SOC Ch. 5

According to the sociologist Émile Durkheim, organic solidarity exists when societies become a)more advanced technologically and more interdependent on each person's expertise. b)less advanced technologically and less interdependent on each person's expertise. c)more urbanized and less interdependent on each person's expertise. d)less specialized and every person can perform the same task.

a)more advanced technologically and more interdependent on each person's expertise.

Which of the following describes the effect of routine patterns of behavior? a)The predictability helps us know what to do most of the time. b)The patterns soon evolve into harmful behaviors. c)The patterns inhibit creativity and a sense of individuality. d)The predictability leads to boredom and dissatisfaction.

a)The predictability helps us know what to do most of the time.

True or false: When members of less powerful groups challenge existing social norms, they can help members of a society perceive reality in a new way. a)True b)False

a)True

In sociological terms, a collection of people united by a shared sense of identity or purpose is known as a)a group. b)an aggregate. c)a nation. d)an interaction.

a)a group.

Social networks consist of a)a series of social relationships that link people together. b)networks that link people to their best friends and exclude others. c)a series of formal laws that reward or punish people based on their behavior. d)barriers that prevent people from communicating with each other.

a)a series of social relationships that link people together.

Sonya received a promotion at work. Which type of status does this describe? a)achieved status b)ascribed status c)secondary status d)out-group status

a)achieved status

In a postmodern world, we make life choices a)all the time. b)when confronted with conflict. c)at culturally recognized milestones. d)on our own schedules.

a)all the time.

Horticultural societies are different from hunting-and-gathering societies because horticultural societies a)allowed people to settle in one place. b)scavenged for food instead of growing it. c)used tools less frequently than hunters and gatherers. d)required that people travel frequently for food.

a)allowed people to settle in one place.

According to sociologists, a collection of people in one place at the same time who do not interact with each other or share common purposes is known as a)an aggregate. b)a group. c)a nation. d)an interaction.

a)an aggregate.

Which type of status is assigned by society without regard to a person's unique talents or abilities? a)ascribed b)achieved c)master d)acquired

a)ascribed

In sociology, an organization created to achieve maximum efficiency is known as a(n) a)bureaucracy. b)democracy. c)agency. d)confederacy.

a)bureaucracy.

The meanings associated with ascribed statuses a)can change in different cultures. b)are earned according to achievement. c)are the same across all cultures. d)cannot be changed.

a)can change in different cultures

An alliance, whether temporary or permanent, that is geared toward a common goal is called a(n) a)coalition. b)social network. c)homophonous group. d)in-group.

a)coalition.

The multiple stories within postmodern societies reflect a)different sets of norms and values. b)the unifying effect of the Internet. c)a single way of perceiving the world. d)the authority of a single view.

a)different sets of norms and values.

Which of the following are among the elemental building blocks of society? (4 answers) a)groups b)social institutions c)social networks d)bureaucracies e)status and roles

a)groups b)social institutions c)social networks e)status and roles

Coalitions begin to develop when a)groups grow larger. b)members of a group attempt to take over group leadership. c)groups split along ideological lines. d)members of a group begin to feel alienated.

a)groups grow larger.

Which type of society is based on kinship ties, has little division of labor, and has scarce resources? a)hunting-and-gathering b)industrial c)horticultural d)agrarian

a)hunting-and-gathering

Which group gives its members a collective sense of "us"? a)in-group b)aggregate c)secondary group d)out-group

a)in-group

Through social interaction, people a)learn the expectations of other people. b)inherit genetic material from their parents. c)learn about themselves and not others. d)isolate themselves from others.

a)learn the expectations of other people.

Social structure refers to the way a society is a)organized into predictable relationships. b)rebuilt after a disaster destroys it. c)defined by outside visitors. d)used by individual people.

a)organized into predictable relationships.

Which of the following describes a group that individuals regard as others, those people, or them? a)out-group b)in-group c)primary group d)coalition

a)out-group

According to the argument called "the strength of weak ties," if you want to find a new job, your best connection will be a)people you see only occasionally or rarely. b)people you interact with face-to-face. c)co-workers at your current job.

a)people you see only occasionally or rarely.

What is a small group that is characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation called? a)primary group b)out-group c)aggregate d)secondary group

a)primary group

Lee is supervising her best friend at work and feels awkward about disciplining him. What is she experiencing? a)role conflict b)role exit c)role reversal d)role ambivalence

a)role conflict

When we experience clashing expectations because we hold two or more social statuses, we are experiencing a)role conflict. b)cognitive strain. c)diminishing returns. d)role strain.

a)role conflict.

When we experience clashing expectations because we hold two or more social statuses, we are experiencing a)role conflict. b)cognitive strain. c)role strain. d)diminishing returns.

a)role conflict.

Workers who repeatedly perform routine tasks might feel a)separated from their work. b)more secure in their jobs. c)control over the products that they make. d)more connected to their coworkers.

a)separated from their work.

Agrarian societies rely on what type of power? a)the physical power of humans b)the physical power of animals c)mechanical power

a)the physical power of humans b)the physical power of animals

According to Janis McCabe, when considering the types of friendship networks, the _____ consists of one dense network in which nearly all friends are friends with each other. a)tight-knitters b)samplers c)compartmentalizers

a)tight-knitters

In which type of community is there little agreement about values, and social control relies on more formal means such as laws and policies? a)Gemeinschaft b)Gesellschaft c)mechanical d)organic

b)Gesellschaft

Students who expect their professor to teach the material outlined in the syllabus are holding the professor to a)a role conflict. b)a social role. c)an ascribed status. d)an informal norm.

b)a social role.

Students who expect their professor to teach the material outlined in the syllabus are holding the professor to a)an informal norm. b)a social role. c)a role conflict. d)an ascribed status.

b)a social role.

Sociologist George Ritzer has studied businesses that have copied the practices of fast-food restaurants. He found that a number of businesses try to match the fast-food restaurants' a)lack of general efficiency. b)ability to produce predictable results. c)inability to control their workers. d)ability to estimate rather than calculate business measures.

b)ability to produce predictable results

What is the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society? a)horticultural b)agrarian c)pastoral d)hunting-and-gathering

b)agrarian

In societies characterized by mechanical solidarity, life choices a)are made at culturally recognized milestones. b)are made all the time. c)are regularly made in conjunction with one's social network. d)are rare.

b)are made all the time.

An industrial society is defined as a society that a)is nomadic and relies on readily available foods and fibers. b)depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services and relies on new inventions to facilitate production. c)is highly technological and relies on the mass consumption of consumer goods. d)has stable settlements and relies on improved technology to produce larger crop yields.

b)depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services and relies on new inventions to facilitate production

The first stage in leaving a social role can involve frustration and other negative emotions. This stage usually begins with a)departure. b)doubt. c)elation. d)acceptance.

b)doubt.

A postmodern society is a society that a)obtains food by gathering and hunting. b)has pluralistic views and diversity. c)is increasingly isolated from other societies. d)is technologically sophisticated.

b)has pluralistic views and diversity. d)is technologically sophisticated.

According to the friendship paradox, if you have 150 friends on Facebook, those friends a)have the same number (within 5 percent) as you. b)have more friends than you. c)have fewer friends than you.

b)have more friends than you.

Which of the following are elements associated with a postmodern society? a)agriculture b)images c)lack of poverty d)choices e)networks

b)images d)choices e)networks

Humans started to specialize tasks and manufacture goods beginning in which type of society? a)agrarian b)industrial c)postindustrial d)hunting-and-gathering

b)industrial

Social networks involve people a)behaving according to their biological instincts. b)interacting directly and indirectly. c)working to accomplish goals. d)isolating themselves from others.

b)interacting directly and indirectly. c)working to accomplish goals.

Social media theorist Clay Shirky has argued that the social networking power of the Internet is transformational because it allows a)one-on-one communication. b)interactive, large-scale group formation. c)two-way communication.

b)interactive, large-scale group formation.

Homophily literally means a)love at first sight. b)love of the same. c)love of "other." d)love of men.

b)love of the same.

The ascribed statuses of race and gender can play an important part in people's efforts to achieve a desired professional and social status and serve as a)achieved statuses. b)master statuses. c)acquired characters. d)adaptive responses.

b)master statuses.

According to Durkheim, people in a society with few social roles and little division of labor experience a)organic solidarity. b)mechanical solidarity. c)Gesellschaft. d)Gemeinschaft.

b)mechanical solidarity.

According to Émile Durkheim, the type of society in which all individuals perform the same tasks and everyone knows everyone else has a)latent function. b)mechanical solidarity. c)organic solidarity. d)divided labor.

b)mechanical solidarity.

In societies with minimal division of labor, a collective consciousness develops that emphasizes group solidarity. This collective frame of mind is called a)alienation. b)mechanical solidarity. c)organic solidarity. d)classical theory.

b)mechanical solidarity.

Groups that play a pivotal role in the socialization process are called a)secondary groups. b)primary groups. c)master statuses. d)aggregates.

b)primary groups.

The process of disengaging from a role that is central to one's self-identity to establish a new role and identity is called a)role identity. b)role exit. c)role differentiation. d)role strain.

b)role exit.

The difficulty that arises when role expectations within the same social status clash is known as role a)conflict. b)strain. c)reversal. d)ambivalence.

b)strain.

The third and fourth stages of leaving a social role involve a)returning to one's old social role and accepting it. b)taking action and creating new social roles. c)creating new social roles for other people in your life as well as yourself. d)doubting one's actions and searching for alternatives.

b)taking action and creating new social roles

Postmodern society's reliance on the image has largely been shaped by a)government agencies. b)the mass media. c)schools. d)various religions.

b)the mass media.

When Facebook researchers explored the validity of "the strength of weak ties," they found that a)the theory is provably invalid. b)the theory seems valid. c)the theory only applies to "real life" connections, not virtual ones.

b)the theory seems valid.

Muhammad Ali forever changed the terms of social interaction for a)Muslim Americans. b)American boxers. c)African American athletes. d)male athletes.

c)African American athletes

According to postmodernists, how are images related to our perceptions of reality? a)Most people are skeptical about the images they see. b)Images do not affect our perceptions of reality. c)Our images of reality come before reality itself. d)We are unable to perceive reality without images.

c)Our images of reality come before reality itself.

How do members of a postmodern society react to individual and group stories in the society? a)They embrace individual stories but reject group stories. b)They are not interested in individual or group stories. c)They embrace both individual and group stories. d)They reject individual stories but embrace group stories.

c)They embrace both individual and group stories.

The sociologist Daniel Bell observed that in a postindustrial society, large numbers of people a)find themselves placed in a technological underclass. b)lack the capacity to keep up with technological change. c)are involved in occupations related to the spread of ideas. d)have accorded to ideas the status once held by religion.

c)are involved in occupations related to the spread of ideas.

The meanings associated with ascribed statuses a)are earned according to achievement. b)are the same across all cultures. c)can change in different cultures. d)cannot be changed.

c)can change in different cultures.

The multiple stories within postmodern societies reflect a)the authority of a single view. b)a single way of perceiving the world. c)different sets of norms and values. d)the unifying effect of the Internet.

c)different sets of norms and values.

Robert Merton referred to the overzealous conformity to official rules and regulations as goal a)achievement. b)conformity. c)displacement. d)setting.

c)displacement.

Companies go through the process of bureaucratization when they want to a)avoid prosecution. b)celebrate their founding. c)improve their efficiency. d)stress individuality.

c)improve their efficiency.

In societies with minimal division of labor, a collective consciousness develops that emphasizes group solidarity. This collective frame of mind is called a)alienation. b)organic solidarity. c)mechanical solidarity. d)classical theory.

c)mechanical solidarity.

Members of hunting-and-gathering societies a)used sophisticated technology to grow food. b)belonged to stable, established settlements. c)moved constantly for food. d)possessed the same amount of material goods.

c)moved constantly for food. d)possessed the same amount of material goods.

Which type of society features statuses and social roles that are in a constant state of flux and members who are dependent on each other for survival because of the complex division of labor? a)technical solidarity b)mechanical solidarity c)organic solidarity d)organized solidarity

c)organic solidarity

Societies with a complex division of labor have a collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, a social cohesion known as a)false consciousness. b)class consciousness. c)organic solidarity. d)the law of oligarchy.

c)organic solidarity.

The increasing permanence and abundance of which type of society allowed its members to create artifacts such as statues, public monuments, and art objects intended to survive for generations? a)industrial b)horticultural c)hunting-and-gathering d)agrarian

d)agrarian

If people feel they have lost control over their work and isolated from their coworkers, they might be experiencing a)division of labor. b)bureaucratization. c)trained incapacity. d)alienation.

d)alienation.

We are increasingly discovering that gender is an example of a)an achieved status. b)an ascribed status that cannot change. c)a master status and not an ascribed status. d)an ascribed status that could change.

d)an ascribed status that could change.

Max Weber believed ______ represented the most rational form of management ever devised. a)social media b)industrialization c)postmodernism d)bureaucracy

d)bureaucracy

Scott Feld discovered that, on average, "most people have fewer friends than their friends have." This has come to be known as the a)in-group theory. b)black hole of social networks. c)coalition of compartmentalizers. d)friendship paradox.

d)friendship paradox.

A bureaucracy that features workers, supervisors, executives, and a CEO with different levels of authority is organized as a a)aristocracy. b)monarchy. c)monopoly. d)hierarchy.

d)hierarchy.

The sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies used the term Gesellschaft to refer to what type of society? a)rural b)close-knit c)community-oriented d)impersonal

d)impersonal

Integrated and persistent social networks focused on making sure society's core needs are met are called social a)coalitions. b)groups. c)norms. d)institutions.

d)institutions.

The status that dominates a person's other statuses and determines their general position in society is called the ______ status. a)hierarchical b)authoritative c)superior d)master

d)master

The ascribed statuses of race and gender can play an important part in people's efforts to achieve a desired professional and social status and serve as a)adaptive responses. b)achieved statuses. c)acquired characters. d)master statuses.

d)master statuses.

A society based on organic solidarity is much more adaptive to change than one characterized by a)false consciousness. b)biological inheritance. c)shared labor by all. d)mechanical solidarity.

d)mechanical solidarity.

One key element of bureaucracies is their a)separation from governments. b)informal natures. c)disorganized states. d)organization of hierarchy and rankings.

d)organization of hierarchy and rankings.

In horticultural societies, people a)produce items through mechanization. b)base their economy on the processing of information. c)rely on whatever food is readily available. d)people plant seeds and crops.

d)people plant seeds and crops.

Which of the following is an example of how postmodern societies are globally interconnected? a)purchasing goods that are produced locally b)ordering food at a drive-through c)studying one's personal family history d)receiving assistance from a technician in another country

d)receiving assistance from a technician in another country

What do sociologists call a group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior? a)aggregate b)secondary group c)out-group d)reference group

d)reference group

A set of expectations for people who occupy a given position or status is called a social a)status. b)group. c)norm. d)role.

d)role.

Which type of group is formal, impersonal, and has little social intimacy or mutual understanding? a)in-group b)primary group c)reference group d)secondary group

d)secondary group

A group with very little social intimacy, such as a large college class, is called a(n) a)primary group. b)reference group. c)out-group. d)secondary group.

d)secondary group.

The health care system, the mass media, and the government are all examples of a)social roles. b)statuses. c)virtual worlds. d)social institutions.

d)social institutions.

Status refers to the a)tendency of individuals to isolate themselves. b)perceptions people hold about themselves. c)system of religious beliefs a society holds. d)social position of one person compared to another.

d)social position of one person compared to another.

The elemental building blocks of society can be easily compared to the hierarchical order of a a)kindergarten playground. b)Linnaeus' system of racial classification. c)the neural network in the human brain. d)the framework of a building.

d)the framework of a building.

In contrast to a hunting-and-gathering society, a horticultural society has more control over its environment and a)places less emphasis on household objects. b)relies only on available foods. c)uses plows for cultivation. d)uses digging sticks or hoes for cultivation.

d)uses digging sticks or hoes for cultivation.

Because bureaucracies have rules that allow for other rules, records, and structure, they often a)change dramatically when new employees start working there. b)end when an individual stops working there. c)outlive individual employees and maintain continuity. d)appear disorganized to people outside of them.

c)outlive individual employees and maintain continuity.

Which of the following is the type of society that is technologically sophisticated and preoccupied with consumer goods and media images? a)horticultural b)postindustrial c)postmodern d)agrarian e)hunting-and-gathering

c)postmodern

A postindustrial society has an economic system that is engaged primarily in the a)creation of items through mechanization. b)growing and harvesting of food. c)processing and control of information. d)hunting and gathering of food.

c)processing and control of information.

The term social interaction refers to the ways in which people a)function biologically. b)do their job. c)respond to one another. d)form unexpected relationships.

c)respond to one another.

According to Ferdinand Tönnies, Gemeinschaft is typical of life in ______ areas. a)industrial b)modern c)rural d)urban

c)rural

According to Janis McCabe, when considering the types of friendship networks, the _____ includes a diverse array of friends, who, for the most part, do not socialize with each other. a)compartmentalizers b)tight-knitters c)samplers

c)samplers

The positions people occupy and the relationships between them is called a)society. b)social interaction. c)social structure. d)networking.

c)social structure.

The structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction is known as a)unity. b)neurology. c)society. d)anthropology.

c)society.

Even though they enjoy far greater mastery over the environment than their counterparts in horticultural societies, members of agrarian societies are nevertheless a)more nomadic than horticultural societies. b)drawn to the idea of returning to a horticultural society. c)still primarily engaged in the production of food. d)unable to develop a theoretical basis for their system.

c)still primarily engaged in the production of food.

The difficulty that arises when role expectations within the same social status clash is known as role a)reversal. b)conflict. c)strain. d)ambivalence.

c)strain.

You are a Native American who left the reservation to attend college and obtain a law degree. Once you begin working as a lawyer to help your people, members of your tribe regard you as too Caucasian, whereas members of the White community regard you with suspicion because you are Native American. This is an example of role a)reversal. b)conflict. c)strain. d)exit.

c)strain.

Social media theorist Clay Shirky maintains that the social networking potential of the Internet has radically transformed possibilities for collective action. obtaining a higher education degree. political participation through voting. working from home.

collective action.