SOC 200 Exam 2

________ is/are the tastes, habits, and expectations that children "inherit" or learn from their parents, which help them achieve material success in life

cultural capital

being born into a lower social class means that an individual will be more likely to

feel at risk of being harassed by law enforcement

banks often offer customers with low credit scores subprime loans that have higher-than-normal interest rates. What is the bank guilty of if it gives three times as many subprime loans to black Americans than to white Americans even when they have the same credit scores?

institutional discrimination

the two complementary roles that functionalist Talcott Parsons identified within the family are

instrumental and expressive

according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, replacing a housewife with paid laborers would cost at $100,000 per year. How could this be interpreted according to conflict theory?

men have a great deal to lose if gender segregation disappears

which of the following is true regarding gendered occupations?

men outnumber women in occupations with more prestige and higher salaries

which of the following is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of accomplishment and skill?

meritocracy

most Americans claim they are

middle class

how can you tell that whites are still the dominant group in California despite demographic shifts?

they have more power, resources, and representation in social institutions

according to Twine (2011), what changes occur in the lives of white women who have families with black men?

they lose some racial privilege through their relationships with their husbands

the criteria used by a social class system to stratify its members include

property, power, and prestige

women are more likely to be arrested than men for

prostitution

Pablo lives in the US, where most people assume that he is Arab until they learn his name and hear his accent. They are surprised when Pablo tells them that is from Spain and identifies as white, not Latino. Some people even tell Pablo that he isn't really white. What does this suggest about race?

race is socially defined, and the criteria used to determine a person's race varies

the practice of refusing mortgages for the purchase of houses in poor and minority neighborhoods is called

redlining

an example of discrimination is

refusing to sell someone a house because of their race

an example of a primary sex characteristic is

reproductive organs

Laura is a married mother of three who works a full-time job. She drops her kids off at school every day at 7:30am, arrives at the office at 8am, works until 4pm, and then drives to pick up her kids from after-school care at 4:30pm. She gets home around the same time as her husband, who works a full-time job from 9am until 5pm. He expects that she will have dinner ready for the family by 6pm. From 7 to 9pm, Laura usually does housework and reads to the children. What sociological concept does Laura's situation exemplify?

second shift

you are observing children on an elementary school playground. Why might you find some girls playing sports with boys, but almost no boys playing jump rope with girls?

children are mocked by their peers for crossing gender lines, and boys are mocked more than girls

every presidential candidate nominated by a major political party in the US has been, at least publicly,

cisgender

most sociologists argue that gender is a social construction, and they acknowledge the possibility that binary male-female categories are not the only way of classifying individuals. This perspective is called

constructionist perspective

Halloween costume makers and retailers make generous profits from selling costumes that allow their wearers to be Indian princesses. What are they engaging in by profiting from the stereotypical display of marginalized groups without fully understanding and appreciating the culture?

cultural appropriation

a math teacher writes problems with stories that have male characters who are always given an occupation like Bob the janitor or James the lawyer, but the female characters have no occupation. This is an example of the

way schools socialize children into gender roles

how do we decide when to display situational ethnicity?

we do a cost-benefit analysis

feminist theory has contributed to our understanding of gender by supporting the claim that

women continue to have unequal positions in society, as reflected in the ways their contributions have been written out of history books

Texas has never had a Hispanic governor, and the percentage of Hispanic Americans in Texas state government is low. However, many Hispanic Americans live in Texas. In 2012, they made up nearly 40% of the state's population. Would a sociologist in Texas call Hispanic Americans a minority group?

yes, because they are denied access to power and resources

regarding gender, functionalists generally believe that

some social roles are better suited to one gender than the other

____________ was the system of social stratification in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas

Feudalism

observers determine someone's socioeconomic status when meeting them for the first time by their

speech and gestures

in the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. His findings were important because they

challenged the view that Americans were either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual

Michelle was born and raised in the US, but her grandparents are from Korea. Her white classmate was also born and raised in the US, but his grandparents are from Poland. He tells Michelle that she speaks English very well because he assumes, based on her race, that she is an immigrant. This is an example of

a microaggression

a man is romantically interested in other people, though he has no sexual attraction of any kind and he has never felt an interest in or desire for sex. How would this man most likely identify?

asexual

an example of prejudice is

believing that Asians are better at math

an example of a secondary sex characteristic is

body hair

why are there differences in life expectancies for people of different races?

disparities in access to health care

according to Karl Marx, the social relations that matter MOST in a capitalist system are

economic relations

what is the belief that the lived experiences of women and men differ as a result of biological differences?

essentialism

Denise is a single mother of three who works a full-time job cleaning an office building. She makes $9 per hour and has to piece together child care for two of her children who are not yet in school, often paying neighbors in cash to watch her children. Despite her full-time employment, her family is struggling to survive. What sociological concept does Denise's situation exemplify?

feminization of poverty

a person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as

gender identity

a three-year old boy scrapes his knee while playing in his backyard and immediately begins to cry. In response, his father walks over to him and says, "Don't be a sissy, boys don't cry." This is an example of

gender role socialization

many expectant parents get a sonogram to find out the sex of their babies, and they only start decorating the nursery after learning the sex. this is an example of

gender role socialization

the 1994 treatment of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda was an example of

genocide

Alfred Kinsey conducted research to determine what percentage of the population was heterosexual and what percentage was homosexual. Why would he have avoided asking the question, "Do you identify as gay or straight?"

he belied that people were not exclusively gay or straight and that those two binary classifications were too limiting

Alice came to the realization that she is attracted to other girls her age. Now that she's started her sophomore year in high school, she wants to ask out girls without being afraid of the consequences. She tests her friends' acceptance of these feelings first by mentioning a hypothetical friend at another high school who just came out as a lesbian. Alice's friends say they overwhelmingly believe that homosexuality is wrong and that anyone who is not heterosexual is a deviant. What concept do the opinions of Alice's friends exemplify?

heteronormativity

what is the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership?

homogamy

what do sociologists call it when an individual changes their career but remains within the same social class?

horizontal social mobility

how is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination?

individual discrimination is more systemic and widespread

sociologist C.J. Pascoe found that boys often use homophobic slurs toward each other in an effort to define masculinity for themselves and other boys in her ethnography of high school boys titled Dude, You're a Fag. This is an example of the

influence that peers can have as agents of socialization

a black woman is followed around the store by a white sales associate while shopping for clothes. Frustrated, she leaves the store and decides to go home. Her husband, on seeing her enter the house, asks, "What's for dinner?" What concept could we as sociologists use to understand her experiences both in the store and at home?

intersectionality

social mobility that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime is called _________ mobility

intragenerational

what is one of the most basic principles of social stratification?

it is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society

men usually make more money than women because

socially constructed categories of employment lead to larger numbers of men than women in many lucrative jobs

Jeffery McCune conducted an ethnographic study of gay black men in a Chicago nightclub. He details a space in which their same-sex desires could be comfortably expressed and interactional work to present a congenitally masculine, heterosexual identity was no longer required. What sociological concept is demonstrated by the efforts to maintain a heterosexual persona?

passing

what would a sociologist call the belief that members of one racial group are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than members of another racial group?

prejudice

what explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today?

prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion

for most sociologists, what is the difference between sex and gender?

sex is biological, gender is social

how do the incomes of single fathers compare with those of single mothers?

single fathers make considerably more money than single mothers

____________ is a system of stratification commonly used in modern capitalist societies

social class

a little girl notices that, whenever both of her parents are in the car, her father is always driving. He deduces that women should be passive and men should be active. This process is called

social learning

what term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?

social stratification

what do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole?

structural mobility

Marco is a fourth-generation Mexican American. Both his grandparents and parents were born in the US. Neither he nor his parents have learned Spanish and he does not often think of his heritage. Most of his friends do not think of him as Hispanic or Latino. However, on Cinco de Mayo, Marco likes to go out and celebrate by eating Mexican food and wearing a sombrero. Marco's relationship with his ethnicity can be described as

symbolic

the school of social thought that insists all social structures, including systems of stratification are built out of everyday interactions is called

symbolic interactionism

the sociological perspective of _________ is concerned with how gender is constructed and maintained in our everyday lives

symbolic interactionism

patriarchy can be defined as a society

that privileges women's experiences over those of men

according to a study, black defendants on trial for murder in Pennsylvania were 40% more likely to receive the death penalty than whites convicted of similar crimes. This indicates that

the criminal justice system has a racial bias

Oscar Lewis was the first to suggest that the poor develop a way of life with fundamentally different values and goals because they are excluded from mainstream social life. Consequently, they are much less likely to join the middle class. This way of life is usually called

the culture of poverty

what general predictions can sociologists make about a person's life prospects if all that is known is the person's social class?

the level of education they will receive

in the early 1900s, native-born Americans, usually Protestants, did NOT consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?

the social construction of race

what is the real source of racism according to conflict theory?

the struggle between groups over power and control

which is true of social mobility in a caste system?

there is virtually no chance of social mobility