soc

What are displays of ethnic identity that only occur on special occasions? celebratory ethnicity symbolic ethnicity situational ethnicity religious identity

b

What do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole? social welfare structural mobility horizontal mobility intergenerational mobility

b

What is an advantage of using interviews as a research method? They allow the researcher to maintain strict control of the data-collection process. They reveal attitudes and beliefs inaccessible by any other means. They can affirm preconceptions and stereotypes. They allow researchers to analyze data statistically and draw correlations.

b

What research method is a sociologist using if they watch a lot of television and count the number of times women play roles with lower status than those played by men? experimental research content analysis ethnography interview

b

________ refers to the set of behaviors expected of someone because of their status. Role Superego Agency Self

a

__________ is the most extreme form of authoritarianism. Totalitarianism Monarchy Dictatorship The power elite

a

__________ is the physical and legal responsibility for the everyday life and routines of children. Custody Good parenting Visitation Child support

a

__________ argues that punishments for rules violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom. Labeling theory Conflict theory Functionalist theory Symbolic interactionism

b

Ethnocentrism refers to using one's own culture as a standard by which to judge others. understanding other cultures on their own terms. a policy of honoring the diverse backgrounds of various individuals and groups. a culture within a culture.

a

________ is a system of stratification commonly used in modern capitalist societies. Gender Social class Social caste Slavery

b

A small-scale study carried out to test the feasibility of conducting a study on a larger scale is referred to as a(n) pilot study. experiment. survey. sample.

a

A society that separates church and state is a(n) __________ society. secular agnostic fundamentalist traditional

a

A ________ is an example of a total institution. yoga class cult sports club university

b

Social mobility that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime is called ________ mobility. life-cycle intragenerational structural intergenerational

b

How do sociologists observe society? a. by studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one another b. by studying society as if it were a concrete object, in the same way a geologist studies rocks c. by comparing the past and present, with a focus on the past d. by studying the relationship between individuals and society, specializing in internal states of mind

a

Regarding gender, structural functionalists generally believe that some social roles are better suited to one gender than the other. men maintain control of the most valuable social roles. the current system of gender stratification is based on conflict. gender is constructed and maintained through everyday actions.

a

Researchers usually transcribe responses after they conduct a series of interviews. The transcription process is fairly time-consuming, but it is valuable, in part, because it allows researchers to look for patterns in their data. check for bias in how they asked questions. think up new questions they did not ask. determine the average age of their interviewees.

a

An example of extrinsic religiosity would be a person's beliefs about the supernatural or divine. a person attending religious services. how someone interprets their sacred texts. privately praying to only one divine figure or god

b

On average, participants in social movements are more marginal and more isolated than nonparticipants. more socially engaged than nonparticipants. less oriented toward conventional politics. more alienated from society than nonparticipants.

b

The second-wave feminist movement was associated with the issue of gaining voting rights for women. women's equal access to employment and education. the rights of women in the Third World. the marginalization of black women.

b

A symbolic interactionist studying the family would be most interested in the inequalities associated with men's negligible role in raising and caring for infants. the diminished role the family plays in teaching children important skills. the way gift giving within an extended family makes some bonds more important than others. the way increasing divorce rates are making it harder for families to function and to socialize children.

c

According to conflict theory, the nuclear family facilitates exploitation through the use of nannies and domestic workers. by making geographic mobility possible. through a sexual division of labor within the home. by exploiting the working class whose products it consumes.

c

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is the inability of very young children to differentiate between themselves and others. the guidelines and expectations that are associated with a particular role in society. an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles. the transition toddlers make from the imitation of infancy to the play stage of childhood.

c

Ethnography's main goal is to develop quantitative data sets that allow researchers to discover correlations. conduct interviews with people who have very different ways of life. understand the meanings people attach to their activities. develop ethics and standards for sociological research.

c

In sociology, authority refers to the methods and tactics intended to influence government policy. ability to get others to do one's bidding. legitimate right to wield power. holy, divine, or supernatural.

c

Symbolic interactionism argues that people act toward others based on the meaning they assign to a situation. According to this perspective, how does meaning arise? Meaning is inherent in objects and actions. Meaning is learned through the study of philosophy and history. Meaning is negotiated through interaction with others. Meaning is learned through the study of science and nature.

c

The standard procedure for acquiring and verifying empirical knowledge, as well as building and testing a body of scientific theory that helps explain and predict different aspects of our world, is known as Replicability. ethnography. the scientific method. quantitative research.

c

What do all religions have in common? God(s) or other supernatural beings moral laws about the proper way to offer prayer and sacrifice to a god a system of beliefs and rituals that establish a relationship between the sacred and the profane certain days that are considered holy

c

What is the real source of racism according to conflict theory? the need for social equality for capitalism to function the people who attempt to live as if they were members of a different racial group the struggle between groups over power and control the desire for assimilation of minority groups into majority groups

c

A characteristic of primary groups is that they can be almost completely anonymous. are often formal or impersonal. tend to be based on specific roles or activities. exhibit high levels of cooperation.

d

Gender role socialization begins at birth. around puberty. when children begin attending school. before birth.

d

Religion fulfills what role in society from a structural functionalist perspective? It makes women subservient to men. Its shows religious organizations how to become agents of change. It is an instrument against oppression and exploitation. It provides its supporters with a set of values, norms, and rules by which to live.

d

Researchers must avoid negative questions when writing a survey. What are negative questions? questions that ask about two different topics questions that let the respondent know how the researcher hopes they will answer questions that belittle or insult a group or individual questions that ask respondents what they do not think rather than what they do think

d

Role conflict occurs when an individual has multiple roles that are in conflict with each other. a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within themselves. a role that requires them to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict. a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within their social circle.

d

Sociologists refer to the methods and tactics used to influence government policies, policy-related attitudes, and activities as power. democracy. gerrymandering. politics.

d

According to sociologists, stereotyping is something people only do occasionally when they happen to encounter someone with a role conflict. True False

false

Role conflict occurs when an individual has multiple roles that are in conflict with each other. a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within themselves. a role that requires them to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict. a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within their social circle.

a

Sociologists call the awareness of our own and others' class statuses everyday class consciousness. everyday ideology. everyday false consciousness. cultural capital.

a

Survey research tends to produce quantitative data. One key advantage of this kind of data is that it is easy to transmit to the public. includes observations and informal interviews. allows the researcher to review the literature. provides easy access to the norms, values, and meanings held by members of a group.

a

The framing theory of social movements examines how participants give meaning to their struggles for social change how practical considerations such as fundraising and media coverage impact social movements. why collective behavior occurs in certain patterns. which social goals ought to be pursued.

a

Which of the following is an example of cultural capital? having college-educated parents who help with homework and study habits inheriting a large sum of money from a relative keeping up with pop culture references winning a bet with a friend and receiving $20

a

Which of the following terms is used for a person who is stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently? disenfranchised suffrage authoritarianism monarchy

a

________ refers to the tastes, habits, and expectations that children "inherit" or learn from their parents, which help them achieve material success in life. Cultural capital Ideology Social welfare Education

a

________ was the system of social stratification in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas. Feudalism Capitalism Slavery Communism

a

__________ was the historical event that convinced American scholars that not all social movements can be explained in terms of simply satisfying the psychological needs of their members. The civil rights movement Protestantism McCarthyism The rise of Nazi Germany

a

The "decline" phase of social movements is interesting because after a movement declines, it always perishes. after a movement declines, it is possible that the movement changes and continues. the coalescence phase comes right afterward. social movements always decline quickly after they begin.

b

The primary goal of comparative and historical research methods is to enhance the validity of experiments. understand relationships between parts of society in various regions and time periods. uncover issues that have been neglected by mainstream social research. select participants who are very similar so that the independent variable can be isolated.

b

We would call a group that is organizing to change cultural "codes" related to substance addiction a crowd. social movement. riot. protest.

b

Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources? a landlord a parent a mayor a police officer

b

Which of the following groups argues that men suffer discrimination due to feminism? the Republican Party the men's rights movement third-wave feminist gay and lesbian groups

b

Which sociological perspective is concerned with how gender is constructed and maintained in our everyday lives? essentialism symbolic interactionism conflict theory feminism

b

Who does the family influence as an agent of socialization? only children everyone women the elderly

b

Robert Merton's structural strain theory sees deviance as the result of a person's position in a social structure. What do you think Jack Katz, author of Seductions of Crime, would say about structural strain theory? Merton's analysis fails because it does not understand that some people will reject both mainstream cultural goals and the institutionalized means to achieve them. Merton's analysis was correct in that background factors are almost always the most effective way to predict who will commit deviant acts. A focus on social position fails to consider the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual. Merton needs to look at a broader range of background factors, including age and sexuality.

c

What is a key difference between psychology and sociology? a. Psychology is concerned with on-the-ground interaction among people, whereas sociology is only about hard numbers and data. b. Psychology is focused on historical societies, whereas sociology is focused on present-day societies. c. Psychology specializes in internal states of mind while sociology looks at the individual in relationship to external social forces. d. Psychology focuses on social forces whereas sociology focuses on the individual.

c

What is the sociological imagination? a characteristic of society that ensures people remain ignorant of the connections between their lives and social change a particular way of understanding the criminal mind, such as that of a serial killer the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces the sociological approach that assumes individual decisions and interactions are independent of larger social institutions

c

What type of authority does a king wield, according to Max Weber's typology of power? legal-rational authority influential power traditional authority charismatic authority

c

Which of the following is an advantage of using ethnography to study social life? Ethnography is a quick and easy form of social science research. Ethnography requires the researcher to spend little time gaining familiarity with research participants. Ethnography allows the researcher to gather abundant data on a small population. Ethnography requires no training because it is something we all do as human beings.

c

Which of the following is true regarding social movements reaching the "bureaucratization" stage? It always happens at the beginning. It has not yet happened for the gay rights movement. It happened when American colonists transitioned from being revolutionaries to the official government leaders. It happened for the environmental rights movement with the release of the film An Inconvenient Truth.

c

Which term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy? social inequality apartheid social stratification social divisions

c

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization? Respect for parents is one of the key values of modern society. Family plays an important role in our everyday lives no matter what stage of life we are in. Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences. Family values are strong today in the United States.

c

________ authority is rooted in the personal qualities of a leader. Legal-rational Traditional Charismatic Instrumental

c

The theory of positivism states that an individual's sense of perception is the only valid source of reality. What was August Comte's purpose for developing this theory? to explain how class conflict led to social change to argue that symbolic interactions between individuals were the basis for social life to justify a particular kind of social system based on hierarchy and privilege to identify laws, such as those in mathematics and physics, that describe the behavior of a particular reality

d

W. I. Thomas famously argued that "if men define situations as real, others will label them as deviant." it will lead to tertiary deviance." they will be forced to provide evidence." they are real in their consequences."

d

What does it mean for a sociologist to control for a variable? Research participants are divided into two groups. Change over time is measured by a dependent variable. One group is allowed to understand the nature of the experiment, while the other group is kept in the dark. All factors except the independent variable are taken into account.

d

What is one of the basic principles of social stratification? Low-level groups often have basic access to the rewards and privileges of higher-level groups. Families' social positions start anew with each generation. All societies stratify according to wealth accumulation. It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society.

d

What must there be for a survey to be considered valid? a large target population a large number of existing sources a large pilot study a high response rate

d

When one member of a group spreads his or her emotional state to the others, ___________ has taken place. emotional expressiveness a sympathetic emotional response emotional synchrony emotional contagion

d

Which of the following theorists is credited with coining the phrase "the survival of the fittest"? Charles Darwin Karl Marx Émile Durkheim Herbert Spencer

d