SOC Chapter 15-21

Cancer Cluster

Area with high cancer rates in its population

Religious Rituals

Behaviors expected of a religious group's members

Mortality

Number of deaths in a specific time or place

Ecclesia

Religion recognized as the state religion

Established Sects

Sects that endure but do not become denominations

Politics

Study of social norms through political structure

Depression

Sustained recession across multiple economic sectors

Universal healthcare

System ensuring healthcare coverage for all

Religion

System of beliefs, values, and practices regarding the sacred

Medical sociology

Systematic study of health, illness, and healthcare

Power

Ability to exercise one's will over others

Anarchy

Absence of organized government

Underemployment

Accepting lower-paying job below education/experience level

Patrimonialism

Authority with military and administrative factions enforcing power

Totemism

Belief in a divine link between humans and nature

Monotheism

Belief in a single deity

Polytheism

Belief in multiple deities

Atheism

Belief in the absence of deities

Animism

Belief in the divinity of nonhuman beings in nature

Career Inheritance

Children entering same/similar occupation as parents

Sorting

Classifying students based on academic merit

One Person, One Vote

Concept of equal vote counting for each person

Grade inflation

Concept where A-level work standards decrease over time

Personality disorders

Conditions causing abnormal behavior to society

Outsourcing

Contracting jobs to an external source, often in another country

Sustainable Development

Development without depleting the natural environment

Stigmatization of illness

Discrimination against certain illnesses and sufferers

Structural Unemployment

Disjuncture between job seekers and available jobs at societal level

Mercantilism

Economic policy based on accumulating silver/gold through market control

Socialism

Economic system with government ownership, focus on equal wealth distribution

Capitalism

Economic system with private ownership and profit motive

Credentialism

Emphasis on certificates or degrees to show skill or qualifications

Universal access

Equal opportunity for all to participate in education

Bartering

Exchange of goods or services without currency

Sick role

Expectations defining behavior for the sick and caregivers

Totalitarian Dictatorship

Extremely oppressive dictatorship controlling citizens' lives

Subsistence Farming

Farming for self-sufficiency, producing enough for family

Head Start program

Federal preschool program for low socioeconomic status students

Religious Experience

Feeling connected to 'the divine'

Anxiety disorders

Feelings of worry and fearfulness lasting months

Tracking

Formal system placing students on academic tracks perpetuating inequalities

Constitutional Monarchy

Government recognizing monarchs under a constitution

Individual mandate

Government rule mandating insurance coverage for all

Absolute Monarchy

Government where a monarch has absolute power

Monarchy

Government where a single monarch rules

Representative Democracy

Government where citizens elect officials to represent them

Democracy

Government where citizens have equal voice in policy

Oligarchy

Government where power is held by a small elite

Dictatorship

Government with single person wielding absolute authority

Public healthcare

Government-funded or provided health insurance

Socialized medicine

Government-owned and run healthcare system

Polarization

Growing differences between low-end and high-end jobs

Private healthcare

Health insurance from private companies

Morbidity

Incidence of disease

Asylum-seekers

Individuals with unvalidated refugee status claims

Economy

Institution managing a society's resources (goods/services)

Education

Institution teaching academic knowledge, skills, and norms

Global Commodity Chains

Internationally integrated economic links for manufacture/marketing

Xenophobia

Irrational fear/hatred of foreigners and foreign goods

Cultural capital

Knowledge serving as currency to navigate a culture

Megachurch

Large Christian church with over 2,000 regular attendees

Formal education

Learning academic facts and concepts

Informal education

Learning cultural values and norms through societal participation

No Child Left Behind Act

Legislation requiring standardized testing for federal funding eligibility

Mood disorders

Long-term debilitating conditions like depression

Denomination

Mainstream religion not state-sponsored

Contested illnesses

Medical conditions questioned by some professionals

Hidden curriculum

Nonacademic knowledge learned through cultural transmission

Demedicalization

Normalization of 'sick' behavior in society

Money

Object assigned value for exchange as payment

Underinsured

People spending over 10% income on healthcare not covered

Impairment

Physical limitations faced by less-able individuals

Legitimation

Physician certifying illness as genuine

Authority

Power accepted from a perceived legitimate source

Charismatic Authority

Power based on a leader's exceptional qualities

Traditional Authority

Power legitimized by long-standing customs

Rational-Legal Authority

Power legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws

Cultural transmission

Process of learning values, beliefs, and norms of a culture

Global Assembly Lines

Products assembled through international transactions

Medicalization

Reclassifying bad/deviant behaviors as sickness

Stereotype interchangeability

Recycled stereotypes applied to new subordinate groups

Disability

Reduction in ability to perform daily tasks

Power Elite

Small group controlling much of a society

Sect

Small, new branch of a denomination

Cults

Small, secretive religious groups with a charismatic leader

Organic Solidarity

Social cohesion from mutual interdependence due to work specialization

Mechanical Solidarity

Social cohesion from shared work, education, religion

Mutualism

Socialism where individuals exchange products based on contracts

Market Socialism

Socialism with traits of capitalism, limited private ownership

Convergence Theory

Societies moving towards similarity as economies develop

Religious Beliefs

Specific ideas held true by a faith's members

Stigmatization

Spoiling someone's identity due to discrimination

Social epidemiology

Study of disease causes and distribution in society

Epidemiology

Study of disease incidence, distribution, and control

Medicalization of deviance

Transforming 'bad' behavior into 'sick' behavior

Commodification

Transforming non-commodities into marketable goods

Recession

Two or more consecutive quarters of economic decline

Liberation Theology

Using church for social change through politics

Social placement

Using education to enhance one's social status

Automation

Workers being replaced by technology