SOC 323 Rugh

Oped from Don Izekor

- "not condemning brigham young or abraham smoot. the problem is the justification for their racism today have become more detrimental than their actual racism. that's where im hurt" main idea: debate about what to do about names, etc: not about the ppl in the past, its about ppl now justifying past racism

Ibram Kendi and antiracism

- racism is motivated by self-interest - before we had racist beliefs, we had policies that came from self interest and that's wha undergirds racism divides racial thought into 3 triangle categories: 1. segregation (racist): racial groups are inherently inequality, nothing we can do- complements confederacy, traditional racist arguments 2. assimilation (racist): some groups are unequal for now, but that's something that can be overcome if they assimilate into whiteness (speak like white ppl, etc) 3. antiracism: groups are inherently equal, deserve to live together without relinquishing identity or being separated bc of identity - believes these 3 narratives hav always existed throughout history, that as race relations get better racist policies are still around to combat good race relations - history is a three way battle

Iconic Ghetto- anderson

- used to rationalize discrimination against black ppl - images of countercultures, drug deals, street smarts, single parenthood, welfare, poverty - this can be dangerous, black man walking in white neighborhood may be seen as having gun, etc - erases the middle and upper black social classes

Confederate monuments located?

- all across country not just deep south - ironically a lot in former union states, not erected until 40s-60s as direct opposition to civil rights movement

Tulsa Massacre

- black man was accused of sexually assaulting white girl, brought to jail, white ppl tried to pull him out of jail and lynch him, started a riot in which the white community burned down Greenwood, the black community in Tulsa (prosperous, like black wall street) but now its a very poor community- weren't able to rebuild bc no reparations, etc

article: This show was supposed to bring black and white students together, it almost tore them apart

- black students held step event, invited white students to do it with them on condition that black students got to teach white students - initially rally good, brought hem together, white ppl learned more about AA culture, dance, etc - with YouTube and technology, split apart and white ppl began learning online - created issues - showed how when you don't use mutual obligations approach, or when it breaks down, it creates a lot of issues in community

Ibram Kendi

- historian, whose work is used for antiracism

BLM vs civil rights movement

- idea of waiting for a perfect protest - criticism surrounding bLM movement is that it is too violent and riotus- 93% was peaceful, the 7% most of violence was started by police or outside agitators we think of civil rights movements as being perfect, they protested perfectly, calm, peaceful, but it wasn't - violence on both sides - don't use civil rights movement to denounce BLM today It is a successful movement in terms of multiracial representation and level of white support - more white support throughout entire BLM movement that there ever was for civil rights movement - about same amount of legal and social change brought about by both movements

Jamestown, Virginia

- in early colonies race was not something that determined your class /inequality - no legal institution of slavery when African first arrived in 1619 - indentured servants were both black and white

Jane Manning James

- influential black pioneer - close to Emma and Joseph Smith

White assimilation

- very exclusive, hard to be considered white Takao Ozawa: of japanese descent, said he should be citizens bc skin was white and citizenship was defined as whiteness - supreme court rejected it, said citizenship was about being caucasian race not actual skin color Bhagat Singh Thind: sikh of indian descent, made argument based on science that he was caucasian (anthropologists said sikhs were caucasian) - supreme court said citizenship was based on white skin color, not science These contradict each other!!! - definition of whiteness was intended to be exclusive, wasn't rooted in science or strict definition- whiteness was always a social construct and used to deny ppl privileges and access to social systems

The case for reparations: Ta-Nehisi Coates

- victims of slavery are still alive today- still affects the present - currently, we don't acknowledge that redlining is apart of the legacy of slavery - reparations are the only way we will be able to move on as a country (economically, socially, spiritually) - various other groups received reparations: Japanese Americans, holocaust victims, etc - redlining and contract selling built the second ghetto - "a nation outlives its generations"

Nell Irvin Painter

- we are prone to talk about blackness, but not whiteness - white identity is no more stable than Black identity - 2 extremes: 1. bland nothingness, ie rachel dolezal opts out of whiteness (pretend to be black bc felt like couldn't fight for racial justice without an identity) 2. racist hatred: white nationalism, superiority - white ppl feel like they have to choose one of the two, which is unstable identity

Confederate monuments

- monument in Shreveport, Louisiana in from of courthouse; ppl in office voted to get it removed - both black and white ppl came together, gave their opinions and arguments for or against - even tho monument was leaving, black ppl were still told they were being too loud and argumentative so shows there is still more work to be done

contact hypothesis

- non superficial contact -cooperative over competitive - not coerced (no forced interaction) - supported by authority figures - contact btw social equals

arguments for minority group obligations

- past assimilation of others (irish) - society needs shared values

The White Space- elijah anderson

- physical and symbolic segregation

alternatives for white identity

- pioneer heritage can provide sense of identity that transcends 2 extremes

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

- poor whites and blacks banded together against elites rich whites bc wanted more land and opportunity - from this we start to see more organized slavery, only black ppl being enslaved - resulted in society that was originally just based on class to one that is based on class and race - elite white ppl realized better to band together by race bc will outnumber black ppl- will be majority (if just rich and white, will be minority)

Racism without racists- benilla-silva

- ppl SAY that they see individual, not skin color - they SAY minorities make everything a race issue BUT... - new racism is subtle, institutional, and a collective ideology - it is embedded in everyday communication - accomplished in ways that are not visible from the surface new form of racism is institutional, collective ideology that we have- we say we're not colorblind but we actually are if you look at how we talk about race

Native American Genocide and Mascot Controversies

- white exploitation and appropriation of NA culture and symbols - mascots have always been racialized- racist caricatures of minority groups, deal with power - white team owners decide to use mascots, ppl being represented (NA) have little say - this takes away NA power to define themselves, cultural genocide, cultural appropriation, radicalization of mascots - this has taken away their identity and rights- only group where blood quantum is measured to see if they "make the cut" for being NA (ex of social stratification) - power dynamic and exploitation

Whiteness

- white transparency: not a race, always existing neutral and natural category - whiteness has always been strictly defined but has changed over time (ie irish were assimilated, etc) - whiteness has been defined in opposition to other categories -

John Hope Franklin

-historian that use work for antiracist purposes

Frames of Colorblindness

Abstract liberalism: we are all equal, just pull yourself up by your bootstraps; ignores institutional and structural barriers naturalization: racial prejudice is natural, white ppl just wanna live near white ppl and black ppl want to live near black ppl, not a racist thing cultural racism: each racial group has negative cultural/stereotypical labels (black ppl are lazy, on welfare, etc- their culture isn't up to par) minimization of racism: deny reality and gravity of racism today; it's just a micro aggression, not a big deal, etc ppl of color do fall prey to these as well frame that black ppl tend to fall into the most: abstract liberalism (idea the society is equal, we just need to work harder, its our fault)

5 fallacies of racism

LIT AF 1. Individualistic Fallacy 2. Legalistic Fallacy 3. Tokenistic Fallacy 4. Ahistorical Fallacy- past racism doesn't have an impact today (housing discrimination in 1940s doesn't have impact now) 5. Fixed Fallacy- racism doesn't change over time (we don't have slavery anymore, no racism)

ethnicity

more about culture, history, religion, nationality

Race relations in hawaii

different from the mainland bc of: - the aloha spirit: sense of identity that supersedes race and binds hawaiians together (like how race does on mainland) - white minority: multiracial and multiethnic - bc of this, race is seen more fluid, like ethnicity (I'm cuban, philippine, native hawaiian: not just saying I'm black, will say im an ethiopean russian tongan mix) ex: longshore and warehouse union: multiracial unionizing effort, brought together ppl of different races and equal representation that shared common cause of fighting for workers' rights - this multiracial coalition made race relations in hawaii super good- equality, integration, diversity - arguments for both sides: that what happened in hawaii is either happening in US mainland or only happened in Hawaii bc small, etc

BYU'S Racial History

norman wilson: BYU's first black student 1937 next african american student wouldn't attend until 1960s (Darius Gray) BYU didn't recruit black athletes for fear of interracial dating the first black football player (Ronnie Knight) was recruited after coach Tommy Hudspeth was "made aware" he had to recruit an farina american to the team, likely in response to nationwide protests against BYU sports (and priesthood ban) to quell pushback

white space- anderson

normative space in which black ppl are typically absent black ppl HAVE to learn how to navigate this space black ppl are often questioned when in this space black ppl hav etc show that the iconic ghetto stereotype does not apply to them

The Diversity Paradox

colorline: a way to describe racial events, like a theory white/black color line: historical US color line, to explain slavery, etc white/nonwhite: racialization of all BIPOC ppl- either white or not (ex: separating what white is and what white is not- denied citizenship bc deemed not white) black/nonblack: racism against black ppl is different from other races- anti blackness is so unique and pervasive it sets blacks apart from other races (incarceration, war on drugs)

nationality

equated with citizenship (any race or ethnicity can be any nationality)

Darius Gray

first african american undergrad at BYU

National Memorial for Peace and Justice

first to recognize victims of lynching: racial domestic terrorism is an approach to confederate monuments: subtraction by addition - instead of focusing on removal, adding to the story by representing victims - adding to conversation and making it more equal

building a second ghetto

idea that redlining and contract selling and white flight created "ghetto" spaces- purposefully lead to impoverished communities

A white woman searches for her black family

main idea: race and ethnicity is complicated, isn't necessarily a biological thing. Ethnicity is a choice and something you can learn about- more fluid and can change over time like culture, whereas race is more about your lived experience and ancestry/blood line -race is complicated and social constructed -debate about whether she should call herself as black bc she has lived as a white woman, but maybe she should learn more about black ethnicity things

Mutual obligations approach to race relations

main idea: we need to listen to each other thru CONTACT HYPOTHESIS Requirements: 1. equal representation (not just a token black person) 2. goal-oriented 3. prolonged contact (multiple trainings, talk about it often, etc)

W Paul Reeve

race in mormon church - mormons radicalized in 1840s - seen as separate, inferior race, accused with procreating with other racial groups - bc of this, church made deliberate effort to assimilate into whiteness by becoming anti-black - bc of this history, we should be especially sympathetic towards marginalized groups bc we were in the past - suggestions when it comes to reading seemingly racist scriptures? -- see them as metaphorical, or accept racism within past leaders and scriptural prophets

Elijah Abel

received priesthood before priesthood and temple ban during joseph's lifetime

Lucille Bankhead

resisted segregation in SLC; fought against segregating downtown

Oped from Deborah alexis

suggestions: 1. rework the gen ed curricum to be anti racist 2. create a religion course that solely addresses race and racism in LDS history 3. create a diversity and inclusion office 4. devise a plan to recruit and retain black students and faculty 5. make racist actions an honor code violation 6. restructure guidelines or culture and ethic clubs 7. change the names of buildings eponymously named after church racists

Janan Graham-Russell

talked about going to temple and only seeing artwork of white jesus and angels and didn't see any divine begins that looked like her

symbolic ethnicity

voluntary, self defined, cultural, fluid (more superficial) - ex: only talk about being italian when making pasta

Len hope

when joined the church in the south, white men threatened to lynch him for joining a white church - victim of domestic terrorism

black space- anderson

white ppl usually avoid this space stereotypes as the "Iconic Ghetto"- poverty, crime, single parenthood ppl will assume all black ppl come from this kind of space even if they are upwardly mobile

James Cole vs Stuart Waldo video

James cole: high schooler in city, school called robert e lee, attempted to get name changed stuart waldo: older white man, rural small town in south, espouses confederacy as southern heritage represents race and power dynamics in society and in confederate monument debate: Cole, as young black boy, does not hav was much power as Waldo, an older white man

Race

social construction

Cathy Stokes

"god love all Their children" - would never ask a parent to throw away one of their kids, why would you ask god to treat Their black children any differently?

Hattie Soil and Lenola Soil

- from dr rugh's childhood - daughter lenola came to bYU, no longer practicing member of church - this experience represents consequences for black ppl being at church and coming to byu without resources and support and what that can do to their faith

arguments against minority group obligations

- group burden placed on individual ppl of color - minorities try to assimilate, still face racism - narrowly defined ie economic - diversity should be a core shared value

Cosmopolitan canopy- anderson

a space where all races can come together and have meaning fun interactions a safe space shares common core values " a racially diverse island of civility" examples: farmers market, colleges, churches potential solution to racial tensions: providing a space for different races to interact that is diverse and integrative and equal- ppl will overcome biases at byu: kennedy center events like "perspectives", GWS, this class not perfect examples bc still power dynamics involved