SOC 215 Final

A quota system was used to determine the number of immigrants legally allowed into the U.S. from the 1920s until the mid-1960s. a.True b.False

a.True

Crime rates have fallen since the early 1990's: a.True b.False

a.True

Federal policies, such as the Sentencing Reform Act, and state policies such as "three strikes" legislation, were major contributing factors to the 222% increase in the incarceration. a.True b.False

a.True

Most Black families with children headed by a single parent: a.True b.False

a.True

Native Americans are more likely to commit suicide as teenagers than are other Americans of the same age. a.True b.False

a.True

One reason for anti-Irish sentiment in the U.S. was that people saw the Pope as dangerous to their sovereignty. a.True b.False

a.True

People overestimate the percentage of illegal/undocumented immigrants in the U.S. population more so than they overestimate the percentage of immigrants in the U.S. population. a.True b.False

a.True

While we certainly overestimate how many immigrants there are, we overestimate how many illegal immigrants/undocumented immigrants there are to a greater degree: a.True b.False

a.True

Whiteness is not always viewed positively. a.True b.False

a.True

By the end of the nineteenth century, more and more immigrants to the United States were ________. a.neither English speaking nor Protestant b.English speaking and Catholic c.experienced in democratic political practices d.native English speaking white population

a.neither English speaking nor Protestant

The policy of "separate but equal" was defined as ________ by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1896. a.reasonable b.unacceptable c.racist d.discriminatory

a.reasonable

Americanization or Anglo-conformity

-Assumes that all incoming groups become like the original group. -Advocated by anglos -Newcomers really change most

More Exclusion

-Beginning in 1884, Chinese laborers could not enter the United States from any foreign place, a ban that also lasted ten years. -In 1892, Congress extended the Exclusion Act for another ten years and added that Chinese laborers had to obtain certificates of residence within a year or face deportation.

Important info on blacks vs. whites

-Blacks are more likely to be victims of violent crimes (and be arrested for committing violent crimes) than are whites. -Blacks are often kept off juries -For those born in 2000, a White woman can anticipate living to age 83, while a Black man can expect to live to 74 (White females had this life expectancy at birth in 1935)

The road to anglo-conformity

-Groups were not equally accepted/allowed to assimilate into American culture. -Of course, groups that we now think of as racial minorities had a hard time gaining equal treatment and outcomes in society and had there histories and cultures "white-washed" to a degree. -But this also happened to many "white" groups.

After Brown versus Board of Ed

-In the North, the challenge was to have integrated schools even though the neighborhoods were segregated. -In addition, some city school districts were predominantly African American and Hispanic and were surrounded by suburban school districts that were predominantly White.

Anti-Semitism

-Part of Western tradition for centuries—"Killers of Christ," Russian pogroms, Holocaust -By 1920s, quite prominent among American prejudices—KKK and others -Prominent place in the ideologies of a variety of contemporary extremist groups—"skinheads"

Civil Rights Act of 1964

-President Lyndon B. Johnson -This act outlawed racial discrimination in public accommodations such as restaurants and hotels. Legal action against segregation, strengthened voting rights.

Assimilation

-Process in which formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merge together socially -As a society undergoes assimilation, differences among groups begin to decrease

Ethnic succession

-The myriad ways in which European ethnic groups unintentionally affected each other's position in the social class structure -With each European immigrant group tending to be pushed to higher social class levels by the groups that arrived after them

Native American Genocide?

-The number of Native Americans north of the Rio Grande, estimated at about 10 million in 1500, gradually decreased as their food sources disappeared and they fell victim to diseases such as measles, smallpox, and influenza. -By 1800, the Native American population was about 600,000; by 1900, it was reduced to fewer than 250,000.

de facto segregation

-Typically, students were bused within a school district to achieve racial balance, but in a few cases, Black students were bused to predominantly White suburban schools and White children were bused into the city. -In other cases, Black students were brought into private White spaces seemingly to help the White kids learn about diversity -School segregation has been so enduring that the term apartheid schools has been coined to refer to schools that are over 90% Black. -19% of the nation's Black students attend such a school

Ethnic Succession

-While immigration is the starting point to almost every American family's story, there's always been a tendency among established residents to blame the latest immigrant wave for the nation's most pressing problems, especially in response to difficult economic times and national security threats. -When the Irish moved up from the bottom-rung, Eastern and Southern Europeans and Chinese people took their place.

White ethnic integration and equality

-White ethnics on the verge of being completely assimilated -Even the groups that were the most despised and rejected -Distinct ethnic neighborhoods have faded away or been taken over by other groups -Rate of intermarriage between different white ethnics is quite high

Tracking

A formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced versus low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities. While educators may believe that students do better in tracked classes because they are with students of similar ability and may have access to more individual attention from teachers, conflict theorists feel that tracking leads to self-fulfilling prophecies in which students live up (or down) to teacher and societal expectations (Education Week 2004).

Three studies, three similar results

1. In their 2015 "Perils of Perception" survey, British research group Ipsos MORI asked Americans "What percentage of the population do you think are immigrants (i.e. not born in this country)?" The average estimate given by respondents was 33%; the most up-to-date figures say it's around 14%. 2. A 2011 study conducted by the multinational think-tank the German Marshall Fund (2013) found Americans were even farther off with the average respondent estimate being 39% and the real total still being around 14%. 3. A very similar disparity was found when the Cooperative Congressional Election Study polled Americans in 2006. Back then, the average estimate was 28%, while the real statistic was around 12% (Shickler 2006).

Five strengths of African American families that allow them to function effectively in a hostile (racist) society:

1. Strong kinship bonds -Like grandparents living in the home 2. A strong work orientation 3. Adaptability of family roles 4. Strong achievement orientation 5.A strong religious orientation

1820s-1920s, about _____________ Europeans immigrated to United States

40 million

Absolute Deprivation

African Americans are much better off today but have not experienced significant improvement with respect to their relative deprivation to Whites on almost all economic indicators.

Eastern European Jewish immigrants and the Ethnic Enclave

Arrived in the 1880s as economic and religious refugees Settled permanently in industrialized urban areas that matched their developed skills Garment industry became the lifeblood of the Jewish community Jewish women combined jobs with domestic responsibilities Enclave success due to group cohesiveness, family labor, and commercial ability Economic advancement preceded acculturation The Americanized children helped preserve and expand the family enterprise Jewish Americans today surpass national averages in income, levels of education, and occupational prestige

Indian Removal Act

Called for the relocation of all Eastern tribes across the Mississippi river.

Affirmative action in admissions violates the ________ ___________ _________ by discriminating against some students based on their race.

Equal Protection Clause

HIAS ()

Founded as the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society in 1881 to assist Jews fleeing pogroms in Russia and Eastern Europe, HIAS has touched the life of nearly every Jewish family in America and now welcomes all who have fled persecution.

Immigration Facts:

Immigration to the United States has three unmistakable patterns: 1. The number of immigrants has fluctuated dramatically over time largely because of government policy changes. 2. The settlement has not been uniform across the country but centered in certain regions and cities. 3. The immigrants' countries of origin have changed over time.

Reparations to Japanese Americans

In 1988, President Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act to compensate more than 100,000 people of Japanese descent who were incarcerated in internment camps during World War II. The legislation offered a formal apology and paid out $20,000 in compensation to each surviving victim. The law won congressional approval only after a decade-long campaign by the Japanese-American community.

Intermarriage (martial assimilation):

Members of the group marry with members of the dominant society on a large scale

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Outlawed Chinese immigration for ten years. It also explicitly denied naturalization rights to the Chinese in the United States; that is, they were not allowed to become citizens.

Percentage of the population who are illegal immigrants/undocumented immigrants

Perception 21% Actual 3-4%

Internment Camps

The Japanese-American internment camps were often nothing more than makeshift barracks, with families and children cramped together behind barbed wires. Most of the internees were U.S. citizens from the West Coast who were forced to abandon or liquidate their businesses when war relocation authorities escorted them to the camps.

Variations in Assimilation

The degree of similarity Old immigrants experienced less resistance than new immigrants Resistance to any one group of immigrants fades as new groups arrive The sheer volume of the new immigration increased resistance toward seemingly racially inferior, in-assimilable immigrants

Economics

The general economic picture for African Americans has gradually improved over the last 50 years, but this improvement is modest compared with that of Whites, whose standard of living also has increased

Acculturation

The group learned the culture of the dominant group, including language and values

Anti-irish sentiment

Today, 32 million Americans—10 percent of the country's population—celebrate their Irish roots. There was a time, however, when the thought of Americans honoring all things Irish was unimaginable. This is the story of the prejudice encountered by refugees from Ireland's Great Hunger and how those Irish exiles persevered to become part of the American mainstream.

Nativism

a policy of native born people being hostile towards/opposing immigrants

All other things being equal, which of the following people would have the easiest time making it to the top of U.S. society? a.A member of the old/first wave of immigrants b.A member of the new/second wave of immigrants c.A person born a slave d.All would have an equal chance

a.A member of the old/first wave of immigrants

In 1887, which of the following policies bypassed tribal leaders and proposed making individual landowners of tribal members? a.The Allotment Act b.The Reorganization Act c.The Indian Claims Commission d.The Alaska Native Settlement Act

a.The Allotment Act

The assimilationist view argues that to succeed in larger White-dominated society, it is important for Native Americans to ________. a.start shedding the native beliefs and lifestyles as soon as possible b.promote embracing the past c.protest against the education system established by White-dominated society d.start using curricula that the Native American youth should learn in their homes and communities

a.start shedding the native beliefs and lifestyles as soon as possible

One of the central conditions on which slavery in the United States rested was that ________. a.the slave status was inherited b.slavery was for ten years c.slaves were considered people with full rights d.negotiation was used to maintain the system

a.the slave status was inherited

Sharecropping ...? a.was a system where white land-owners arranged things so that most sharecroppers could not make enough money sharecropping to buy their food and clothes. They ended up having to borrow money from the land-owners, and soon they were always in debt. b.Is a system of tax harvesting, where investment bankers run algorithimns to skim profits off of people's tax returns c.both of the above d.none of the above

a.was a system where white land-owners arranged things so that most sharecroppers could not make enough money sharecropping to buy their food and clothes. They ended up having to borrow money from the land-owners, and soon they were always in debt.

Naturalization rights were denied to the Chinese in the United States by the enactment of the ________. a.Chinese Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 b.Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 c.Chinese Welfare Reform Act of 1996 d.Transformation of Immigration Management of 2003

b. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Which of the following religious groups is branched into Sunni and Shia? a.Jews b.Muslims c.Buddhists d.Hindus

b. Muslims

In 2010, the most prevalent reason for people to be legally admitted in the United States was to ________. a.take highly skilled jobs b.join their families c.seek political asylum d.seek higher education

b. join their families

Research has consistently shown that denominations can be arranged in a hierarchy based on ________. a.education b.social class c.country of origin d.mother language

b. social class

The majority of Blacks in the U.S. have always lived in urban areas. a.True b.False

b.False

The practice of using enslaved people of African ancestry by people living on what is now the U.S. happened for over 1,000 years. a.True b.False

b.False

There was a recent shooting in Pittsburgh where a Jewish man, tired of the rampant anti-semitism he felt exposed to, shot at people protesting Jews for being "Killers of Christ" outside his synagogue. a.True b.False

b.False

In Eric's online lecture, he mentioned how several student groups turned in extra-credit-worthy ICAs when they were asked to synthesize Native American assimilation and another concept. Which of the following is one of the concepts one of these groups wrote about which was mentioned in the online lecture? a.Planned obsolescence b.How international students have to change their names when coming to MSU c.How people don't believe in the Big Bang d.All of the above

b.How international students have to change their names when coming to MSU

Which of the following is true about the people placed in the "Japanese Internment Camps" of the 1940s? a.None of them ever received reparations for their mistreatment by the U.S. government. b.Most of them were U.S. citizens. c.The government had programs in place to help run their businesses while they were interned d.Immediately after being released, they held protests and rallies demanding redress for the wrongdoing that had been done at their expense, as is the Japaense way

b.Most of them were U.S. citizens.

Which of the following best characterizes nativism? a.Open borders b.Not wanting certain groups to be let into the country c.A reliance on "Mother Earth" d.All of the above

b.Not wanting certain groups to be let into the country

In 1925, under the provisions of the national origins system, which of the following people would find it easiest to legally enter the United States? a.Hiroto, a Japanese laborer b.Oliver, a British laborer c.Nikolaos, a Greek physician d.Maria, an Italian mother of an American citizen

b.Oliver, a British laborer

Antislavery advocates, including Whites and free Blacks, were called ________. a.White primaries b.abolitionists c.covenants d.assimilationists

b.abolitionists

The Indian Removal Act of 1830, called for the relocation of ________. a.all northern tribes to the south b.all Eastern tribes across the Mississippi River c.all Western tribes across the Colorado River d.all Native Americans to the African continent

b.all Eastern tribes across the Mississippi River

One of the strategies developed by Martin Luther King, Jr. in disobeying unjust laws was ________. a.To judge people according to the color of their skin b.being willing to accept suffering without retaliating c.seeking to defeat and humiliate opponents d.attacking the people who happen to be doing the evil

b.being willing to accept suffering without retaliating

In the video we watched in class, after being read the Allotment Act the Nez Perce decided that they liked the law. a.True b.False

b.false

Congress amended the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in 1994 to allow Native Americans the right to ________. a.perform the Ghost Dance in public places on religious occasions b.possess and use peyote for religious purposes c.reclaim Native remains by tribes with authentic claims d.bury their dead on historically sacred tribal ground

b.possess and use peyote for religious purposes

If a U.S. politician wants to tell the public that the country is "overflowing" with immigrants in an effort to scare them into voting for his Nativist policies, should he cite a percentage or a raw number so that he can truthfully show that the U.S. currently has more immigrants living in it than ever before? a.percentage b.raw number

b.raw number

The relocation of all Eastern tribes across the Mississippi River that lasted more than a decade is called ________. a.the Walk for Justice b.the Trail of Tears c.pan-Indianism d.the Ghost Dance

b.the Trail of Tears

Which of the following patterns of immigration into the United States is accurate? a.Settlement has been uniform across the country. b.Immigration has remained unaffected by changes in government policies. c.The number of immigrants has fluctuated dramatically. d.The immigrants' countries of origin have remained constant over time.

c. The number of immigrants has fluctuated dramatically

When the Irish immigrated to America during the potato famine, they ________. a.did not live in ethnic neighborhoods b.were welcomed by other White Americans c.encountered an emerging nativism d.could easily find jobs in the city

c. encountered an emerging nativism

Which one of the following slogans best describes the mission of Native American boarding schools? a."You can't be surprised by something you're watching." b."Sterilize first, kill second." c."Kill the Indian, save the man." d."Better Together"

c."Kill the Indian, save the man."

During the 400 years from 1500 to 1900, the Native American population decreased in size by about what percentage? a.10% b.50% c.97% d.100%

c.97%

What thought is most aligned with Eric's lectures? a,Once laws are repealed, their effects are no longer felt b.The Native American way of life was better than the "White man's" way of life c.If the Indian Removal Act hadn't happened,wealth levels of modern Native Americans would likely be higher d.All of the above

c.If the Indian Removal Act, hadn't happened wealth levels of modern Native Americans would likely be a bit higher

Which of the following is a reason mentioned in class for why Black Africans were made slaves while most Native Americans weren't? a.Whites saw Native Americans as equals b.Blacks lacked the "fight back" gene which is found in Native Americans c.Native Americans were able to stop Whites attempts at enslaving them by relying on their vast network of fellow tribesman while Blacks didn't have the same network of support to call onto d.Native American shamans were able to hypnotize settlers with

c.Native Americans were able to stop Whites attempts at enslaving them by relying on their vast network of fellow tribesman while Blacks didn't have the same network of support to call onto

Sinophobes are people who fear ________. a.anything related to Latin America b.returning home c.anything related to China d.neglecting duty

c.anything related to China

In class, we watched a fictionalized account of an Indian Boarding School. In one scene a Native American boy, runs outside by himself and pulls out knife. What happens next? a.He threatens to kill his capturors b.He kills himself c.He cuts his hair d.both a and b

c.he cuts his hair

Which of the following best describes the lawsuit involving affirmative action about which we wrote an in-class assignment. a.It involves blacks complaining that nobody takes them seriously once they get into college b.It involves whites saying they are getting passed over for racial minorities even though they are more qualified c.It involves Asians saying they getting passed over even though they are more qualified due to their race d.It involves whites and blacks failing to see the existence of other races

c.it involves Asians saying they getting passed over even though they are more qualified due to their race

Luca claims his ancestors came from the country that was the largest single source of White immigrants to the United States. His ancestors were most likely from ________. a.England b.Ireland c.Mexico d.Germany

d. Germany

After the U.S. Congress stopped Chinese immigration, ________ agreed to completely halt further immigration in 1908. a. France b. Germany c. Africa d.Japan

d. Japan

Which of the following is an argument used by people against affirmative action being used in college admission decisions? a.Affirmative action in admissions violates the Equal Protection Clause by discriminating against some students based on their race. b.Racial and economic diversity on campus can be accomplished through means other than affirmative action. c.Everyone's educational experience is enhanced when there is diversity in classrooms. d.A and B e.B and C

d.A and B

Which of the following statements is true of the Employment Assistance Program? a.It is a successful program and is still in place for those who seek assistance. b.It involved setting up industries near reservations. c.It provided tax incentives that eventually paid for themselves. d.It relocated people away from reservations for better jobs opportunities.

d.It relocated people away from reservations for better jobs opportunities.

Which of the following statements regarding the socioeconomic status of Native Americans is accurate? a.The contemporary Native American population lives entirely on reservations. b.The Native Americans living on reservations have good quality houses. c.Native Americans are a highly employed people. d.Native Americans are an impoverished people.

d.Native Americans are an impoverished people.

Which of the following is NOT a way to attempt to eliminate discrimination? a.Civil Rights Act of 1964 b.Building empathy in people c.Affirmative action d.Publication of anti-semitic cartoons

d.Publication of anti-semitic cartoons

________ are laws that defined the low position of slaves in the United States. a.Slave inventories b.Slave indentures c.Jim Crow laws d.Slave codes

d.Slave codes

Which of the following statements is true of the condition of slaves as evident through the research conducted by W. E. B. Du Bois and many others? a.Slave women were often identified as a slave man's possession. b.Slave parents decided at what age children would begin working in the fields. c.Slave couples could get their marriage registered in a court of law. d.Slave men's only recognized family role was to sire offspring.

d.Slave men's only recognized family role was to sire offspring.

Which of the following statements is true about the Irish immigrants? a.The upper-class Irish immigrants were referred to as "shanty Irish." b.Direct competition with Black Americans was a common feature during the immigration stages. c.Irish immigrants stayed away from the church and viewed priesthood as an undesirable occupation. d.The Irish immigrants assumed more leadership positions in politics and labor unions.

d.The Irish immigrants assumed more leadership positions in politics and labor unions.

Which of the following is true of naturalized citizens in the United States? a.A naturalized citizen cannot work for the President of the United States. b.A naturalized citizen can serve as the President of the United States. c.A person becomes a naturalized citizen on being born in the United States. d.A naturalized citizen can claim the same benefits given to native-born U.S. citizens.

d.naturalized citizen can claim the same benefit given to native-born U.S. citizen

Jim Crow refers to ________. a.folk heroes of West Africans b.emancipation proclamations c.theories of the talented tenth d.racial segregation laws

d.racial segregation laws

Japanese Internment

during World War II was the forced relocation and incarceration in concentration camps in the western interior of the country of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry, most of whom lived on the Pacific coast.

The term Indian American

is a convenient way to gloss over the diversity of cultures, languages, religions, kinship systems, and political organizations that existed—and, in many instances, remain—among the peoples referred to collectively as Native Americans or American Indians.

Affirmation Action is:

is the positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. The phrase affirmative action first appeared in an executive order issued by President John F. Kennedy in 1961.

Sinophobes

people who fear anything associated with China, appealed to the racist theory developed during the slavery controversy that non-Europeans were subhuman.

Integration (structural assimilation)

primary: members of the group enter the public institutions and organizations of dominant society. secondary:members of the group enter the cliques, clubs, and friendship groups of the dominant society

Anti-Chinese Movement

was introduced in the United States to deal with Chinese migrants following the gold rush in California and those coming to build the railway.

Students being divided into academic ability levels: low, middle, high. Is it fair?

yes, when course placement is based on student's performance no, because teachers base placement on multiple factors such as beliefs about students feelings, race, gender, SES no, testing is unfair and relies too much on cultural capital or culture of the ruling class