SOC208- Exam 3; 7,9,11

If people help in order to receive praise from others, then what would be expected under cover of darkness? a. people would be less likely to help others. b. people would be more likely to help others without fear of embarrassment. c. people would not be able to feel empathy. d. people would be equally likely to help others.

a. people would be less likely to help others

Dave has just been shown a composite face of 20 women. He will likely rate this face as ________ in attractiveness. a. Exceptionally below average b. Above average c. average d. Below average

b. Above average

A New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress - even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened due to a. a high level of egoism b. his feelings of empathy c. the fact that he is a New Yorker d. the absence of the bystander effect

b. his feelings of empathy

Scott and Elizabeth grew up in the same small town. They attended the same school and went to the same college, where they took many of the same classes. At first, they were not particularly interested in each other romantically, but over time, they became increasingly attracted to each other and eventually married. This is best explained by the a. Affect-centered model of attraction b. Proportion of similarity c. repeated exposure effect d. Similarity- dissimilarity effect

c. repeated exposure effect

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee- deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store, and on his way he sees a stranded motorist. The negative state relief model predicts that Walter will a. keep driving because the motorist is a member of his in-group b. keep driving because on a bad day like today he can't begin to deal with one more problem c. stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings d. stop and try to help because he might as well wallow in his negative feelings

c. stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings

At a party, Ralph talks about politics, music, and literature with two different people. Ralph has similar views to the first person, James, on all three topics. Ralph has similar views on one out of the three topics with the second person, Matt. Who will Ralph like more, and why? a. Ralph will like James more because of their complementarities b. Ralph will like Matt more because opposites attract c. Ralph will like Matt more because of the dissimilarity effect d. Ralph will like James more because of the proportion of similarity

d. Ralph will like James more because of the proportion of similarity

Brad takes the bus to work every day. He is happy when a woman named Jill is riding the bus because they have a lot in common and chat on the way to work. He isn't happy when Kyle is on the bus because they don't have anything in common, and kyle often makes Brad feel bad. This is an example of the _______ effect. a. Repeated exposure b. Complementarity c. affiliation d. Similarity-dissimilarity

d. Similarity-dissimilarity

Which of the following is an example of a group with low entitativity? a. A work team b. A group of friends c. A family d. A group of concertgoers

d. A group of concertgoers

Emily is out for a leisurely drive and has just witnessed the car in front of her on the highway slow to a stop and pull off to the side of the road. The driver got out of the vehicle and lifted the hood. She is very adapt at fixing cars and there are not too many other cars on the road. After considering helping for a bit, Emily continues to drive past that stranded motorist. Why? a. Emily thinks there probably isn't really anything wrong b. Emily is not sure she will be able to help c. Emily thinks that someone else will come along to help soon d. Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick.

d. Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick.

Jenna falls in love with one of her coworkers, a man named Omar. She thinks about him at all hours of the day and is very happy when they spend time together at social outings or at work gatherings. They sometimes go out to dinner, to the park, or to a movie. One day, however, Omar tells her that he can tell she has feelings for him, but he only wants to be friends with her. Jenna has experienced __________ love. a. Passionate b. Fatuous c. romantic d. Unrequited

d. Unrequited

Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean. Since he does not know how to swim, Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself. This example illustrates that people a. often fail to recognize emergency situations as such b. often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do. c. usually want to be left alone and not deal with others predicaments d. often do not help others when they are alone

b. often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do

Two aspects of empathy _________ and ___________. a. sympathizing with another person; a belief in a just world b. sympathizing with another person; the presence of aggressive tendencies c. an internal locus of control; not being egocentric d. taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person

d. taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person

Greta works on a team at a toy manufacturing plant. Her team works on one type of toy, and each team member focuses on the production of a single part of the toy. In this position, Greta, along with her teammates, performs ____ tasks. a. Additive b. Cooperative c. Conflicting d. Social

a. Additive

Max, Tara, and Carlos all speak English and were born in the United States. While they have never met each other, they are part of a group. What type of group are they in? a. Common- identity group b. Common- entitativity group c. Common- coherence group d. Common- bond group

a. Common- identity group

It has been shown that complementarities are not a good basis for attraction. What is the one pair of complementarities that is the exception to this? a. Dominance- submissiveness b. Patient- impatient c. rational- impulsive d. extroversion- introversion

a. Dominance- submissiveness

Dr. Roland, a professor of chemistry, bestows an end-of-the-year award to the student he deems to have gone above and beyond throughout the semester. Dr. Roland does not release his rubric for how he assesses this, nor does he tell the students his requirements. At the end of the year, Dr. Roland bestows the award to Carla, his niece, even though she was absent for many classes and completed the work late. The other students are furious and want to know how Dr. Roland made his evaluation and selection. They are concerned with _____ justice a. Procedural b. Reward c. perceived d. Distributive

a. Procedural

Suppose Diane and Mark, as first-year students, are assigned dorm rooms right next door to each other. Shortly thereafter, they begin dating, and after college, they wed. The factor that would be MOST responsible for their initial acquaintance is a. Repeated exposure due to proximity b. Physical attraction c. shared attitudes and beliefs d. The need for affiliation

a. Repeated exposure due to proximity

When your feelings are negative about something in your environment, and another person just happens to be with you, you will tend to evaluate that person in negative terms, illustrating the impact of a(n) ________ on attraction. a. associated effect b. direct effect c. unintentional effect d. correlational effect

a. associated effect

Which of the following people would be perceived most positively? a. Gregory, who walks slowly but directly to his destination down the hall b. Gretchen, who walks briskly down the hall with an upright posture c. Meredith, who walks carefully down the stairs d. Susan, who walks briskly but stooped over down the hallway

b. Gretchen, who walks briskly down the hall with an upright posture

Roger, Sabiha, Emily, and George are working on a group paper for a class. Emily is often found to not be pulling her weight in this collaborative project. How would one go about reducing the likelihood of Emily engaging in social loafing? a. Ask Emily to demonstrate her competence to complete the task b. Convince Emily that her contribution is unique c. Limit Emily's input into group decision-making process d. Have Sabiha confront Emily about her performance

b. Convince Emily that her contribution is unique

Paul, Sarah, Deborah, and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by a. Emphasizing that each member take a cooperative and relaxed approach to the project b. Ensuring that each member of the group recognizes the paper as being important both to the group and to the members. c. ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members d. Acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class

b. Ensuring that each member of the group recognizes the paper as being important both to the group and to the members.

Joshua happened to be sitting next to Brittany when the professor returned term papers to the class. Brittany received an unexpectedly high grade and the teacher's comments were very flattering to her. Brittany now finds herself liking Joshua a bit more than before. This occurrence is best explained by the a. Similarity- dissimilarity effect b. associated effect of emotions c. power of proximity d. need for affiliation

b. associated effect of emotions

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he's going to donate $5,000, and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than $5,000. What is this called? a. Altruism b. Competitive Altruism c. Empathy-Altruism d. Negative-state relief

b. competitive altruism

Bob listened to a new song and did not like it at all. Shortly thereafter, this song was used by a company as its new advertising jingle, and the song was played over and over, so Bob was repeatedly exposed to the song. You would expect Bob to ______ for the song. a. Become neutral in his evaluation b. decrease his liking c. increasing his liking d. reevaluate his feelings

b. decrease his liking

Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the a. empathy- altruism hypothesis b. empathic joy hypothesis c. Inclusive fitness model d. negative state relief model

b. empathic joy hypothesis

Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident. Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the characters' lines before he says them. This situation illustrates the type of perspective-taking involved with a. an emotional reaction to the emotions experience by a close significant other individual b. feeling empathy for - and identifying with - a fictional character c. imagining how friends of yours would feel if you were in the same situation as another individual d. a cognitive understanding of how others must feel in a particular situation

b. feeling empathy for - and identifying with - a fictional character

On the street, a passerby notices Jeanette's bruised eye and asks if she is okay. Jeanette said that her boyfriend hit her, and the man said he was sorry to hear that but continued on his way. Later, Jeanette's best friend, Ellen, notices that Jeanette's bruise. When Jeanette tells her what happened, Ellen offers to provide help. This example best illustrates that a. people tend to realize the importance of helping domestic abuse victims b. people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger c. the five-step bystander intervention process often does not explain why a person decides to help d. people - both males and females - are more likely to help females than males

b. people are much more inclined to help a close friend rather than a stranger

While walking through Central Park, Mark sees a man being attacked and mugged. There are many people around the scene, and many of these people are holding phones. Mark is concerned for the man but ultimately does nothing. Mark's actions can be explained by the concept of a. empathic concern b. the diffusion of responsibility c. negative-state relief model d. kin selection theory

b. the diffusion of responsibility

Which type of group tends to involve face-to-face interaction among the members of the group, each of whom is bonded to each other? a. Common- coherence group b. Common- identity group c. Common- bond group d. Common- entitativity group

c. Common- bond group

When individuals don't have all the information needed to make judgements about the fairness of a particular situation, they tend to rely on _____ as an indication of fairness. a. The self-serving bias b. Their internal personal biases c. Their current affective state d. What they know about the people involved

c. Their current affective state

Regarding the affect-attraction relationship on social influence, an ad agency is primarily concerned with _______ in order to sell a product. a. Mentioning the unique aspects of their product b. Providing a balanced view about their product to customers c. arousing positive feelings d. Highlighting a company's business record

c. arousing positive feelings

What is the most common strategy for resolving conflicts? a. Setting subordinate goals b. Having accurate attribution c. bargaining d. Reward distribution

c. bargaining

When Tricia arrives at her office, her colleague Paula says that she likes Tricias outfit. This makes Tricia feel good and, in turn, makes Tricia like Paula more. Paula's words have a(n) ______ effect on Tricia. a. Negative b. Indirect c. direct d. associated

c. direct

Thomas buys a new, green winter coat for his wife, Maureen. He wasn't sure what size she wore, so he bought a medium, thinking that if it didn't fit he could bring it back to the store and exchange it. He shows it to Maureen, who, after noticing the size and trying on, develops a bad mood and is distant from Thomas the rest of the night. Thomas thinks she doesn't like the coat and snaps, "fine. That's the last nice thing I try to do for you." He storms out of the house. The next day, he learns that Maureen very much likes the coat but was sad that she used to wear a small but now a medium fits her perfectly. The conflict occurred because, when evaluating Maureen's behavior, Tom made a a. Situation of negative interdependence b. Social dilemma c. faulty attribution d. negotiation

c. faulty attribution

A number of venture capitalists know that they want to invest in Phoodle, a new tech startup company. Up until now, the VCs had never met as a group, but they each knew they could invest up to $1 million of their own money. They finally get everyone together to discuss the matter and, by the end of the all-day meeting, each member has agreed to invest up to $3 million. This is an example of a. The equity rule b. Bargaining c. group polarization d. Transactional justice

c. group polarization

Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. the fact that she is wearing perfume should a. increase her likelihood of receiving help from men only. b. decrease her likelihood of receiving help c. increase her likelihood of receiving help d. decrease her likelihood of receiving help from other women only

c. increase her likelihood of receiving help

George has been asked to join a "secret society" (similar to a small fraternity) at his college. This group's initiation rituals are quite severe and somewhat dangerous. In addition, members tend to identify strongly with the group. If George decides to join, he can expect that a. Member of the group do not function as a cohesive unit b. Members tend to leave the group shortly after being initiated as members c. members are very unlikely to leave the group after they have joined d. Higher status members tend to break away from the group more easily than do the low-status members

c. members are very unlikely to leave the group after they have joined

One primary goal in negotiating with an individual or a group is to a. Provide misleading information to an opponent b. Interfere with the opposition's support and information networks c. reduce the opposing side's aspirations d. Find common ground on which both sides can initially agree

c. reduce the opposing side's aspirations

Jeremy is an actor who specializes in comedy. His friends persuade him to perform at a venue that specializes in audience-led improvisation, meaning that the audience chooses the subject matter for the actors. During the performance, Jeremy performs better than he ever has during comedic scenes, but performs more terribly than he ever has in serious dramatic scenes requiring strong emotion. Jeremy's overall performance can be explained by a. The theory of social loafing b. Dominant response theory c. the drive theory of social facilitation d. Distraction conflict theory

c. the drive theory of social facilitation

Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates a. the empathy- altruism model b. the negative state relief model c. the empathic joy hypothesis d. defensive helping

c. the empathic joy hypothesis

Joanna has very little confidence in herself and her abilities, and she struggles with trusting other people and attaining genuine closeness with them. Which attachment style does Joanna have? a. Preoccupied attachment style b. Secure attachment style c. dismissing attachment style d. Fearful- avoidant attachment style

d. Fearful- avoidant attachment style

Approval for a new light rail has been granted by a major city. Those on the project excited to begin, as they have been planning the project for many years now. However, not long before the first day of work on the project, One of the team members notices a critical flaw in the business plan for the project. He can't believe no one noticed it before, as the error is so large that it puts the entire project in jeopardy. He pleads his case to the project manager and the financial committee, but everyone he speaks to is so committed to the project that they refuse to look at his evidence. He eventually quits, as he doesn't want to work for a team besieged by a. A risky shift b. Procedural justice c. polarization d. Groupthink

d. Groupthink

Jenny, a 5-year-old, may be the MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ______ video game. a. a violent b. any c. a logical d. a prosocial

d. a prosocial

Mark just noticed that he was accepted to law school. Excited, he walks outside his house to tell his roommate, who is working in the front yard. As he exits his house, he runs into the postal worker who always delivers the mail to his house. He had never liked the postal worker much, but now he is happy to see him and eagerly strikes up a conversation. Mark's evaluation of the postal worker is due to the _______ effect of receiving the news about law school. a. Direct b. Affiliation c. attachment d. associated

d. associated

Janelle wants to begin hosting her own podcast focused on community events. She will need some money to purchase recording equipment and create a small studio in her house. She is thinking of reaching out to other community members to ask for their financial support. Which of the following websites should Janelle use? a. twitter b. craigslist c. facebook d. kickstarter

d. kickstarter