Soc 310 CH 10 family and household transition
Wealth
Value of assets - the money owed on the assets = ? Three basic ways to generate wealth Inherit assets Save part of your income to purchase assets Borrow money to purchase assets
Divorce
50% of marriages likely end up in divorce Changes in divorce laws- "No-Fault-Devoice"- in 1970s contributed 17% of divorces: people could divorce without having reasons.
Out-of-Wedlock Birth
Great gaps of out-of-wedlock birth exist for women between age groups, racial/ethnic background, educational attainment ..
housing unit
Physical space used as separate living quarters for people
Childlessness
The % of childless for women aged 40-44 steadily goes up, increasing the household diversity.
Family Cohesion
1 Commitment: trust, honesty, dependability, faithfulness 2 Time Together: quality time and in great quantity, good things take time, enjoying each other's company, simple good times, sharing fun times
Family Communication
5 Positive Communication: sharing feelings, giving compliments, avoiding blame, able to compromise, agreeing to disagree 6 Appreciation and Affection: caring for each other, friendship, respect for individuality, playfulness, humor
Family Flexibility
3 Ability to Cope with Stress and Crisis: adaptability, seeing crises as challenges and opportunities, growing through crises together, openness to change, resilience 恢复弹性力 4 Spiritual Well-Being: Hope, faith, compassion, shared ethical values, openness with humankind
family and household transition
A process of increasing diversity in family and household structure, occasioned by people living longer, with fewer children, increasingly in urban settings, and subject to higher standard living, all as part of demographic transition.
non-family household
A residential unit occupied by people living with non-family co-residents such as friends or cohabiting couples, not related to one another by birth, marriage, or adoption
family household
A residential unit occupied by people related to one another by birth, marriage, and adoption
Why Divorce?
Cherlin (1999) summarized major factors: Low income - causing stress and tension Early marriage-poorer job of choosing a spouse Spouse's similarity-homogamy likely keeps people together Parental divorce-"copy-cat phenomena"-children likely divorce due to influence of their parental divorce Cohabitation-"Grass Greener Effect" Unrealistic expectations to marriage Marrying the wrong person for the wrong reasons Declining intimacy and quality overtime Inability of couples to handle marital life conflicts The difficult nature of marriage - "Two Marriages in one family!"
Six Qualities of Strong Families
Commitment Cohesion Time together Ability to cope with stress A strong family has three clusters and six qualities: Flexibility Spiritual well-being Positive communication Communication Appreciation and affection
marriage
Culturally approved relationship, usually between two individuals, that provides for a degree of economic cooperation, intimacy, and sexual activity; A group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual.
Cohabitation
Delay marriage brings another form of sexual life--- cohabitation The sharing of a household -"Partners of the opposite sex sharing living quarters" - by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship increasing % couples cohabitating before marriage going up 1965 1995 1970 2000 8% 90% 500,000 3.8million
Delayed Marriage
Early marriage is likely leading to high fertility Higher fertility is associated with lower status of women A delay in marriage encourages a decline in fertility The slow-down economic growth delays marriage due to: Competition for jobs Pursue of education and career opportunities Postpone marriage
Education and life chance
Education is the most dramatic and significant change introduced into people's life-vehicle for personal success. American people have made tremendous progress in educational attainment in terms of percentage, numbers, median years of education, levels of education, etc. All over the world, an important achievement in education is for women who are gaining more equal chances and opportunities. Better educated, better paid, and better life chances.
Poverty
Poverty Index: A measure of need that in the United States is based on the premise that one third of a poor family's income is spent on food the cost of an economy food plan multiplied by three
ascribed characteristics
Inborn cha. = sex, race, color, or age over which one has no or little control
Demographic Transition Accompanied By Rising Status Of Women
Increasing age at marriage Encouraging high level of education Increase women's ability to labor force Gain economic independence Enhance women's ability to choose a life pattern of their own Changed life chances contribute to transformation of family/household structure
Achieved Characteristics
Made possible by a person through some effort over which one does exercise some degree of control, such as education, income, etc.
Wealth And Life Chance
Marriage, or non-marriage, and remaining in marriage, makes difference in the general well-being for individuals and families. Advantages vs Disadvantage of the Marriage healthy behaviors vs risk-taking behaviors lower death rates vs higher death rates partners sex vs casual sex higher quality of sex vs low quality sex more property vs less property better-off children vs worse-off children
The Growing Diversity In Household Composition And Family Structure
Married couples with children get less common in the United States Increasingly nontraditional households - inhabited by unmarried people including never married, divorced, widowed, and cohabiting couples
The Intersection Of Changing Life Changes And The Family And Household Transition
Modernization goes with demographic transition Women are gaining independence by more involvement and participation Worldwide economic change emphasizes the value of non-domestic labor Smaller families and longer lives diversify households and family structure
Occupation And Life Chance
Occupation is the most social aspect of a person's social identity It is a clue to education, income, and social status Higher status occupations derive more intrinsic satisfaction from work Occupational distributions differ b/w men and women Higher education goes hand-in-hand with higher occupational status
religion and fertility
People of different religions have differentials in fertility The world of Muslim and Taoism may be against abortion and birth control Fundamentalism tends to support more children Higher fertility is related to Mormon Church - Utah State's fertility is the highest
Female Labor Force Participation And Fertility
Rising educational attainment raises women's status Lower fertility increases women's labor force participation Earning power reduces the benefit of marriage but makes more attractive cohabitation, self reliance, self-pleasure-seeking, career pursuit, single life, and divorce. These factors help explain family/household structure transition
Changing Life Chance
Some important aspects of changing life chances are represented by: Education Labor force participation Occupation Income Poverty Wealth Race and ethnicity Religion
Gender Equity And Empowerment Of Women
The combination of longer life and lower fertility >>> Opens up the fact that women are in a position to contribute in the same way that men do
Religion Pluralism
The existence of two or more religious groups side by side in society without one group dominating the other
Widowhood
The incidence of widowhood has been steadily pushed to older years due to higher mortality of men than of women High divorce of women remains widowed Blacks are more likely to be divorced or widowed
family demography
The study of family households in terms of formation, change, and dissolution over time. Families represent the fusion of people from other families. split into other families as children leave families to form their owns.
Proximate Determinants Of Family And Household Changes
These Changes Include, but not limited to: delayed marriage cohabitation out-of-wedlock birth childlessness divorce widowhood
Income
Three broad explanations for the increasing inequality: 1. Public policy changes, such as tax reforms that benefit some groups more than others 2. Labor markets change, such as an increasing mismatch between the demands of jobs and the skills of the labor force 3. Changes in demographic structure, such as the increasing fraction of households headed by females
religion
a system of belief and plays a role toward abortion, sexuality, infanticide, marriage, and fertility America's history is of religious pluralism Religion is a kind of ascribed characteristics
Female Labor Participation And Empowerment
economic independency gives self-reliance Self-reliance gains higher status and greater freedom Increasing participation increases women's gaining power both in family and in social lives
family
two or more people related to one another by marriage, birth, or adoption
