SOC 200 Exam 2

patrilocal and matrilocal

- a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband's family - a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife's family

Marriage: America's Greatest Weapon Against Poverty?

Child poverties principal cause is the absence of married fathers in the home. Marriage remains America's strongest anti-poverty weapon, yet it continues to decline. As husbands disappear from the home, poverty and welfare dependence will increase, and children and parents will suffer as a result.

"Zero population growth" refers to cases in which no more people are born. True or False

False

Fecundity is a simple and useful way to measure population increase. True or False

False

In general, the people living in low-income nations cause much more harm to the environment than people living in high-income nations do. True or False

False

Those who cohabitate before marriage have a slightly better chance of staying married over ten years. True orFalse

False

A metropolis is a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area. True or False

True

Cohabitation without being married is on the rise among heterosexual couples in the U.S. True or False

True

Durkheim' s concept of mechanical solidarity parallels Tönnies's concept of Gemeinschaft. True or False

True

Statistics show that never-married parents are typically younger, have fewer years of schooling, and have lower incomes True or False

True

polarization

a gap has developed in the job market, with most employment opportunities at the lowest and highest levels and few jobs for those with midlevel skills and education

concentric zone model

a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

structural unemployment

a societal level of disjuncture between people seeking jobs and the jobs that are available

underemployment

a state in which a person accepts a lower paying, lower status job than their education and experience qualifies them to perform

conflict theory

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

Legal immigrants who are sponsored by their employers to work constitute _______ % of all legal immigrants. a. 15 b. 3 c. 60 d. 50

a. 15

Rainforests are vital to maintaining the planet's biodiversity and climate. a. Rainforests are vital to maintaining the planet's biodiversity and climate. b. Rainforests are a vital source of hardwoods and other raw materials. c. Rainforests are a source of air pollution. d. Rainforests are necessary grazing lands.

a. Rainforests are vital to maintaining the planet's biodiversity and climate.

What accounts for racial disparities in wealth and income? a. all of the above b. education c. discrimination d. parent's social class

a. all of the above

Work provides _____, which in turn tends to structure people's psychological makeup and daily lives. a. all of the above b. social contacts c. personal identity d. money

a. all of the above

Research suggests that people generally feel that their current family is _______ than the family they grew up with. a. at least as close b. none of the above c. more close d. less close

a. at least as close

How far an individual moves up or down the socioeconomic scale in her lifetime is called: a. intergenerational mobility b. structural mobility c. life course

a. intergenerational mobility

Which of the following terms reflects the sociological concept that your probability of economic success is largely dependent on your background? a. life chances b. caste c. life course d. relations of production

a. life chances

In which social class are you most likely to find mid-level managers and professionals? a. upper middle class b. old middle class c. lower middle class d. working class

a. upper middle class

mercantilism

an economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and customs charges

Cornucopian theory

asserts that human ingenuity can resolve any environmental or social issues that develop

Members of the lower middle class: a. most likely have a high school diploma b. all of the above c. make up about 40% of American households d. may have relatively high status

b. all of the above

Which economic system involves restless expansion and investment to accumulate capital? a. social democracy b. capitalism c. socialism d. communism

b. capitalism

In Karl Marx's theory, a class is made up of people who have the same relationship to the: a. economic forces b. means of production c. means of consumption d. state

b. means of production

Out of the stage theory of family, the stage where children are ages 6-13 is called the ______________ stage. a. teenage b. school age c. modeling d. launching

b. school age

what population size is needed to define a city?

between 1,500 and 50,000 people

why are men and women delaying marriage?

birth control, technology, abortion, changes in female pay and household technology, like appliances

Same-sex couple households account for _____ percent of U.S. households. a. 15 b. 10 c. 1 d. 35

c. 1

According to 2010 Census data, only __________ percent of children under seventeen live in a household with two married parents. a. 34 b. 22 c. 66 d. 15

c. 66

Asian individuals are the most likely to marry while _____________ are the racial group least likely to marry. a. Whites b. Hispanics c. African-Americans d. Middle Easterners

c. African-Americans

In the twentieth century, which country had a caste system based on race? a. India b. United States c. Both United States and South Africa d. South Africa

c. Both United States and South Africa

Those who live in the _________ region of the United States are more likely to spank their children. a. Midwest b. West c. South d. North

c. South

A temporary work stoppage by a group of employees who want to express a grievance or enforce a demand is called: a. a riot b. a lockout c. a strike d. absenteeism

c. a strike

The concept "megalopolis" refers to which of the following? a. a dense, central city b. the largest city in any country c. a vast urban region containing many cities and suburbs d. the "rural rebound"

c. a vast urban region containing many cities and suburbs

Who is most likely to be considered part of the working poor? a. those with children under age 18 b. those with lower levels of education c. all of the above d. those who are employed part-time

c. all of the above

Which of the following concepts refers to the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment? a. urban studies b. sociobiology c. ecology d. demography

c. ecology

The concept of ____________ solidarity describes social cohesion based on mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work. a. mechanical b. mercantile c. organic d. convergence

c. organic

Mining and forestry are examples of ___________ sector jobs. a. secondary b. informal c. primary d. tertiary

c. primary

Fertility refers to: a. the maximum number of children a woman can have. b. norms that encourages people to have children. c. the incidence of childbearing in a nation's population. d. life expectancy for a nation's population.

c. the incidence of childbearing in a nation's population.

Social mobility refers to: a. the ability of people in a society to engage in protest movements b. the ability of the economy to change over time c. the movement of individuals or groups between class positions d. the migration of people from the countryside to urban areas

c. the movement of individuals or groups between class positions

Sociologist Gideon Sjoberg

cities are products of their societies

outsourcing

contracting a job or set of jobs to an outside source

How has globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society? a. Globalization has encouraged immigration to the United States, thus increasing the low-wage labor pool and pushing wages down b. Some companies have lowered wages to compete with other companies that use cheaper third world labor. c. Labor unions have been weakened by globalization. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Institutions that provide for the production and distribution of goods and services make up the: a. government b. political system c. family d. economy

d. economy

Demography is defined as the study of: a. changes in human culture b. democratic political systems c. the natural environment d. human populations

d. human populations

Transactions outside the sphere of regular employment, sometimes involving the exchange of cash for services but often involving direct exchange of goods or services, are said to make up the: a. family b. formal economy c. political system d. informal economy

d. informal economy

When sociologists study the existence of structured inequalities in a society, they refer to that structure as a. social inequity b. socialism c. social structure d. social stratification

d. social stratification

About 80% of the US workforce is employed in the ___________ sector of the economy. a. secondary b. primary c. informal d. tertiary

d. tertiary

the key to upward social mobility

education

how positions in social stratification are determined

factors like income, education, and occupation

human ecologists

functionalist field of study that looks at on the relationship between people and their built and natural physical environments

three things important to form a city

good environment with fresh water and a favorable climate; advanced technology, which will produce a food surplus to support nonfarmers; and strong social organization to ensure social stability and a stable economy.

cohabitation

living together without being married

US Census : who do kids live with?

majority live with two parents

metropolis and megalopolis

metropolis: the suburbs, exurbs, and metropolitan areas all combine to form megalopolis: huge urban corridor encompassing multiple cities and their surrounding suburbs

most reports of child abuse come from whom?

professionals, including teachers, law enforcement personal, and social services staff

why is family important to developing mores and norms in a culture?

single most important influence in a child's life

retrofitting suburbs

something that has been increasingly adopted into communities for a variety of different reasons such as the push for climate change, improved public health, and affordability reasons

conspicuous consumption

the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing

family cycle: most stressful time for a marriage?

the birth of the first child

Davis-Moore thesis

the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward

Murdock's theory on family

the nuclear family was a universal feature of all human societies

globalization

the process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market

Intimate partner violence and marriage

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship

factors for high divorce rate

young age, less education, less income, premarital cohabitation, premarital childbearing and pregnancy., no religious affiliation, parents' divorce etc.

UVA study on national marriage project

younger Americans are more likely to push emotional and sexual boundaries online—and those who do so have worse relationships.