soc psych final ch 1-3
SOKA stands for a. Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry. b. Self-Operational Knowledge Accuracy. c. Send Our Kids Away. d. Self-Observation Karma Abates.
a. Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry
A pluralistic approach to social psychology a. encourages research outside of controlled settings. b. emphasizes the motivational more than the cognitive underpinnings of behavior. c. has been supplanted by other approaches in the past 30 years. d. limits the kinds of topics that social psychologists can study
a. encourages research outside of controlled settings
During a discussion with some friends just prior to a school election, Sandra states that she is certain she will be devastated for months if she isn't elected class president. This is an example of a. the overjustification effect. b. the impact bias. c. basking in reflected glory. d. implicit egotism.
b. the impact bias.
According to Festinger, social comparison is less likely to occur a. under conditions of uncertainty. b. when a person's self-esteem is threatened. c. when objective criteria are available. d. with similar others.
c. when objective criteria are available.
According to social comparison theory, people are most likely to compare themselves to others who are a. friendly. b. lonely. c. popular. d. similar.
d. similar.
According to standard convention, a researcher must be ___ percent sure that the difference she observed between experimental conditions was not simply the result of chance in order to conclude that the difference is statistically significant. a. 90 b. 95 c. 99 d. 99.9
B. 95
What is one general difference between descriptive and correlational research methods? a. Descriptive research does not look at relationships between variables. b. Descriptive research is more useful when one wants to infer causation. c. Correlational research cannot make use of archival data. d. Correlational research imbues the researcher with more control over the research participants.
a. Descriptive research does not look at relationships between variables.
Self-report measures and observational measures are similar in that both a. can be influenced by social desirability concerns. b. require high interrater reliability to be considered accurate. c. are subject to biases and distortions in memory. d. provide direct access to people's thoughts and feelings
a. can be influenced by social desirability concerns.
Luke would like to know if there is a relationship between the number of psychology courses people take and their level of empathy. He surveys a randomly selected group of college students. Each student indicates the number of psychology courses he or she has taken and then completes an empathy scale. Luke's research is best described as a(n) a. correlational study. b. experiment. c. prospective study. d. archival study.
a. correlational study.
All social psychological research must begin with a(n) a. question. b. independent variable. c. subject variable. d. control group.
a. question.
Raynei criticized the field of social psychology during the 1960s and 1970s. It is likely that Raynei despaired about the ability of social psychological researchers to do all of the following except a. suggest possible solutions to everyday social concerns. b. acknowledge their role in artificially producing the results of their studies. c. consider the cultural context in which their findings were obtained. d. design ethical experimental contexts.
a. suggest possible solutions to everyday social concerns.
Phoebe is a graduate student in social psychology who will only agree to conducting research that will help address an ongoing social problem. Phoebe's desire is most consistent with the philosophies of which of the following pairs of individuals? a. Gordon Allport and Floyd Allport b. Gordon Allport and Kurt Lewin c. Kurt Lewin and Leon Festinger d. Leon Festinger and Gordon Allport
b. Gordon Allport and Kurt Lewin
Buster runs an experiment in which she finds that participants placed in a good mood by a happy film clip are more likely to offer help to a fellow participant than participants who see a sad film clip. Gob suggests that perhaps this difference simply results from the fact that the participants in the happy film clip condition were more helpful people to begin with. What methodological aspect of a successful experiment can Buster point to in order to refute this criticism? a. External validity b. Random selection c. Random assignment d. Manipulation
c. Random assignment
To examine potential gender differences in the qualities individuals seek in their romantic partners, HaeJin compares the personal ads placed by men and women. HaeJin is conducting a(n) a. survey study. b. observational study. c. archival study. d. experiment.
c. archival study.
Fernando studies the relationship between emotions and behavior in social settings. Fernando's research epitomizes the ____ perspective in social psychology. a. pluralistic b. interactionist c. "cold" d. "hot
d. "hot
Which of the following types of studies must be approved by an institutional review board? a. Experiments using deception b. Correlational studies c. Descriptive studies d. All of these
d. All of these
In principle, the purpose of random sampling is to make sure that research participants a. have the right to withdraw from a study without incurring any penalty. b. are fully informed as to the procedures and hypotheses of the study. c. do not differ from one another in systematic ways. d. constitute a representative sample from the population of interest.
d. constitute a representative sample from the population of interest.
In comparison to self-report measures, observational measures are not affected by a. experimenter expectancy effects. b. participants' social desirability concerns. c. sampling biases. d. participants' memory biases.
d. participants' memory biases.
Sociologists tend to study behavior at the ____ level, whereas social psychologists study behavior at the ____ level. a. group; individual b. interpersonal; cultural c. specific; general d. social; cognitive
group; individual
Extrapolating from the Walton and Cohen (2011) study of belongingness uncertainty and academic performance, knowing that feeling insecure at the outset of one's freshman year is normal and temporary should help a. all students perform better throughout all the years of college. b. African-American, but not Caucasian, students perform better throughout all the years of college. c. all students perform better during their freshman year, but not much beyond that. d. African-American, but not Caucasian, students perform better during their freshman year, but not much beyond that.
African-American, but not Caucasian, students perform better throughout all the years of college.
Which of the following statements about social psychology is false? a. A goal of social psychology is to develop general principles that describe human behavior. b. An assumption of social psychology is that only social factors influence human behavior. c. Social psychology relies on the scientific method to learn about human behavior. d. Social psychology is concerned with the way in which the imagined presence of others influences individuals.
An assumption of social psychology is that only social factors influence human behavior.
Which of the following would best represent the "hot" perspective in social psychology? a. A good mood can foster attitude change. b. Distraction can lead to overdependence on first impressions. c. Failure to recognize that a situation is an emergency can interfere with helping. d. People can be genetically programmed to aggress against others.
a. A good mood can foster attitude change.
Which of the following statements concerning correlational research is true? a. In correlational research, variables are measured but not manipulated. b. In correlational research, one variable is manipulated and one is measured. c. Correlational research can be conducted using observational, but not archival, measures. d. Correlational research can be conducted using archival, but not observational, measures.
a. In correlational research, variables are measured but not manipulated.
According to self-awareness theory, which of the following behaviors is least likely to draw attention to self-discrepancies? a. Sitting in a crowded, darkened theater b. Seeing one's reflection in a mirror c. Posing for a photograph d. Standing on stage in front of an audience
a. Sitting in a crowded, darkened theater
Zachary observes a significant negative correlation between binge drinking and grades among college students. Which of the following is true? a. There is a 5 percent probability or less that this correlation occurred by chance. b. Zachary cannot be sure what causes what, but he can be sure that either binge drinking causes lower grades or vice versa. c. Zachary will probably try to replicate his findings by conducting an experiment. d. Zachary would not have been able to conduct the study if students received written evaluations from instructors rather than grades.
a. There is a 5 percent probability or less that this correlation occurred by chance.
When researchers find that the results of their studies could have occurred by chance only five or fewer times in 100 possible outcomes, they conclude that the results a. are statistically significant. b. reflect an interaction between the dependent variables. c. are theoretically meaningful. d. are null because of their low level of reliability.
a. are statistically significant.
Pettit and Sivanathan (2011) found that if people experienced threat to self-esteem, they were more likely to make a status-driven purchase with credit. This sort of study is part of the newly emerging field of a. behavioral economics. b. social neuroscience. c. multicultural research. d. embodied cognition.
a. behavioral economics.
In a study concerning the cues that signal deception, Winston uses the number of times a person shifts in his or her seat as a measure of lying. Virginia points out that people may shift their position because they are nervous about being perceived as a liar, even though they are actually telling the truth. Virginia is questioning the _____ of Winston's measure of lying. a. construct validity b. interrater reliability c. mundane realism d. internal validity
a. construct validity
According to the SOKA model, we should know ourselves better than others on traits that are a. internal. b. external c. easy to observe. d. evaluative.
a. internal.
Research by David Dunning suggests that one problem concerning self-assessment is that people tend to a. overestimate their own skills, prospects for success, and opinion accuracy. b. underestimate their own skills, prospects for success, and opinion accuracy. c. pay too little attention to past successes in evaluating future prospects. d. dwell too much on past failures in assessing present competencies.
a. overestimate their own skills, prospects for success, and opinion accuracy.
In comparison to field experiments, laboratory experiments a. permit researchers greater control. b. allow more naturalistic observation of behavior. c. are less susceptible to experimenter expectancy effects. d. have fewer problems caused by the limitations of self-report data
a. permit researchers greater control.
By stressing both internal differences among individuals and differences among external situations, the interactionist perspective is an approach combining a. personality psychology with social psychology. b. social psychology with clinical psychology. c. cognitive psychology with social psychology. d. social psychology with sociology
a. personality psychology with social psychology.
Britney believes that exposure to violent television increases aggressive behavior by making people's own aggressive thoughts more accessible. Christina believes that violent television increases aggressive behavior by impairing people's cognitive abilities, which in turn makes them worry less about the consequences of their behavior as well as more likely to have aggressive thoughts. If we knew that violent television indeed increases aggressive behavior but knew nothing else on this topic, which of the two theories should we prefer? a. Britney's because it is more testable than Christina's b. Britney's because it is simpler than Christina's c. Christina's because it is more empirical than Britney's d. Christina's because it is more testable than Britney's
b. Britney's because it is simpler than Christina's
Which of the following research questions does not involve the interaction of social and cognitive psychology? a. What situational factors influence whether someone interprets an event as an emergency and then makes a decision to offer help to a stranger? b. How does injury to a particular part of the brain influence the ability to form new memories? c. How does a threat to self-esteem influence people's ability to pay attention to complex stimuli? d. How do stereotypes influence our memory of social interactions?
b. How does injury to a particular part of the brain influence the ability to form new memories?
Which of the following statements concerning self-report measures is false? a. They allow researchers access to individuals' private thoughts and feelings. b. They are not influenced by the phrasing of a question or the response options provided. c. They are sometimes inaccurate because people intentionally present themselves in a socially desirable way. d. One problem they have is that individuals may not explicitly remember the thoughts or behaviors they are asked about.
b. They are not influenced by the phrasing of a question or the response options provided.
According to self-discrepancy theory, the disorder most likely to develop from a discrepancy between the actual self and the ought self is a. depression. b. anxiety disorder. c. antisocial personality disorder. d. schizophrenia
b. anxiety disorder.
Antoine investigates the extent to which depressed individuals have difficulty forming accurate memories of social interactions, particularly when those interactions are stressful. His research is best described as being at the intersection of a. personality, cognitive, and clinical psychology. b. cognitive, social, and personality psychology. c. social, clinical, and cognitive psychology. d. clinical, personality, and social psychology
c. social, clinical, and cognitive psychology.
Which of the following statements concerning correlational research is false? a. Correlational research aids researchers in the development of new hypotheses. b. Correlational research permits researchers to determine whether one variable can predict another. c. Correlational research is often useful for studying phenomena for which experimentation is impractical or unethical. d. Correlational research allows researchers to measure relationships between independent and dependent variables
d. Correlational research allows researchers to measure relationships between independent and dependent variables
Which of the following represented a critique of social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s? a. The discipline failed to address topics of social relevance. b. The discipline failed to distinguish itself from other fields of psychology. c. Researchers had not yet agreed upon a conventional methodology. d. The findings were limited to current historical circumstances.
d. The findings were limited to current historical circumstances.
The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation is called a. self-discrepancy theory. b. implicit egotism. c. the durability bias. d. the overjustification effect
d. the overjustification effect
Bianca is African American, and she is a new university student. She is feeling quite nervous about being part of a university. Based on research by Walton and Cohen (2011), what can you tell her that will help her succeed? a. Study hard--it pays off! b. Get involved so you will have social support. c. Feeling nervous about school is normal and temporary. d. Be very organized so that you will be able to do everything on time.
Feeling nervous about school is normal and temporary.
To examine the relationship between temperature and violence, Priti manipulates the thermostat in her laboratory while participants are engaged in a military simulation game. She then looks at the effect of this manipulation on their aggressive behavior during the game, comparing participants in the "warm" condition to those in the "comfortable" condition. Priti's research best characterizes what field of study?
Social psychology
To examine the relationship between temperature and violence, Priti manipulates the thermostat in her laboratory while participants are engaged in a military simulation game. She then looks at the effect of this manipulation on aggressive behavior during the game, comparing participants in the "warm" condition to those in the "comfortable" condition. Priti's research best characterizes the field of a. sociology. b. social psychology. c. clinical psychology. d. personality psychology.
Sociology
Chauncy is interested in how behavior is influenced by the way people think about their social world. Chauncy subscribes to the _____ perspective in social psychology. a. "cold" b. "hot" c. interactionist d. cross-cultural
a. "cold"
Wanting to be accurate in our judgments of ourselves is often in conflict with wanting to feel good about ourselves. This conflict illustrates the importance of integrating the ______ perspectives in social psychology. a. "hot" and "cold" b. controlled and automatic c. social and biological d. economic and cognitive
a. "hot" and "cold"
Cross-cultural research by Carl Falk and colleagues (2009), in which self-ratings by Canadian and Japanese participants were compared, indicated that a. Canadian participants endorsed more positive traits about the self than did Japanese participants. b. Canadian participants endorsed a more balanced and accurate self-description than did Japanese participants. c. Canadian participants endorsed more negative traits about the self than did Japanese participants. d. there were no significant differences in the self-descriptions endorsed by Canadian and Japanese participants.
a. Canadian participants endorsed more positive traits about the self than did Japanese participants.
Social psychologists reacted to critiques of the field in the 1960s and 1970s by doing all of the following except a. adopting more rigorous and formalized ethical standards. b. paying more attention to cross-cultural differences in cognition and behavior. c. denouncing experiments as unacceptably artificial. d. developing more stringent procedures to avoid the effects of experimenter bias.
c. denouncing experiments as unacceptably artificial.
Which of the following is true regarding Kurt Lewin? a. His interactionist perspective argues that human behavior is mostly a function of situational pressures. b. His push for practical research was met with great resistance in the early days of social psychology. c. He was the first to test social psychological hypotheses in a scientific manner. d. He conducted research on what kinds of leaders elicit the best work from group members.
d. He conducted research on what kinds of leaders elicit the best work from group members.
When Taka is teaching his social psychology class, he emphasizes that the field must encompass a range of research techniques and cultural perspectives if it is to flourish. Taka's emphasis reflects a(n) a. contextualist orientation. b. empirical approach. c. "hot" approach to studying social behavior. d. pluralistic orientation.
d. pluralistic orientation.
The most important aspect of sampling in a survey study is a. its inclusion of equal numbers of individuals from different groups in the population. b. the number of people in the sample. c. the ratio of the sample size to the population size. d. the extent to which the sample in this study matches the population proportionally in terms of demographic variables.
d. the extent to which the sample in this study matches the population proportionally in terms
How did Walton and Cohen (2011) explain the failure of information on belongingness uncertainty to help Caucasian students improve academic performance, as compared to their African-American counterparts? a. Caucasian students don't experience belongingness uncertainty at all. b. Caucasian students have less persistent experience of belongingness uncertainty. c. Caucasian students have more persistent experience of belongingness uncertainty. d. Caucasian students did not listen to or process the message on belongingness uncertainty
Caucasian students have less persistent experience of belongingness uncertainty.
Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be most likely to study? a. Are crime rates different among people of higher versus lower socioeconomic status? b. What risk factors contribute to the onset of schizophrenia? c. Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior? d. Do citizens in countries with democratic governments report greater life satisfaction than citizens in countries with autocratic governments?
Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior?
Social psychologists do not generally a. work in settings outside of an academic context. b. consider the effects of external, nonsocial factors on behavior. c. study phenomena about which commonsense beliefs are held. d. pay more attention to group behavior than the behavior of individuals within groups
Pay more attention to group behavior than the behavior of individuals within groups.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding social psychology and clinical psychology? a. Researchers in both fields might conduct studies investigating outcomes such as anxiety or depression. b. Research in social psychology utilizes the scientific method, whereas research in clinical psychology does not. c. Both fields are primarily concerned with the underlying causes of atypical behavior. d. Psychologists in both fields must become certified in therapy aimed toward helping individuals with mental illness.
Researchers in both fields might conduct studies investigating outcomes such as anxiety or depression.
Hyunwoo believes that image-oriented ads will be more persuasive for individuals concerned with the way they appear to others, whereas ads that stress product quality will be more effective for individuals who are less concerned with their public image. This belief represents the intersection of social psychology and which other field? a. clinical psychology. b. cognitive psychology. c. personality psychology. d. sociology.
Social psychology and personality psychology
Benny wants to adopt both a "hot" and "cold" perspective in his research on why married couples get divorced. Which of the following best exemplifies his approach? a. He wants to understand what motivates people to stay in marriages that they know from past experience will only get worse. b. He wants to study the difference between passive and active aggression in marriages. c. He wants to investigate how spur-of-the-moment marriage problems are solved relative to ongoing problems. d. He wants to determine whether simple factors, such as mismatches in attitudes, can predict breakups better than communication patterns.
a. He wants to understand what motivates people to stay in marriages that they know from
Josephine bought her six-year-old nephew, Joseph, a new set of paints for his birthday. Hoping to encourage the little artist, Josephine promised Joseph $1 for every painting. Joseph thinks that is quite a lot of money. According to research by Lepper and colleagues (1973) on overjustification effects, which of the following is most likely to occur? a. Joseph will come to see painting pictures as a way to make money, not as something enjoyable in itself. b. Joseph will develop a love for painting and will want to be an artist when he grows up. c. Joseph will continue to paint even if his aunt eventually stops rewarding him with money. d. The paintings for which Joseph receives money will be judged as better quality than the paintings for which he does not receive any money.
a. Joseph will come to see painting pictures as a way to make money, not as something enjoyable in itself.
Marion is a sprinter on her high school track team. According to social comparison theory, Marion is most likely to look to which of the following groups to assess how fast a sprinter she is? a. Other female high school track athletes b. Other female students at her school who are not on the track team c. Male members of her track team d. U.S. Olympic track team members
a. Other female high school track athletes
Jeff is a social psychologist who favors the "cold" approach to understanding human behavior. He is conducting research on why people fail to use condoms even when they know that they can reduce their risk of obtaining HIV by doing so. Jeff is least likely to devote his attention to people's a. drive to avoid this inconsistency. b. ability to detect the inconsistency. c. awareness of the actual risk of unprotected sex. d. memory for past cases in which they have behaved in a manner inconsistent with their attitudes.
a. drive to avoid this inconsistency.
Social psychologists use electronic databases, such as PsycInfo to a. find published research on a particular topic. b. determine the scientific and moral value of their research question. c. help them select a random sample of participants from the population of interest. d. increase the external validity of their research.
a. find published research on a particular topic.
One of the many advantages of correlational research is that a. it allows researchers to study variables that cannot be manipulated in the lab. b. it allows the researcher to test for and determine the nature of causal relationships. c. it exhibits high internal validity. d. it tends to be statistically significant
a. it allows researchers to study variables that cannot be manipulated in the lab.
The sign on a correlation indicates the _____ of the relationship between the two variables it measures. a. nature, or quality, b. strength c. power d. direction
a. nature, or quality,
Cross-cultural research regarding attitudes about the self indicate that a. people from individualistic cultures are more likely than people from collectivist cultures to seek out information that makes them feel good about themselves. b. people from individualistic cultures are more likely than people from collectivist cultures to seek out information that points to a need for self-improvement. c. people from individualistic cultures write more balanced and accurate self-descriptions than do people from collectivist cultures. d. None of these
a. people from individualistic cultures are more likely than people from collectivist cultures to seek out information that makes them feel good about themselves.
Pluralism in social psychology can be seen in all of the following areas except the a. procedures used to secure government funding. b. integration of "hot" and "cold" perspectives. c. methods social psychologists use to study behavior. d. inclusion of various cultural perspectives.
a. procedures used to secure government funding.
Researchers have developed interval-contingent, signal-contingent, and event-contingent report methods to a. reduce memory distortions in self-report measures. b. amplify memory distortions in self-report measures. c. increase the role of values in the research process. d. observe participants' behavior unobtrusively.
a. reduce memory distortions in self-report measures.
Schachter (1959) found that participants expecting to receive painful electric shocks preferred the company of others who were in the same situation. These results suggest that a. social comparison processes are used to evaluate emotions. b. emotions have a strong physiological component. c. self-handicapping is more about self-presentation than self-enhancement. d. people are relatively inaccurate at affective forecasting.
a. social comparison processes are used to evaluate emotions.
Jason fills out an application for college with the grades he remembered getting throughout high school. While reviewing the application with a guidance counselor, the counselor points out that Jason seems to have inflated a few of his lower grades. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Jason's behavior? a. Jason is displaying the reminiscence peak characteristic of autobiographical memories. b. Jason fell prey to the tendency to revise personal histories to reflect favorably on the self. c. Jason relied on introspection and consequently impaired his self-knowledge of his grades. d. Jason was affected by the impact bias, which skewed his memory of his grades.
b. Jason fell prey to the tendency to revise personal histories to reflect favorably on the self.
Which person will experience the greatest negative emotional consequence to self-discrepancy? a. Sarah, who thinks she ought to be much thinner than she is, but doesn't dwell on it b. Mira, who thinks she ought to be much heavier than she is, and weight and appearance is very important to her c. Sam, who thinks he ought to be a better athlete than he is, but feels this discrepancy is rather small d. Jared, who thinks he ought to have better grades, but school just isn't that important to him
b. Mira, who thinks she ought to be much heavier than she is, and weight and appearance is very important to her
Lewin's research concerning both how to promote economical and nutritious eating habits, and what kinds of leaders elicit the best work from group members, was important in establishing which of the following? a. Different topics require different research strategies. b. Social psychology could be used to understand and help solve practical problems. c. Early theories in social psychology were often historically and culturally limited. d. Social psychologists may unwittingly influence the behavior of research participants.
b. Social psychology could be used to understand and help solve practical problems.
A television producer is interested in whether women like soap operas more than sitcoms. The producer uses a random number table to select a sample of 100 households, and then makes phone calls to these households every afternoon for three weeks. Of those who were home when the producer called, 75% reported they liked soap operas more than sitcoms. Which of the following might raise questions about the results? a. The use of archival data b. The representativeness of the sample c. The construct validity of the measure d. The operational definition advanced by the magazine
b. The representativeness of the sample
The reference to social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s as being in the midst of "confidence and crisis" reflects an expansion in the types of issues studied by researchers, as well as increased criticism that largely came from a. sociologists. b. fellow social psychologists. c. the general public. d. the popular media.
b. fellow social psychologists.
Higgins's (1979) self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an "actual self," an "ought self," and an "ideal self." According to Higgins, discrepancies between the ________ self and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of ________. a. ought; frustration b. ought; shame c. ideal; superiority d. ideal; hostility
b. ought; shame
When decreases in one variable are accompanied by decreases in another variable, the variables are described as a. negatively correlated. b. positively correlated. c. causally related. d. prospectively related.
b. positively correlated.
Random assignment is essential to establishing causality because it a. permits researchers to verify that they have a diverse and representative sample of participants. b. reduces the possibility that individual characteristics of the participants produced the observed results. c. increases the external validity of the experiment. d. allows researchers to determine whether or not their operational definitions reflect the variables of interest.
b. reduces the possibility that individual characteristics of the participants produced the observed results.
You are a new researcher in a social psychology lab. The study you are working on is examining the effects of alcohol on aggressiveness. You are aware of the hypotheses of the study and eager to find evidence that supports them, and you find yourself acting in a less polite manner with participants who are assigned to the alcohol condition. This differential treatment of participants across conditions will threaten a. the statistical significance of the results. b. the internal validity of the study. c. the external validity of the study. d. None of these
b. the internal validity of the study.
Construct validity is best defined as the extent to which a. the independent variable caused the observed change in the dependent variable. b. the operational definitions reflect the conceptual variables of interest. c. the experimental procedures are involving and meaningful to the participants. d. different constructs within the study are correlated with one another.
b. the operational definitions reflect the conceptual variables of interest.
Your book describes a study in which participants were provided with information about either the success rate or failure rate of condoms. The findings of this study indicate that a. college students tend to be naively ignorant of the risks associated with some of their behaviors. b. the simple wording and/or positioning of a question can have a drastic effect on self-report responses. c. participants often lie when they are asked about sensitive personal issues. d. All of these
b. the simple wording and/or positioning of a question can have a drastic effect on self-report responses.
External validity refers to the degree to which a. there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the observed effects on the dependent variables. b. there can be reasonable confidence that the same results would be obtained for other people and in other situations. c. participants were assigned to the various conditions on the basis of representative criteria. d. the experimental situation engages participants and leads them to behave naturally and spontaneously
b. there can be reasonable confidence that the same results would be obtained for other people and in other situations.
Which of the following concerning research questions in social psychology is false? a. Research questions can be inspired by real-world events. b. Social psychologists sometimes develop research questions based on their own personal experiences and observations. c. Social psychologists can only develop testable research questions by reading about prior research in the field. d. Music, poetry, and literature can all inspire research questions.
c. Social psychologists can only develop testable research questions by reading about prior research in the field.
Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation? a. The more pets you own, the greater your physical health tends to be. b. The more money people make, the bigger their house tends to be. c. The more alcohol you consume, the lower your GPA tends to be. d. The more points, the higher the score.
c. The more alcohol you consume, the lower your GPA tends to be.
Jasper is feeling guilty and ashamed because he did not help his mother paint the house. Jasper is most likely suffering from a discrepancy between what two aspects of the self? a. The ideal self and the ought self b. The ideal self and the actual self c. The ought self and the actual self d. The actual self and the real self
c. The ought self and the actual self
According to self-discrepancy theory, experiencing negative emotions, such as anxiety or depression, is often caused by the a. content of the actual, ought, and ideal selves. b. stability of the actual, ought, and ideal selves. c. degree of incongruity among the actual, ought, and ideal selves. d. degree of incongruity between individuals' actual and ideal selves and their perception of important others' views of their actual and ideal selves.
c. degree of incongruity among the actual, ought, and ideal selves.
A confound is a threat to _____ validity. a. external b. construct c. internal d. content
c. internal
Random assignment is a defining feature of an experiment. It means that a. participants are able to select the particular experimental manipulations they wish to experience. b. participants were randomly selected from the population of interest. c. whether participants are in one condition or another is determined at random. d. participants are assigned to the experimental conditions on the basis of their pre-existing differences
c. whether participants are in one condition or another is determined at random.
Marilyn is interested in whether schizophrenic individuals tend to interpret verbal feedback from others as negative even if it is positive. It might be said that Marilyn is doing research at the intersection of social psychology and a. evolutionary psychology. b. sociology. c. personality psychology. d. clinical psychology.
clinical psychology.
Among the following, which is most relevant to ensuring that any differences one obtains after the experimental manipulation of a study have been produced only by that manipulation? a. Statistical interactions b. External validity c. Construct validity d. Experimenter control
d. Experimenter control
Which of the following was not a criticism of laboratory experimentation in the 1960s and 1970s? a. Experiments were sometimes unethical. b. Experimenters' expectations might influence the results. c. The theories being tested in the laboratory were often historically and culturally limited. d. Experiments did not allow researchers to draw conclusions about the causal relationship between variables
d. Experiments did not allow researchers to draw conclusions about the causal relationship between variables
An emphasis on experiments addressing the interaction of individuals and their social context is particularly clear in the writings of a. Rich Petty and John Cacioppo. b. Max Ringelmann and Norman Triplett. c. Norman Triplett and Kurt Lewin. d. Kurt Lewin and Floyd Allport.
d. Kurt Lewin and Floyd Allport.
Sapna is interested in the influence of nutrition on reaction time. She assigns participants to eat a salad and fruit for dinner every day for a week or to eat fast food each day. She then brings participants into the lab and asks them to push a button on a keyboard as fast as they can every time they hear a particular sound. What are the operational definitions of the variables in Sapna's study? a. Nutrition; whether participants eat a salad or fast food b. Nutrition; reaction time c. Whether participants eat salad or fast food; reaction time d. Whether participants eat salad or fast food; how quickly they push the button when they hear the sound
d. Whether participants eat salad or fast food; how quickly they push the button when they hear the sound
Because of his research on practical issues, such as the research he conducted in the 1940s concerning promotion of more economical and nutritious eating habits, Kurt Lewin could be considered one of the founders of a. evolutionary social psychology. b. psychoneuroimmunology. c. "hot" theories of social psychology. d. applied social psychology.
d. applied social psychology.
The primary goal of using correlational research is to a. determine the causal relationship between an independent and dependent variable. b. describe the population's average score on a particular measure. c. manipulate one variable but hold the other constant. d. determine the nature and strength of the association between two measured variables.
d. determine the nature and strength of the association between two measured variables.
The "hot" perspective in social psychology emphasizes _____, whereas the "cold" perspective emphasizes _____. a. positive information; negative information b. feelings; behavior c. facts; motives d. emotion; cognition
d. emotion; cognition
A social psychologist wants to study the impact of listening to classical music on people's level of comfort in social interactions. She runs a study using a convenience sample of college undergraduates. The use of this particular sample is a threat to a. mundane realism. b. experimental realism. c. internal validity. d. external validity.
d. external validity.
Diane is interested in whether women with nurturing personalities are more reliable friends both inside and outside the workplace. Rebecca is interested in the hypothesis that women tend to be more nurturing outside the workplace because others expect them to be nurturing. It is likely that Diane is a _____ psychologist and Rebecca is a _____ psychologist. a. social; personality b. clinical; personality c. personality; clinical d. personality; social
d. personality; social
Anita wants to spend her career studying the factors that predict whether the members of a couple are satisfied with their marriage. If she chooses to do so as a social psychologist, it is likely that her pursuit will a. focus more on people's thoughts than on their actual behavior. b. emphasize the importance of different personality types, such as "fun-loving" and "open to new experiences." c. examine couples rather than individuals as the unit of analysis. d. include systematic observation and measurement of couples.
include systematic observation and measurement of couples.
The results of the "belongingness uncertainty" study conducted by Walton and Cohen (2011) indicate that a. knowing that initial insecurity as a university freshman is normal and temporary improved academic performance through the end of the freshman year for African-American and Caucasian students, but not beyond that year. b. knowing that initial insecurity as a university freshman is normal and temporary improved academic performance through the end of the freshman year for African-American students, but not beyond that year. c. knowing that initial insecurity as a university freshman is normal and temporary improved academic performance through the senior year for both African-American and Caucasian students. d. knowing that initial insecurity as a university freshman is normal and temporary improved academic performance through the senior year for African-American students.
knowing that initial insecurity as a university freshman is normal and temporary improved academic performance through the senior year for African-American students.
Astrid has developed a 12-item questionnaire to help her identify individuals who tend to be skeptical of authority figures across different situations. Astrid is most likely a _____ psychologist. a. cognitive b. social c. clinical d. personality
personality
The interaction between stable individual characteristics and situational constraints on the way people behave best reflects the intersection of a. cognitive and personality psychology. b. personality and social psychology. c. social and clinical psychology. d. clinical and developmental psychology.
personality and social psychology.
The study conducted by Walton and Cohen (2011) on the impact of insecurity on academic performance focuses on a. the influence of information on the temporary nature of belonging uncertainty on academic performance in male versus female students. b. gender differences in academic performance. c. racial differences in academic performance. d. the influence of information on the temporary nature of belonging uncertainty on academic performance in African-American versus Caucasian students.
the influence of information on the temporary nature of belonging uncertainty on academic performance in African-American versus Caucasian students.
Although related to other fields, social psychology is distinct in its emphasis on a. understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behavior. b. classifying and treating psychological disorders. c. identifying individual characteristics that are relatively stable across time. d. describing the relationship between human behavior and societal variables.
understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behavior.
