networks?
1. Making connections to people in other groups 2. Empowering people by making several types of resources available 3. Helping people find employment
When a bureaucracy establishes a hierarchy of authority, which of the following can occur?
1. Mistakes are hidden 2. Employees do not have a voice in decision making 3. Employees know who is in command
According to the scientific management approach, workers are assumed to be
1. Motivated almost entirely by economic rewards 2. A resource just like a machine 3. Efficient because of scientific planning and careful supervision
According to interactionists, which factors define our understanding of reality?
1. Social interaction 2. Various groups' power within society 3. The standards and value of dominant groups
There are a number of functions that a social institution must fulfill to survive. What are some of those functions?
1. Teaching new recruits 2. Preserving order 3. Providing a sense of purpose
Which of the following are downsides of division of labor?
1. Workers can experience alienation 2. Workers have weakened job security
Rank the four stages of role exist in the order they occur
1. doubt 2. search for alternatives 3. action or departure 4. creation of a new identity
Societal types 1. hunting-and-gathering 2. horticultural 3. agrarian 4. industrial 5. postindustrial 6. postmodern
1. relies on whatever foods and fibers are readily available; technology is minimal 2. plants crops and places more emphasis on the production of tools and household objects 3. engages primarily in the production of food, but new technological innovations such as the plow allow an increase in crop yields 4. depends on mechanization to produce goods and services; relies on new inventions and new sources of energy 5. relies primarily on the processing and control of information 6. depends on consumer goods and media images
Which of the following are elements of social structure?
1. roles 2. statuses 3. groups 4. social roles 5. social institutions 6. social networks
Which of the following are characteristics of preindustrial societies?
1. they subsist on existing foods 2. they plant crops but have limited technologies 3. they create artifacts and pass them on from one generation to the next
In this type of community, there is little agreement about values, and social control relies on formal means, such as laws and policies
Gesellschaft
Sandy had worked for the same company for 15 years. Over the years the company began to modernize, and some workers were replaced by technology. Emphasis was placed on efficiency and predictability. Sandy's company was undergoing The process by which principles of bureaucratization, namely predictability, efficiency, and dependence on non-human technology, are coming to dominate more sectors of U.S. and global society is called
McDonaldization
Which of the following situations is likely to result from a hierarchy of authority?
a high-ranking manager makes decisions that affect many employees
What do sociologists call a group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
a reference group
Which of the following is an example of the ideal purpose of a coalition?
affluent and working-class residents working together to improve sidewalks and streets
Agrarian societies feature
an increase in agricultural technology and more specialized roles within society
What type of status is assigned at birth and includes a person's ethnicity, sex, and age?
ascribed
A _____ is a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency A type of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency is known as a
bureaucracy
The term _______ refers to the unofficial activities and interactions that are a basic part of daily operations within formal organizations
bureaucracy's other face
The sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies used the term Gemeinschaft to refer to a(n) _______ society and the term Gesellschaft to refer to a(n) _______ society
close-knit; personal
U.S. public schools are funded primarily through property taxes. This means children living in affluent communities go to schools that have better equipment and higher-paid teachers than children living in less wealthy communities. As a result, children in wealthier communities often receive a better education than children in impoverished communities. Which sociological theory best explains this problem?
conflict
Robert Merton referred to the overzealous conformity to official rules and regulations as goal
displacement
A set of expectations for people who occupy a given position or status is called a social ______
role
The classical theory of formal organizations states that workers are motivated almost entirely by
economic rewards
True or false: Ascribed status and achieved status function independently of one another
false
True or false: Interactionists believe that our perception of reality is defined by objective aspects of social life
false
The large secondary groups that increasingly dominate contemporary society are known as ______ organizations
formal
A(n) ____ is a group that is designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency 1. Designed for a special purpose 2. Structured for maximum efficiency The large secondary groups that increasingly dominate contemporary society are known as _____
formal organization
Your boss is a staunch follower of the rules, which were written decades ago and no longer apply in an era of modern technology. Your boss suffers from
goal displacement
When people with similar norms, values, and expectations interact with each other, they form a
group
In a ______ society, people plant seeds and crops but still use minimal agricultural technology
horticultural
If a company focuses on employee job satisfaction and gathers information from the employees to improve morale and communication with the management, this type of organization culture is called the
human relations approach
What is the modern, alternative way of considering bureaucratic dynamics that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy
human relations approach
Which type of society is based on kinship ties, little division of labor, and scarce resources?
hunting-and-gathering
Which group gives its members a collective sense of "us"?
in-group
Sociologists use the term social _____ to describe the ways in which people respond to one another
interaction
If a specific group has the ability to deliberately affect the way we define and conceptualize our social reality, what do we know about that group?
it has power
According to conflict theorists, major institutions help
maintain the privileges of the most powerful individuals
A status that dominates all the other statuses is called a(n) _____ status
master
According to the sociologist Herbert Blumer, our response to other people's behavior is based on the ____we attach to their actions
meaning
According to Durkheim, people in a society with few social roles and little division of labor experience In societies with minimal division of labor, a collective consciousness develops that emphasizes group solidarity. This collective frame of mind is called
mechanical solidarity
Emile Durkheim used the term _______ to label a society in which all individuals perform the same tasks and everyone knows everyone else
mechanical solidarity
According to the sociologist Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity exists when societies become
more advanced technologically and more independent on each person's expertise
A series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and indirectly to still more people is known as a social
network
Sarah is looking for a job. Her friend Abdul tells his uncle, who then tells his friend. This process is called
networking
The connections that individuals make with people in different social circles are known as social
networks
In a(n) _____ society, statuses and social roles are in a constant state of flux. All members are dependent on each other for survival because the division of labor has become so complex
organic
In a(n) ________ society, statuses and social roles are in a constant state of flux. All members are dependent on each other for survival because the division of labor has become so complex
organic
Which of the following best describes the interactionist perspective?
our behavior is conditioned by our roles, statuses, groups, and institutions
According to the interactionist perspective, what shapes the meanings we attach to people's behavior?
our interactions with them and with the larger society
Which of the following describes a group that individuals regard as others or "those people" or "them"?
out-group
Which type of society is technologically sophisticated and preoccupied with consumer goods and media images?
postmodern
What is a small group that is characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation called?
primary group
Your best friend decides that she likes the goth subculture. She begins to dress in black, hang out with new people, listen to new music, and act unlike her previous self. Sue has adopted the goths as a(n) A group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior is called a(n)
reference group
The process of disengaging from a role that is central to one's self-identity to establish a new role and identity is called
role exit
A group with very little social intimacy, such as large college class, is called a(n) Which type of group is formal, impersonal, and has little social intimacy or mutual understanding? A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding is called a ____ group
secondary group
Students who expect their professor to be knowledgeable about her subject and show up to class are holding the professor to a(n) ______ role
social
The health care system, the mass media, and the government are all examples of Integrated and persistent social networks focused on making sure society's core needs are met are called
social institutions
All social interaction takes place within a(n) _____, including those interactions that redefine social reality
social structure
Which of the following refers to the long-term social trends in societies that result from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection?
sociocultural evolution
"President of the United States," "mother," and "wife" are all examples of _______ positions
status
_____ refers to socially defined positions within a group or society
status
Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires is called
technology
Effie had a solid education, a great attitude, and an eagerness to learn. As a result, she was steadily promoted to more responsible positions. After two years, Effie was promoted to a director position, but she discovered she did not have the qualifications or skills the position required. Effie was a victim of
the Peter principle
The hypothesis that states that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence is known as
the Peter principle
The meanings we attach to someone's behavior tend to reflect the norms and values of
the dominant culture
The sociologist Robert Michels argued that the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction. As such, they reinforce the process of rule by a few. He referred to this idea as
the iron law of oligarchy
What is bureaucratization?
the process by which an organization becomes increasingly structured
What is the primary purpose of a coalition?
to bring people together to work toward a common goal
When workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems, they are experiencing
trained incapacity
True or false: Race/ethnicity and gender often function as master statuses, affecting an individual's potential to achieve a desired professional or social status
true
