Soc 313 final exam

is affirmative action the most effective program?

does little aid nonwhites in poverty. Benefits whites girls. high/mid class minorities. but not effective enough.

-examples of societies' institutional frameworks

economy (workplace), the state (courts, policing, and prisons), institutions of cultural production (media and artistic institutions), and the fields comprising civil society (education, religion, and the family).

Racial reconstruction (AKA institutional reconstruction)

fighting for racial democracy at the institutional level (see institutions listed at the very bottom of study guide) in order to change patterns of racial interaction we have to reconstruct the institutional frameworks within which they unfold.

how did whites react to the brown v board of education decision?

formed citizen councils, defensive, tried to abolish all public education. Force whites into private schools which failed.

Thirteenth Amendment 1865

google-abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

How does a "formally colorblind criminal justice system achieve racially discriminatory results" (p. 103)?

grants law enforcement discretion regarding whom to stop, search, arrest, and charge for drug offenses. Conscious and unconscious stereotypes. 2. Close the courthouse doors to anyone who wants to say that something was race-based! They must have "proof" which can be very hard in the era of colorblindness.

Mandatory minimum

harshened criminal sentencing. Parole was limited or abolished altogether. Mandatory minimum sentences were enforced even for nonviolent crimes.

Performing race:

having a self fulfilling prophecy of your race stereotype.

mass incarceration

this phenomenon refers to the current American experiment in incarceration, which is defined by comparatively and historically extreme rates of imprisonment and by the concentration of imprisonment among young, African American men living in neighborhoods of concentrated disadvantage.

How do schools impact education?

tracking black hispanics vs white asians.

Cultural labor:

requires broadening your cultural competence, stepping out of your comfort zone, and trying as much as possible to adopt another perspective on the world.

Pretext stops

traffic stop motivated by not the desire to enforce law but to hunt for drugs in the absence of evidence of illegal drug activity. Minorities are targeted for such stops.

Cosmopolitan canopy

sociologist Elijah Anderson introduces the concept of the "cosmopolitan canopy"—the urban island of civility that exists amidst the ghettos, suburbs, and ethnic enclaves where segregation is the norm.

80/20 phenomenon

the common observation that roughly 80% of social change is brought about 20% of the population.

What role does the individual play in a racial democracy?

the ideal individual of racial democracy deploys its creative intelligence toward the end of fashioning a more enriching experience for itself and others. This ability to solve the problems we confront is directly connected to our ability accurately to assess those problems and to develop different course of action

What are the implications or consequences of not receiving adequate pain treatment?

the injury or the problem never gets better, it normally will get worse and result in other problems too. Back problems can then make leg problems and full body pain.

Racial profiling

the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense

Brown v. Board of Education (1952)

"The case that came to be known as Brown v. Board of Education was actually the name given to five separate cases that were heard by the U.S. Supreme Court concerning the issue of segregation in public schools. "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. . ."on May 31, 1955, the Justices handed down a plan for how it was to proceed; desegregation was to proceed with "all deliberate speed."

What does it mean to be a "good" mother? How are ideals of mothering complicated by race, class, sexuality, etc.?(

"There is tremendous uncertainty about what constitutes "good mothering." (My own explanation-) complicated by class because without means to provide for your children in your state of being, more drastic measures will have to be taken, such as becoming a transnational mother. Those who have the ability because of their class and where they were born, they have access to jobs where they do not have to leave their country in order to provide a better life for their children. A large part being race and connecting minorities to the obvious economic hurdles they have in.

HUD:

HUD had been "complicit in creating isolated, segregated, large-scale public housing" and "HUD has traditionally been part of the problem."Most of the public housing built from the 1950s to the 1970s was comprised of large, densely populated "projects," often consisting of high-rise buildings located in poor, racially segregated communities.

Fundamental cause

"explain why the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality has persisted despite radical changes in the diseases and risk factors that are presumed to explain it."

What impact does the "felon" label have on people once released from prison?

Housing discrimination. Drug felony- no welfare. Or food assistance. Harder to get jobs. Voting in some states not allowed

Hyphenation ("cultural pluralism")

Hyphenation does tolerate outsides' qualities and so is less rigid than assimilation (400).

Symbolic reclassification (418)

(a final means of racial renovation) it builds on the insight that institutions embody a symbolic order, a framework of rules, categories, and boundaries, whose very structure helps to shape the workings of racial domination.

How does the War on Drugs contribute to rising prison populations?

60% of people incarcerated are there due to drugs. Led to longer prison sentences for drug criminals.

School-to-prison pipeline

:an epidemic that is plaguing schools across the nation. Far too often, students are suspended, expelled or even arrested for minor offenses that leave visits to the principal's office a thing of the past. Statistics reflect that these policies disproportionately target students of color and those with a history of abuse, neglect, poverty or learning disabilities.

Consent searches

A search warrant or probable cause is not necessary if consent is given by someone with proper authority. -to give your consent/permission officers could search your belongings, car, house, person.

Colorblindness

-a society in which racial differences exist but no one pays them heed, a world in which race no longer serves as the basis for social stigmatization, discrimination, inequality, or injustice.

What are the "two potential means" of personal change

1. -indirect. Individuals can change the settings they inhabit with the deliberate aim of putting themselves in contexts more conductive to growth and enriched experience. 2.-deliberate reflection; pause and reconsider one's previous modes of response to a situation, in hopes of arriving at a more intelligent way forward.

What were the two concessions in Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise" speech?

1. allowing blacks full political access = mistake 2. blacks didn't strive to be equal to whites, this served to raise racial inequalities and whites loved it.

During Redemption, what three philosophies of race relations were put forward (p.32)?

1. liberalism- government is hypocritical. Celebrates freedom yet denies it based on race. 2. Conservatism- attracted wide support. Blamed liberals for pushing blacks into positions that they were not yet prepared for. 3. Radicalism: offered most promise for blacks. Critiqued large corps like the railroads. Viewed the rich as trying to keep the poor.. poor. Common griever and common oppressor for the poor of all races!

racial caste

Alexander defines "racial caste" as a racial group locked into an inferior position by law and custom. She asserts that Jim Crow and slavery were caste systems, and that our current system of mass incarceration is also a caste system: "The New Jim Crow."

What solutions are proposed by Alexander to address mass incarceration?

All or none. Affirmative Action. It got to be a blanket system change.

How have the courts weakened the Fourth Amendment since 1982?

Allowing stop and frisk to take place. police officers have ways of circumventing Fourth Amendment protections against unwarranted searches and seizures. One of the primary ways they do this is by conducting pretext stops or pulling drivers over for minor traffic violations.

Culture

An elusive concept if there ever was one, has to do with the realm of meaning-making, symbols, and traditions. Google: the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively

"How does art represent racial groups and racial domination?"

As we can see art can reflect, support, or challenge racial domination. It can be driven by white, racist, or anti racist aesthetics.

How do assimilation and hyphenation differ?

Assimilation is the age old American ideal of the melting pot, in which out groups lose their distinctive identities over time and gradually become absorbed into a preexisting, overarching American identity. Hyphenation does tolerate outsiders qualities and so is less rigid than assimilation. However it also resembles assimilation in that while tolerating outsiders qualities,its continues to stigmatize them.

What are some of the reasons that African Americans and Hispanics have been less affected by opioid abuse (from Goodnough)?

Because they are less likely going to receive them. Whites receive a higher dosage and a stronger prescription.

Why does it matter that whites have historically dominated "images of beauty, genius, and art"?

Blacks couldn't afford to enter into the museums. It was impossible for an artist of color to be admitted into an art school. Consumers of art were derived from the sort of knowledge that would allow them to get much out of the art they experienced.

What solutions are proposed to address mass incarceration?

Bolder, more inspired actions Be the change we wish to see Lay down our racial bribes Join hands with people who don't want to wait for trickle down change On the premise of 'Accept all of us or none.' As MLK said- we need to switch from civil rights to human rights. Human rights approach has most promise for change

What was the result of The Problem of Indian Administration after its publication in 1928?

Brought to light how terrible these schools were. Graves of 1000's of children

why do racial disparities exist in the criminal justice system?

Civil rights and breaking up movement by putting leaders in jail. Different laws that were passed. Housing and poverty

What were the two main explanations (or schools of thought) for race and poverty in the 1950s/1960s (pg. 45)?

Conservatives thought that "social pathologies" subcultures are what made people criminals or made them poor. "Black subculture not institutions fault!" Liberals thought that social reforms would get to the root causes. Johnson believed that antipoverty programs would be anti crime as well!!

What would a racial democracy look like?

Contributions of racial groups recognized and rewarded equal to the value they added Based on recognizing and rewarding contributions. Full humanity is recognized.

Cosmopolitanism

Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality.

What is the relationship between crime rates and incarceration rates?

Crime rates are actually at a historic low. Yet our prison populations have skyrocketed.

What is the discourse of colorblindness?

Discourse is the widely shared ways of speaking, generally in public settings, about matters of societal concern. The discourse of color blindness envisions a world in which race no longer serves as the basis for social stigmatization, discrimination, inequality or injustice. All are being judged

How does the US compare to other countries in terms of incarceration rates?

HIGHEST incarceration rates. Yet our crime rate is lower...

Model minority

Ever since the nineteenth century, white America has regraded its Asian inhabitants as constituting a model minority. Google:is a minority group (whether based on ethnicity, race or religion) whose members are perceived to achieve a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average.

What challenges do transnational mothers face?

Finding people to help take care of your children physically while transnational mothers are taking care of them monetarily from a distance is one large issue. Rely on "Other Mothers" preferably a family member or close friend to help take care of the children while she is away. Worrying about children in the care of another person (are they being abused? Not being well taken care of) is another challenge they face. The obvious sadness from being away from family, are they receiving full monetary benefits i send to them? Proper schooling, nourishment, educational support, moral guidance. Have to work hard to defend their choices to work away from their own children and many times nannying others' children. Condemned by some as bad women/mothers.

What are the two key principles that multicultural theorists view as part of the "ideal" America?

First that drawn shoulder to shoulder in a common humanity with others we have a civic responsibility to all people. Second, that we must all respect one another's differences.

How has "the stigma of race" become "the stigma of criminality"?

For black men stigma of being a criminal is a racial stigma. For white offenders however, it is nonracial. Black criminal seems to be a redundant term.constructed by political media elites through "war on drugs." the stigma exists regardless if they are actually a criminal!

How does capitalism influence racial representation in the art world?

If you have money, then you will be able to enter your art into museums, if not then the community and tourists will never see it. If there is barely any black artists in museums, then most black artists will not get recognition for their art and will be underrepresented.

Spatial mismatch

In the later 1900's the new manufacturing jobs were located on the outskirts of the cities/suburbs. Black people need jobs and are in the city. But the jobs are no longer there! Many are too poor to afford vehicles- so cannot drive out of town.

How can social change occur in everyday interactions?

Individual action and reflection, and collective action.

What are the criticisms of colorblindness?

It fails to take into account forms of racial discrimination exempted in loopholes. It ignores the history of race and how it has affected our history. Does not address systemic racism or challenge white

What are possible explanations for the racial differences in opioid prescriptions and pain treatments?

It is believed that the blacks will be become addicted to the drugs so they are not given morphine or Ibuprofen.

Why do people critique those wearing blackface today? What is the historical association of blackface?

It is very offensive. White people would dress up and paint their face black to go on stage and fun of people who are black.

Recidivism

It refers to a person's relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a previous crime.

How do students of color receive differential treatment in college?

Many students of color feel unwelcome, isolated, and bereft of community on predominantly white campuses- and experience culture shock during their first year. White students, studies have shown, often feel uncomfortable around their nonwhite peers, a sentiment that can cause them to avoid interacting with students of color or, in some cases treat them with hostility.

What is Alexander's main argument or thesis?

Mass incarceration is the new jim crow

undercaste

Mining. a crossing of two passages, as airways, dug at the same level so that one descends to pass beneath the other without any opening into it.

what are minstrels?

Minstrel shows were variety shows where white people played black people (or caricatures of black people)

Multiracial movements

Multiracial movements have had a long history in the US. interracial alliances long have been crucial to workers' efforts to win rights through union mobilization. Different races coming together in order to create better conditions for everyone in our racial order.

Collateral consequences

Once inside the system, the vast majority of people are unable to extricate themselves from the criminal justice maze. According to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, almost 70 percent of former prisoners were re-arrested within three years. This is due in part to our exceptionally punitive system of collateral consequences - a permanent set of sanctions and restrictions that people with criminal convictions face. Some collateral consequences include ineligibility for public benefits such as housing, food stamps and federal student aid; significant barriers to finding employment, and, in some states, restrictions or even lifetime bans on voting.

What is an example of Eurocentric curriculum?

One need only read one of the many books or watch one of the movies on the civil war to discover how some historical accounts gloss over the hell that was slavery, preferring to entertain a nostalgia for the south's good old days. The fact that more Americans know Martin Luther King Jr, than of Emmett Till or of thanksgiving dinner between pilgrims and Native Americans than of the Indian Wars, speaks to how whiteness in our historical imagination considers past wrongs something to be forgotten, distorted, or skimmed over.

Eurocentric curriculum

One still finds today Eurocentric historical accounts that consider the stories and experiences of Americans of European descent central to our knowledge of American history and those of non European American marginal. It not only silences the voices of non whites; it also tends to dull the sharp edge of past injustices.

What role have mandatory minimum laws played in mass incarceration?

Pretty much abolished parole. If you have a felony -even if it is non violent- you must do time.

What are the criticisms of multiculturalism?

Questions about direction of integration. Should all cultures be valued? Examples: white nationalism we don't want to absorb. Does not necessarily prioritize awareness of others problems

Why does Alexander say that affirmative action has functioned as a racial bribe?

Racial bribe not racial justice. What does AA have to do with mass incarceration? Address it? no.. Makes institutions look good on the outside without actually addressing structural issues. MLK would have supported affirmative action. So they are not saying it is bad. But It has helped to hide the racial caste system. Helped perpetuate "anyone can make it if they try" Facilitates the divide and conquer that helped mass incarceration take place. Inspired media attention which takes spotlight away from bigger race issues.

Stereotype threat

Racial dynamics can infect the unconscious- the domain of unreflective habits, tendencies and dispositions - such that we end up reproducing inequality without even knowing it.

What are the benefits of multiculturalism?

Recognizes the contribution of other cultures, like music or food. Values diversity

What are the three phases that entrap black men in a metaphorical (and literal) cage?

Roundup. Swept into criminal justice system. Police are rewarded for getting as many people as they can! They aren't really monitored so can use any racial biases that they please. Period of formal control. Beginning of this is conviction. Pressured to plead guilty. Once convicted, drug users in US spend more time in criminal justice system than any other country. Transferred from cells into invisible cage! 3. Period of invisible punishment. Sanctions put onto criminals after they leave the criminal justice system. Laws that ensure they will never fully get back into normal society. They become members of the undercaste.

How was Indian Boarding School achieved?

Schools were often built a good distance away from reservations, and parental visits were discouraged. Students were forbidden to speak in their native tongue or to practice their religion. Infractions were subject to harsh punishment.

Social capital

Social capital has to do with whom you know. It is the sum of all resources one accrues by virtue of being connected to a network of people.

Social control:

Social control is the pattern of pressure which society exerts to maintain order and establish rules. Agents of social control: law, state, education, religion, family, neighborhood, and public opinion.

Weathering hypothesis

Sought an explanation for why Black women were having children younger, on average, than White women

Byrne program

The Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Grant Program or the Byrne Formula Grant Program is a federal grant provided to states from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) division. This grant aims to help law enforcement agencies enforce and strengthen local and state laws designed for serious offenders or violent criminals.The Byrne Formula Grant Program was created pursuant to the provisions of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988.

Little Rock Nine:

The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas

What are the many parallels between Jim Crow and mass incarceration?

The US has almost always had an undercaste- a group wholly of largely defined by race. Locked out of mainstream white society. Reasons and justifications change over time. By law, custom, and practice. Social political economical contexts. Similar political origins. Both were born as a means to exploit the resentments, vulnerabilities, and racial biases of lower class white people. Segregation laws proposed to deflect the anger of the lower class whites towards colored people and away from the elites. Instead of helping lower class white, demand a "crack down" on colored people and crime Legalized discrimination.most obvious parallel. Many people think that this is truly a thing of the past. It's not! Legal segregation towards felons. Political Disenfranchisement. Jim crow, blacks couldn't vote. Felon disenfranchisemant laws have been more effective in eliminating black votes in the age of mass incarceration than they were during jim crow laws. Also, we disenfranchise them because a prisoner counts as living in the jurisdiction that they are incarcerated within. Whites then get more ppl repping them in state legislature. While the poor colored communities lose out. This is reminiscent of the ⅗ law. Exclusion from juries. Jim crow era=black man tried by all white jury. Court has tolerated the systematic exclusion of blacks from juries. Allow lower court systems to make up dumb excuses/reasons to "strike" black jurers. A large amount of black men (30 percent) are already excluded because they are felons. Closing the courthouse doors. Respond to racial caste system and take part in it. Closes the courthouse doors to claims of racial bias. Racial Segregation: creation and maintenence of. Residential segregation. Live in worst parts of town (jim crow) mass incarceration locks them in cages! Whites, even poor whites are far less likely to be imprisoned for drug offenses. 7. Symbolic production of race. Define the meaning and significance of race in America. Black people are: slaves, second class, now criminals! The temptation is to insist that black men choose to be criminals. Blacks do not use drugs at a higher rate than whites yet are incarcerated for it more. - What are the main differences between Jim Crow and mass incarceration? jim crow was explicitly race based. Incarceration is not. However, a number of key policies were actually colorblind. Poll tax, lit test 2. Absence of racial hostility. (overt) not altogether disappeared, look at police. Things HAVE changed. Difference in public attitudes. Today we rely more on racial indifference. We don't care about race and racial groups. Racial indifference is apiece of all caste systems. 3. White victims of social caste: today a white man can be in prison cell with black man for same offense. Some whites were effected by jim crow (fall in love with black man..) but much more are affected by prisons. The inclusion of some whites gives the image of the colorblind system. Drunk driving is way more dangerous than selling or using drugs. However, it is typically a "white male thing." Minimum sentence is 2 days in jail. Crack min is five years in prison. Drug use softens as it is associated with white people (weed) 4. Black support for get tough policies. Many support current system of control. Arguable that they Want more police and prisons because crime is so bad. "Ignoring crime in these hoods would be disrciminatory"HOWEVER they actually want less punishment even though they are far more likely to be victims of crime.

How did globalization and deindustrialization impact black inner-city communities?

The factories (jobs) left the cities! And we started to trade and get goods from overseas. Jobs moved from the city.

What was the purpose of Indian Boarding Schools?

The primary objective was to strip American Indian students of all their Indianness, to force them to assimilate to Anglo- American society and culture through strict discipline.

How are women of color particularly impacted?

The situation is all more unfair to women of color, because sexism often clouds educators' judgement of female student's potential. Many studies have found that educators view women as less intelligent than men.

As Phelan and Link ask, "why do we care whether racism is a fundamental cause of health inequalities independent of SES?"

The social and policy importance of a fundamental cause of health inequalities lie in the fact that inequalities based on a fundamental cause cannot be eliminated by addressing the mechanisms that currently link the fundamental cause to health. The fundamental cause must be addressed directly. If the distinctive features of a fundamental cause that reproduce inequalities over time characterize SES but not racism, then persistent racial differences in health should be addressed by breaking the link between race and SES.

Cultural capital

The sum total of one's knowledge of certain cultural topics such as classical music or french impressionism, and cultural practices ( such as how to dress properly for a dinner party or how to sound confident and smart when discussion politics) can benefit you in the educational realm.

What is the meaning of the metaphor "the cruel hand"?

The term "The Cruel Hand" is a phrase used by Frederick Douglass in 1853 in describing the treatment of blacks in the United States. This "cruel hand" still exists to keep criminals down and allow Americans to hate them.

How do fashion, television, music, photography, and other art forms present us with a racialized image of the social world?

These things show people what is and isn't beautiful. If these things are only spotlighting whites, and doesn't show any blacks, it shows our public that these looks and features are in, and these features make a beautiful women, or handsome man.

What is the "paradox and predicament of young black men labeled criminals"? (hint: p. 172)

They are rounded up for the same crimes that go ignores in the middle/upper white class communities. Possession and sale of illegal drugs. For those in the ghetto, employment is scarce or non-existent.

How does affrimative action affect the whites and asians?

Very few are bumped because of affirmative action. More likely to be because legacy kid

Alexander argues that "Clinton - more than any other president - created the current racial undercaste" (p. 57). Why does she say this?

Wanted to appeal to white swing voters. He signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity reconciliation act. Ended welfare as we know. Started TANF- 5 year lifetime limit to welfare. Permanent liftetime ban for anyone with felony drug offense. Including simple possesion of marijuana. Didn't save us money! Just put the money elsewhere (into prisons) Made it easier for public housing to exclude anyone with a criminal history.

What are the benefits of colorblindness?

Wants race to disappear, it is a social order, one where radical identity is irrelevant. A color blind society can uncouple individual behavior from group identification, allowing genuine inclusion of all people.

Why is that many Americans deny "the evils of mass incarceration"?

We know and don't know at the same time. We know that many blacks are locked up. We tell ourselves that they deserve their fate. Even though we know that whites are just as likely to commit those crimes. We know that when people are released from prison they face discrimination yet we deny the fact that an undercaste exists.

Loving v. Virginia (1967):

a black woman and a white man named Richard Loving were married in D.C. They returned to Virgina, and they were charged with a law that banned interracial marriages. They spent a year in jail. The Court decided that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."

Discourse

a form of discriminatory social practice that manifests itself in text, talk, and communication. Contributes to the reproduction of racism as a form of ethnic or racial domination.

Interracial

a relationship with two different races

Racial democracy

a society's racial categories.. (notes say "contributions of racial groups recognized & rewarded equal to the value they have added...ex: migrant workers).

Family wage

a wage that is sufficient to raise a family

Double consciousness

an insider's vantage point, which suggests that nonwhites have a double vision as part of a racial survival strategy used to navigate white America. Way of seeing yourself through two sets of eyes

Affirmative action

an umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities. Two features: its prevalence and it's power.

The textbook describes several different ways that this can happen. What are the different "means" of racial reconstruction?

antidiscrimination laws, affirmative action, nonracial solutions (William Wilson's "Hidden Agenda" of targeting racial groups for state aid under the aegis of non-racialist policies) which comprise economic policies aimed at enhancing job opportunities among the least advantaged, new job training programs, and an expansion of public assistance (Ironically Wilson's strategic approach intentionally is color-blind). And efforts to change the very ways in which racial categorization, classification, and hierarchy are inscribed in institutions-the final means of racial renovation is symbolic reclassification.

Multiculturalism

aspires to a world in which all persons' inherent dignity as human beings is recognized. In contrast to color blindness, which hopes to abolish race as a relevant criterion in law, public policy, and everyday social practices, multiculturalism envisions a society in which racial diversity is taken fully into account and values for its own sake

What is black face?

black makeup used on a white performer's face. They will be playing a role of a black person and is offensive.

Cult of domesticity-or culture of domesticity

cultural variant of motherhood. This value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family. "True women" were supposed to possess four cardinal virtues: piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness. The women and men who most actively promoted these standards were generally white, The cult of domesticity revolved around the women being the center of the family; they were considered "The light of the home".

How does geography impact our identity?

depending where we live, we maintain different ideals and opinions regarding our identity including our idea of 'whiteness.'

Transnational motherhood

describes women who work and live in a foreign country while their children live in their country of origin.

hispanic paradox

despite low socioeconomic status, Latinos now have better health outcomes than minority groups and whites.

"How does individual transformation unfold?"

developing an identity. "Who am i and how should i live?" Becoming aware of racial inequality, relationship with identity (whiteness),

Highbrow vs. lowbrow

highbrow: the collection of art forms associated with an upper class taste and lifestyle, rich in cultural capital. Lowbrow: popular culture, art forms considered more ordinary and associates with the tastes and lifestyles of the masses.

Structural racism

if one thinks about the entire "bird cage" of racism by only looking at one wire, it is difficult to understand how the bird is trapped. Must look at entire "structure" page 184

What are examples of the "collateral consequences" facing felons?

ineligibility for public benefits such as housing, food stamps and federal student aid; significant barriers to finding employment, and, in some states, restrictions or even lifetime bans on voting.

Feminization of poverty

is a change in the levels of poverty biased against women or female headed households. More specifically, it is an increase in the difference in the levels of poverty among women and men or among female versus male and couple headed households.

War on Drugs-nixon

is an American term commonly applied to a campaign of prohibition of drugs, military aid, and military intervention, with the stated aim being to reduce the illegal drug trade.

Oppositional culture

is structured by powerful historical forces. John Ogbu has greatly influenced how social scientists conceive of the relationship between cultural practices and racial inequalities in education. It is also a collection of linguistic, behavioral, aesthetic, and spiritual attitudes and practices formed in direct opposition to mainstream white culture.

Felon disenfranchisement

is the exclusion from voting of people otherwise eligible to vote (known as disenfranchisement) due to conviction of a criminal offense, usually restricted to the more serious class of crimes: felonies

Racial homophily

is the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others. (love of the same)

Monoracial (or intraracial):

is to be 'composed of or involving members of one race only

Racial indifference

lack of caring and compassion for people of other races. Supports every caste system; thus, supports prison complex.

White gaze

looking through the eyes of a white person, who is blatantly racist.

Assimilation

melting pot-in which out-groups lose their distinctive identities over time and gradually become absorbed into a preexisting, overarching American identity. (398-399). "Members of outgroups would be allowed to become members of the society on the condition that they kept their stigmatized qualities hidden behind the wall of private life

Miscegenation

mixing of racial groups through marriage

"No fault" clause

most controversial part of all public housing leases. Rucker v Davis struck this clause down....

How does affrimative action in education work?

not all colleges only 25%, non selective school. Give minorities an edge

Cultural appropriation

occurs when members of one ethnic or racial group adopt a cultural product associated with another (an example could be blackface)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

overcomes legal barriers between blacks and their right to vote.

death penalty

people of color have accounted for 43% of total executions.

Reconstruction

post civil war era- the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union

Postconviction fees

presentence report fees, public defender recoupment fees, work release fees, parole/probation fees,

Fourth Amendment

protects a citizen against unreasonable searches and seizures. Alexander argues that police officers have ways of circumventing Fourth Amendment protections against unwarranted searches and seizures. One of the primary ways they do this is by conducting pretext stops or pulling drivers over for minor traffic violations.

"One Strike and You're Out" policy

put in place by Clinton. Residents who do drugs and commit crimes will have one strike in regard to public housing. If ANYONE even a guest partakes in drugs.. You're out.

The textbook says that "race is both marked and made." What does this mean?

race is marked through America's racial taxonomy (classification), which seeks to divide the nation in distinct categories. It is made through hundreds and thousands of practices: gestures, sayings, tastes, ways of walking, religious convictions, opinions, and so forth. Race is ascribed and achieved. "You are not black because you are black; you are black...because of how you act-and not just in terms of one field of behavior but a mixture of actions/behaviors."

According to Phelan and Link, what are some of the ways to address racial health inequalities?

reduce racial differences in SES, in neighborhoods, in freedom, in power and prestige, in health care. Each of these is extremely important and should be vigorously pursued. At the same time, by nature, a fundamental cause is expected to replace any of these mechanisms that might be effectively blocked.

How do transnational mothers "transform" our understanding of what it means to mother?

transnational mothers leave their children to work in another country in order to provide for her family. Our usual understanding of a mother is the one who is there to take care of us, and love us, parent us, she never leaves her children really. The transnational mothers transform our usual understanding of what it means to mother because they leave to work for us. They are taking care of their children in a completely different way.

implicit bias

unconscious stereotypes

Why is it that segregated neighborhoods lead to unequal schools?

unequal schools, uncertified teachers- highly educated teachers do not want to come work in poor places

Convict leasing

was a system of penal labor practiced in the Southern United States. Convict leasing provided prisoner labor to private parties, such as plantation owners and corporations

How can social change occur at the institutional level?:

we have to incorporate a institutional reform.

Antimiscegenation laws

were laws that enforced racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships by criminalizing interracial marriage and sometimes also sex between members of different races.

What do Phelan and Link mean when they say that socioeconomic status is a fundamental cause of health inequalities?

why the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality has persisted despite radical changes in the diseases and risk factors that are presumed to explain it"