SOCI 100: Textbook

What is poverty? Analyse it. Who are the poor?

poverty poor health and lower life expectancy vibrancy of working class reduced, since some employees can't work aswell and be less productive due to illness consumption of society reduced since the poor can't consume much more crime, social disorder, revolution disparity between rich and poor = moral problem or crisis poor often seen as not doing what they should or ould seen sa disreputable (objects of moral censure by those who have succeeded) blamed for degradation of society others argue that they're the victims of a system that impoverishes them analysing poverty three main reasons for existing capitalist system/economy maximise profits -> keep wage as low as possible, hire as few people as possible lay people off as business slows -> poverty reserve army of unemployed -> existing workers in line, reluctant to demand too much competition among social classes -> some elite seek to enhance their position by limiting others (limiting resources and access to them) government actions to reduce povery/ameliorate negative effects are limited by groups who believe the poor should maek it on their own, and that govenrment aid reduces incentives needed two kinds of poverty absolute poverty: measure of what people need to survive (focus on deprivation keep in mind that the absolute poor in Canada are often still better off than other countries relative poverty: defined by how some people are or feel themselves to be poor relative to others focus on inequality resources fall short of resources commanded by average individual/family in their community all communities have established rules of decency, need the money to reach these basic levels poverty in canada no clear poverty line, have sets of 'low income' lines what threshold? what amount of money consistutes as low income differes for single person and family differs on where you reside adequacy of income depends on health and ability level whether income is low depends on what you think income should buy (what is essential?) right to participate freely and effectively? as the standard of living rises, should it rise for everyone? -> would have to be defined relatively poverty line: income threshold, or incoe below which an individual/faimly would have great difficulty meeting ilving expensives necessary for sustainability below this line = poor LICO (low income cut-off) line annually: income thrshold just sufficient to buy basic essentials necessary to survive adequatly hybrid betwen absolute poverty (amount of money needed for essentials of life) and relative (calculates amount in relation to expenditures of family with average income) LIM (low income measure): half of adjusted median household income in a nation (adjusted = houshold size taken in account) used more and more now (easy to compute, can compare countries) depth of poverty: phenomenon of families living below the poverty line does the government play an effective role in helping lessen poverty? there is a redistribution of wealth, but is it enough? who are the poor? single parents (more women) seniors living alone (women outlive men, more likely) first nations and recent visible minority immigrants women take more domestic household duties more difficult to earn higher salaries work also undervalued, earn less money from employment more likely to take time off to help children, more women than men work in low paying jobs

What is income inequality vs wealth inequality?

income inequality increasing inequality and poverty occupy movement near wall street explaining technological advances: need the training to work in high tech workforce insufficient supply adequatelyt rained could be ST, but older woekrs can lack the education to acquire the skills, have too many other obligations, or be too tainted by LT unemployment may not have enough high tech jobs to make up for lost jobs in other sectors family change: people earning high wages more likely to marry on another social power: higher wages given to top ranked executives (although those who aren't corporate executives also earn money, like doctors) political climate: political opposition to raising minimum wage etc tax changes flattened -> richer Canadians not taxed much incomes for executives and superstars in sport and entertainment skyrocked winner-take-all society, where the rich have advantages to succeed and poor grow increasingly worse off without advantages tax policies favouring long term capital gains, involving income derived from investmeents in capital wealth inequality much greater than income inequality wealth advantages invested anywhere aroundthe world to yiled greater income and get more welath can purchase material comforts high elvel of financial security, allowing them to retire if they want early greater freedom and autonomy status, power, wealth with great wealth, can often get status and power (class defined economically, can buy power and status) of course, some can lose wealth and still have their class, or the nouveau riche who aren't accepted by the high class can afford more and better education (eg legacy, or the 'affirmative action for the rich') can purchase more trappings of high culture recognition as philanthropists power over employees -> can direct chartiesi, groups, bribe others, dontae can run for public office and get even more power by being politlcal dynasties fictionalised trials and tribulations of elite subject of many TV shows -> curiosity for how they live

Who are 'dangerous consumers'?

"Dangerous Consumers" used to be those who didn't consume enough (unemployed, drop pouts, poor etc)

What are the three components of religion?

beliefs, rituals and experiences beliefs and rituals changed and persisted both created as a response to people's experiences, and thus shape them

What is collective behaviour? What is the emergent norm theory?

Collective Behaviour collective behaviour = action generated or engaged in by group of people social movement a kind of collective behaviour, though different most forms of collective behaviour more short lived social movement intentional; collective behaviours aren't emergent norm theory new norms emerge in light of some precipitating event guide the often non-traditional actions that characterise collective behaviour in collective behaviour, conventional norms cease to be as effective or important not irrational, random, out of control - guided by new norms that develop

Explain the civil rights movement

civil rights movement Montgomery boycott: emphasised nonviolent action, stressed importantof language and messaging 'rights task' central role of strong leadership led black organisations to be more involved in civil rights organisations boycotts, sit-ins, freedom rides, mass marches, mass arrests occasional vicious attacks giving visibility and eliciting sympathy 'invisible leaders' largely black women - by-product of gender hierarchy Civil Rights ACt - banned discimination on basis of race, sex, religion, national identity

How has consumption been globalised?

consumption and globalisation often associate consumption with America and Americanisation US has consuemr society and exporting it global economy increased flows to everything related to consumption, greatly decreased barriers eg credit cards increasingly accepted and used globally local and regional differences local areas are not always overwhelmed by American imports, but can integrate them into local cultural and economic realities other nations/regions as significant exporters of important aspects of consumer society, eg BMW from Germany a lot of consumption still local in character consumption different in different parts of the world Japanese consumers different from US counterparts never really fully embraced idea of consumer society, still save money increasingly global objects, but also global services (eg package delivery) globalisation of consumers more and more time spent on being consumers used to be producers, eg workers now more likely to also define themselves by what they consume can move throughout the world as tourists (tourism itself is a form of consumption) learning what is expected as consumers - how to consume, how to work through a mall, use credit cards, make a purchase global brands brand = symbol that serves to identify and differentiate a product or service from others seeks to contrast with generic commodities if successful, can be sold in greater quantity adn at a higher price a lot of consumption oriented to purchase of bran-name products and services people can be brand names too, and are 'consumed' Nike - 'brand culture'; key part of larguer culture, infusing it with meaning

How has the internet expedited globalisation?

globalisation and the internet Internet expedited globalisation of different things spam unsolicited bulk email, often commercial, with offers or products global 'success' - stems from virtually everywhere on the globae, goes everywhere, impossible to contain or stop a flow that defines globalisation spammers findign ways to get around defenses don't need to be an expert to contribute computer viruses some benign, some are malicious can 'infect' computers and access information to use to buy things, steal money, theft try to warn about 'trojans' and 'worms', counteract them globalisation as a flat world - Internet is 'flat' in that virtually anyone anywhere can be involved theoretically; poorer countries may not be able to

Explain crowds and riots. What are possible negative and positive effects?

crowds crowd = temporary gathering of a relatively large number of people in a common geographic location and in a given period flash mob/crowd = easier to generate now, might gather suddenly individuals behave differently in crowds compared to other contexts conforming to different set of norms that exist elshwere in social world as opposed to idea of people losing control of cognitive processes in crowds riots temporary unruly collective behaviour causing damage to persons or property social decision on what is a 'riot' or what's a social movement protest negative views of riots may be motivated by furstrations over kinds of abuses and inability to dmuch about them under normal circumstances hard to generalise , but little support that rioters are criminals, unemployed, uneducated more likely to be men, young, been physically close to where ther iots occur, and feel that their actions can make a difference mass media can contribute in how they're treated live coverage can inflame and draw others to them also likely to be inaccurate, involve inflammatory reporting may suggest they should be emulated people can be injured, die positive effects can lead to change and improvements lasting power unclear

How is globalisation a social change?

globalisation as the ultimate social change greater solidity - tend to harden over time and remain largely in place people didn't venture from where they were born and raised, soaical relationships were with those nearby information therefore also didn't move very far had solid barriers global liquids melt and becoming liquid - more movement constant interplay between liquidity and solidity what is liquid can lead to coutnerreactions and erection of new solid forms global flows globalisation increasingly characterised by great flows of increasingly liquid phenomena of all types many believe they are being swamped with migrants places of flow as wellL immigrants recreating place they came from (eg Chinatowns) immaterial ideas, images, info can also flow through interpersonal contact and media, especially with Internet

What are possible good and bad outcomes of disasters?

disasters events that suddenly, unexpectedly, and severely disrupt and harm the environment,social structure, people, and property distinguished from accidents by greater impact human involvement can be natural phenomena, but humans often play a role in bringing them about and exacerbating consequences build in areas where they shouldn't, flimsy builds because they can't afford better ones take risks, tolerate mistakes, ignore warnings to launch space shuttles on time - Challenger can be political in nature - associated with revolutions, riots, acts of terrorism effects of disasters negative LT consequences worsen existing inequalities females in Haiti suffered disproportionately, less likely to receive humanitarian aid more likely to live in tents with little protection and security vulnerable to unwanted sexual advances and assault sometimes people and communities come together to deal with the diaster and aftereffects

What factors or conditions affect whether social movements occur? What resources are needed? Can they still be impactful, even if they don't succeed?

emergence, mobilisation, and impact of social movements conditions/factors determining whether a social movement will emergence must be grievance openings/opportunities within the political system various spatial arrangements, eg physical proximity, 'free spaces' to meet availability of resources resource mobilisation theory: focus on what groups of people need to do in order to mobilise effectively to bring eabout social change assumes some strain within larger society, and that there are groups who have grievances resulting from strains revolutions: social movement in which strains produced by state breakdown (failure of government to function properly, fiscal distress) play role in development of revolutionary movement resources and mobilisation of social movements five types of resources material resources: money, property, equipment organisational resources: infrastructure, internet, social networks, organisations and alliances human resources: leadership, expertise, skills, day to day labour, dynamic speakers moral resources: degree to which larger public reagrd movement sas legitimate, sense of high level of integrity cultural resources: bodies of knowledge or skill tacitly shared by at lesat some members of movement source of resources could have members who are able to produce the resources themselves can aggregate external resources, eg soliciting donations from wide range of donors need to locate patrons and rely on them to support the group social movement can co-opt resources of other organisations participation methods to ensure member participation asked to participate - embedded in social networks variety of social psychological factors - personally identifying with movement and causes, being aroused emotionally, being committed, being available in their point of life to participate incentives to be offered so gains outweigh costs/risks ** social and moral incentives goals, strategy, and tactics goals related to what they movement weeks to do strategy: LT plan to achieve goals tactics = ST, fluid, need to adapt quickly in light of changes eg countermovements and government officials factors in success sheer size novelty/uniqueness of movement and goals leads to media attention, can generate supporters and funds violence can be useful, but counterproductive if judged to be inappropriate, or incite violent reactions militancy: can achieve goals quickly, but can have counterreactions and suppressions nonviolence ability of individuals/groups/state to suppress social movement can be covert or overt impact of social movements often leave marks, even if ultimately not successful can suppress, but still be affected public may disapprove of methods used etc often leave strong legacies and have powerful impacts on later movements oriented toward changing society, but also impact individuals internet, globalisation, and social movements internet important in involving and organising large numbers of people no longer necessarily need teh physical proximity to be involved communicate easily with mobile phones, etc pictures, videos, instantly up on social media

What is the WSF and World Huaren Federation?

globalisation and cyber-activism world social forum (WSF) idea that protests about problem were insufficient, needing more positive and concrete proposals alternative to free-market capitalism arena for like-minded people to come together and exchange ideas on specific social movements and global issues huge social network based on cultural logic of networking world huaren federation asian financial crisis, anger aimed at ethnic Chinese rallies against violence held in many cities - collective behaviour coordiante through website and formation of new social movement global Chinese social movement, global watchdog for Chinese interests 'virtual social movement' - placeless, no HQ

Explain gay and lesbian movements

the gay and lesbian movements working together - overcoming sexual inequality between men adn women issues of social class divisions, racial/ancestral/ethnic tensions inclusion of bisexual and transgender individuals right political strategies? successful by making use of legal system to bring about change "rights talk": individuals equal before the law sexual orientation not included, but not exhaustive fight for marriage equality resistance religious conservatives opposed, arguign they threaten sanctitiy of marriage and traditional family fails to address inequalities inherent in institution of marriage itself don't benefit everyone equally suggest for: legal recognition for diverse range o relationships and family forms, separation of church and state, freedom from state regulation of sexual lives and gender choices homosexuality in the DSM removal of homosexuality as a mental illness replaced with 'ego-dystonic homosexuality' -> applied to those feeling stress as a result of unwanted homosexuality removed HIV/AIDS, ACT UP, queer nation recognition of HIV/AIDS impacting gay/lesbian politiceis and communities pressured to make new antiretroviral drug (AZT) more afforadable for HIV?positive ACT UP a new kidn of activiism: civial disobedience, activist art, other creative activities and representations

Who succeeds in school? What factors influence this?

who succeeds in school? meritocratic: expect that social origins and ascribed characteristics have no effect realistically there is usually a pattern of inequality, esp in the West inequality of educational opportunity be SES repeatable effect that is robust no matter how school achievement or SES is measured effect persistent over time doesn't vanish when introducing other measures measuring how far people persist in school: women more likely to hold uni degree young men can still find good jobs without a degree many occupations for women are competitive, become mandatory tightly gendered fields more likely to get degree if parents did (parental education effect on educational outcomes of children as a 'family affair') ancestral, racial, ethnic background immigrated to Canada -> 2x more likely to get a degree mother tongue not English or French more likely to get degree Asian background more likely to complete, but all better than ABoriginal students or those who are black social origins related to educational outcomes, and some ascribed characteristics -> not meritocratic

Explain the women's movement

women's movement based on feminism - belief that women are equal to men worked outside established institutional channels since women were denied access to them women's movement in Canada initially focused on recognition of women as subjects worthy of respect second wave came from women's changing roles during WWII (dealt with inequality, while wave one dealt with recognition) women started earning wages as men were away from war questoined treatment of women as second class citizens sex discrimination in workplace became an issue, sexist language third wave of feminist priorities - emphasised inclusion misrepresentation of all experiences in women, eg Aboriginal women issues of inclusion - women of colour, lesbians, working class focus on problems of minority women, place of women in larger culture and specific issues like sexual harassment, violence and sexual abuse, body image reformists: concerted with gender equality in workplace (white, middle class) patriarchal and sexist towards other women feminism lost edge with less wmen engaging in feminist dialogue in 'consciousness-raising' groups stunted feminist politics rise of oppositions global women's movement World Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WWCTU) focused on alcohol concerned with political equality for women as well 'universal sisterhood' UN women pressed for equality, eventually granted mroe leadership roles more loca and transnational women's organisations emerged more fluid organisational forms

Explain the impact of the Europeans' arrival to Canada. What is a 'vertical mosaic' and 'institutional completeness'?

Aboriginals overwhelmed by arrival of Europeans loss of life of Aboriginals -> helped them establish power structures power of colonisation - if Europeans won, it's a victory; if Indians won, it was a 'massacre' recent court case ruling that Indians were of 'lower primitive order' so they couldn't have thought to own the land highlights of privilege and power British and French compete for power Quebec Act -> two official languages, recognising power of Catholic Church, and civil laws of France in Quebec "multicultural": French had rights, Aboriginals had laws of self government, etc John Porter: "vertical mosaic" a nation fractured by ethnicity population a 'mosaic' of ethnic groups English and French as dominant 'charter' groups (groups with most wealth and power) Economic power belonging to White Protestants of British origin English/French -> Europe -> south Europe -> Chinese and Native Indians mosaic pieces vertically arrayed based on relative wealth, power, and advantage Raymond Breton: institutional completeness when new migrants arrive, they can integrate with one of three groups their own ethnic community larger receiving community other communities remain unintegrated? if they find all they want in their own ethnic community = institutional completeness help sustain ethnic attachment and perpetuate the existence of mosaic boundaries endurance of ethnic group boundaries in Canada institutionally complete ethnic communities help sustain ethnic mosaic 'threat of non-British peoples' -> Chinese head tax, residential schooling change after WWII gradual realisation of the holocausts groups of Canadians fought side by side in the war US civil rights movement increasing emphasis on human rights legal recognition permanent antiracist multicultural framework in Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms courts required to make decisions in light of multicultural past and present Multiculturalism Act: first national multiculturalism law introduced concept of 'visible minority': help monitor degree to which racial, ethnic, and Aboriginal peoples were successful in Canadian labour market "persons who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour and who do not report being Aboriginal perhaps helped create multicultural society, but didn't erode vertical mosaic?

What do Beck and Simmel say about marriage?

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim: marriage of any form as one of many ways of living together or apart not mutually exclusive, not forced to choose one, and not forever reflexive modernity: new stage in the modern world where people are increasingly self-aware, including how they are free of structural constraints can create themselves reflexively, relationships, and societies they live in individually chosen social ties being reflexive so they can be established, maintained, and constantly renewed cosmopolitanism: ability to transcend local constraints on thought and action and take into account different points of view, being open to variety of external and global influences no longer need to be locked into view that the only alternative is marriage have people questoining importance of self-disclosing intimacy - different kinds of disclosure? eg negotiating equitable division of labour? Simmel: always temptation to to reveal all to partner, but you shouldn't relationships require proportion of openness and secrecy would make it boring, no unexpected possibilities limited internal resources, every revelation reducing secret treasures only those with great storehouses/personal assets and accomplishments can have so many revelations to partner

Define race, ethnic group, ancestry

Concepts of Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry race = social definition based on some real or presumed physical, biological characteristic, eg skin colour or hair texture, as well as a shared lineage focused on how people define it ethnic group = socially defined, on the basis of some real or presumed cultural characteristic, eg language, religion, traditions, and cultural practises have a sense of shared origins, have clear boundaries, and endure over time distinct from others by those who see themselves as part of the group, but also by outsiders ancestry = highlights specific group of Canadians, indigenous, or Aboriginal people distinguishes groups who have enduring and legitimate claim to being the first inhabitants of a specific geographical space lines between these are pretty blurred; eg 'white' and 'black' black becoming 'ethnicised'; argument that it's now a self-conscious social group with ethnic identity eg 'Jews'; technically an ethnic group, but often thought as a race. not all come from the same genetic stock, however

What is gender, as opposed to sex?

Gender gender as a social construction subject to change over time is learnt, not really inborn; social process parents hold certain ideas about gender-appropriate behaviour socialisation in school same-sex social circles media femininity and masculinity gender identities -> the meaning of being a women/man is acquired during socialisation often develop stereotypes of the meaning of being a man or woman fluid categories with wide ranges, differing historically and geographical hegemonic masculinity and emphasised femininity hegemonic masculinity set of socially constructed ideas about masculinity focusing on interests and desires of men linked to patriarchy white, tall, athletic, young, married, heterosexual, father etc emphasised femininity set of socially constructed ideas accommodating to interests of men and patriarchy and involving compliance of females focuses on social ability instead of intellect/eg-stroking/acceptance of the roles of mother and wife gender discrimination work together to subordinate women and men who don't live up to the stereotype many women also do not live up to ideals and are adversely affected transgender: gender identity not conforming to sex they were assigned to at birth and who move across gender line in behaviour men benefit greatly, but hegemonic masculinity is largely invisible; not thought about women think a lot about it as they are affected ** femininity and masculinity detached from sex and body; men can act feminine etc gender performance not static, but fluid

What is 'self-disclosing intimacy' and 'pure relationships'?

Giddens: 'self-disclosing intimacy' couples disclosing more to each other, more intimate and honest companionate marriages may have survived for decades based on deceptions or omissions, staying together for norms or children disclosure can result in more fragility more weaknesses revealed - more likely for them to be more disapopinted in relationship prefer based on mutual disclosure however -> more mutually satisfying, equal, democratic 'pure relationship': entered into for its own sake, or what both can get out of it, and where it only remains if both partners derive enough satisfaction from it more likely to exist outside of a legal relationship possible for pure relationships to be formed on the side of another one; more choices and greater freedom not constrained to marriage

Explain Greenpeace as a social movement

Greenpeace global environmental movement dedicated to being a voice for our fragile planet began as coalition of ideas, protesters, and ideals initial vision to confront US military - creed of direct action raised funds, but were intercepted 'media mindbomb' expanded focus from nuclear weapons test to protesting killing of whales, spreading of toxi chemicals, drilling for oils direct action tactics, tipping off media outlets about protests and using 'witnessing' - presence of Greenpeace protestors to highlight objectionable activities international presence criticism: focused on loca, direct action, but now must coordinate with global organisation which may not always see eye to eye with each other staging events of sensational nature, but not offering anything viable or plausible? basic characteristics of social movement collective effort directly vinolving thousands of people from around the world in the organisation, and more supporter sand donors sustained for several years brought into being intentionally outside established institutional channels (not formally affiliated with any political party, religion, or business organisation) effort to sustain natural diversity of planet Earth and support life attempt to bring about substantial social change in how humans act

How do US, German, and Japanese education systems compare?

US, German, Japanese education systems Germany all elementary school students don't practise grouping; same curriculum end of 4th grade, given recommendations based on test scores and subjective assessments of student ability regarding secondary school three secondary schools: lower level 'gymnasium' (university), 'realschule' (middle)' and 'hauptschule' (lowest) transferring possible, but very difficult and rare only those attending upper level can go to university Japan from entry through 9th, there is no grouping high stakes test determining type of high school (75% futsuuka (uni), 25% other vocational and technical schools) family background very important - 'shadow education' system of more opportunities outside school key features of American schooling system US 'common school' ideal: all students attend same types of school tracking within schools, not between more variability in school quality by geographical region less centralised more likely for quality and character of education to be impacted by where family lives achievement outcomes in country Germany highest achievement inequality: highly stratified Japan: higher average achievement, but less inequality US lowest achievement and variability two features of educational systems significant nations with differentiated school systems (between school tracking) more unequal learning outcomes, and family backgrounds matter more standardisation produces less inequality in student outcomes, weaker correlation between family background and achievement

What is meant by social mobility? What types are there?

ability to change position in hierarchy upward mobility: ability to move higher middle class might want it more than lower, as they have some possibility even upper class want it (compete, keep tabs on those below) downward mobility: descending to loewr levels great hardships, and it's possible -> immigrants, economic problems types of social mobility vertical mobility (upward and downard mobility) horizontal mobility (movement within social class) intergenerational mobility: different betwen parents' social calss position and positiosn of children intragenerational mobility: moving up or down stratification system in one's lifetime structural mobility: effect of changes in larger society on position of individuals in stratification system, especially occupational structure structural mobility in canada occupational mobility affected by occupational structure changes eg son of farmer in 1900 -> occupational mobility -> upward intergenerational mobility -> intra as well more intra and inter mobility as the country changed family background is a good predictor of adult income poverty relatively transitory for most poor people but not all (lone parents tend to have chronic poverty ) small group of wealthy Anglophone families controlled much of Canada for the last century -> generally changed access to human capital recsource change intragenerational mobility (eg university education) achievement and ascription soscial inequality defined by status/power/class social positions based on achievement (accomplishments, merits, of individual) only accurate to some extent -> often has external factors ascription: being born with or inheriting certain characteristics, like race/gender/wealth/high status caste and slavery caste = most rigid/closed stratification systems possibility of inidivudal mobility very restricted (pretty much impossible) limited possibilities for change in status of caste group as a whole castes are endogamous (marry within own caste) not meant to really interact with other castes membership is hereditary, ecoomic and social resources unevenly distributed altered by social changes -> prohibits discrimination, avenues for upward social mobility (scheduled castes) dalit entreprenues still faced exclusion in market 0> hard without access to social networks, cultural and economic resources tried creating own capital? slavery: people defined as proprety, involuntarily placd inperpetual servivtude, not given same rights as rest in society children, particularly females, also used for sexual gratification

What kind of abuse and violence may occur in families? Why might they occur?

abuse and violence within the family parental abuse of children, husbands against wives (battered women) sometimes women can abuse children, husbands emotional and psychological, physical and sexual still relatively common, can feel 'justified' child abuse underestimation of numbers; only counts if its severe and reported fathers or father surrogates most likely to commit impact of child abuse increased likelihood of cognitive impairment impaired ability to reason morally (weakly developed conscience) greater likelihood of engaging in violence and crime more likely to be violent themselves towards others cycle of violence and abuse costs to society - social services, less contributions of victims, criminal justice nad healthcare need to change culture when children are 'property' -> human rights need to better protect, help, treat children domestic violence exertion of power over a partner in an intimate relationship involving behaviour that is intimidating, threatening, harassing, or harmful can be physically, sexually, emotionally, psychologically can occur multiple times majority are women usually victims of someone they know difficult and even fatal to leave violent relationships domestic violence a major cause of homelessness aboriginals 3x more likely to be spousal abuse victims gender socialisation often leads men to see violence as appropriate means of communication costly to society - less able to function well in society, need to pay costs of medical and law, shelters elder abuse financially, through neglect elderly men more likely to be abused, adult children and spouses most likely to prepretrate

What is meant by intimacy? How does it differ between men and women?

intimate relationships intimacy: close and personal relationship intimate relationship: partners ina close, personal, domestic relationship with each other by-product of courtship rituals in which two people are attracted to each other, develop intimacy, enjoy each other's company, and identify as a couple after a period of dating nature of intimacy not static historically, could be intimate without sharing much about self with each other now, increasingly involves disclosing a lot, if not everything, about self with partner levels of disclosure tend to be gendered females: socialised to communicate and express emotion males: socialised to suppress emotions and not communicate much women tend to be emotional caretakers and share first, help draw males out general assumption by women that self-disclosure helps strengthen a relationship

Explain belief as a component of religion

belief ideas that explain the world and identify what should be scared and held in awe ('ultimate concerns' Durkheim: all human experience divided into two categories: sacred (ultimate concern) and profane (ordinary/mundane) people can believe that virtually anything is sacred sacred treated with respect relation to it usually defined in rituals what isn't sacred is profane religious traditions are made of many different beliefs, about creation and suffering and ethical standards beliefs often presented in sacred stories and scriptures express a worldview - a culture's most comprehensive image of the ways that life is ordered worldview then turns shapes into ethos ('expressing a culture's and a people's basic attitude about self and world in general') beliefs as models of and for reality provide believers with information and framework for interpreting things around them show how the world should be vs how it really is, often prompting the believer to act eg Gandhi: believed world was grounded in truth and nonviolence, and politically resisted + act of faith many religious belief systems have cosmogony: story about how and why the world was created, links believes into act of creation religious traditions provide theodicy: explanation for presence of evil, suffering, and death most identify a source of evil how it recommends confronting evil can affect how the believer acts why do good people suffer and bad people flourish? most suggest that ethical behaviour is eventually rewarded

How do class differences and seasonal learning affect academic outcomes?

class differences in early childhood inequalities in earliest experiences (home environment) study: three types of families (professional, working class, welfare) were different in how they spoke to and interacted with children much more words addressed in professional, then working, much fewer in welfare professional families had more encouragement and greatest diversity in language more questions instead of commands in professional, and more responsive to requests differences in parenting practises and styles correlated with vocab growth, use, and intelligence preschool changing educational outcomes by changing cognitive culture when young? larger gains intelligence fade after a few years, but tehy're more motivated to learn as well > do better when older seasonal learning and class differences in achievement unequal learning opportunities still important factors measuring learning gains during school year compared to in the summer high or low SES learned roughly same during school, but high SES in summer keep learning while low SES don't growth in SES gap mostly happens in the summer 'faucet': open for both in school, but during the summer family resources become more important high SES attend summer camp, visit library, educational summer vacations, while low SES have less opportunities inequality within schools: tracking and student outcomes attending same school receive similar learnign opportunities? grouping students by ability (tracking/streaming) higher ability groups learn more, improve more rapidly -> receive more instructional time, experience more; more learning opportunities cumulative advantage: advantaged individuals awarded best opportunities curricular tracks: usually aligned with future ambitions 'high' focus on uni/professional careers, 'low' on vocational or basic high track offer better learning opportunities, with better teachers with higher expectations cover more material, more engaged, greater effort in school more likely to attend university prior achievement and grades most important predictors of track placement high SES more likely to be high achievers, will take high track however, same test scores -> high SES still more likely university-educated parents have advantages more knowledgeable in which classes were more demanding and linked to high level classes better understand how placement process works, how to intervene on child's behalf more integrated into social networks, can use connections to gain information influence choices in classes by encouraging them to challenge themselves and think in the LT virtually all students want to complete postsecondary credential 'university-going habitus' habitus = internalised set of preferences and dispositions learned through experience and social interactions in specific social contexts eg those raised in highly educated parents exposed to justifications regarding how important education is, may learn dismissive comments devaluing those with less education learn how important education is to be accepted into a group obligation to get a degree, not a choice

How do education and socialisation differ?

closely related to socialisation - no clear line of distinction (all a learning process) much socialisation and education taking place in family during early years adulthood: new learning during socialisation processes, but also education programmes socialisation usually more informal, while education is done formally in schools of various types about 5 years old: from socialisation to educational process in schools more homeschooling now? entering preschools where one stops formal education has implications on future levels of education and earning of great importance in life effects on nation-state - those with higher levels of education usually also more successful and have better overall health

Explain conflict/critical theories of deviance

conflict/critical theories focus on inequality in structures and impact of this on individuals causes some less powerful individuals to engage in deviant/criminal acts due to inability to succeed in society (similar to innovators) those in power that commit crimes can because it is easy and can define the laws and rules of deviance extended to other acts generally see those in lower ranking as more likely to be deviant deviance and the poor conflict theories can be applied to social inequalities throughout the ages contemporary theories: deviance is something created by capitalist economic system deviance serves interests of capitalists and adversely affect proletariat because of laws by societal elites, actions of have-nots are singled out for notice and sanctions keep in mind that cost to society of elite deviance is higher than those sasociated with have-not deviance deviance and the elite efforts made to legitimise elite crimes and elite deviance, or to pay little attention to them, although there are limits

Explain conflict/critical theories on families

conflict/critical theory family a rich area for conflicts based on gender and age power in family - who has it, how it's used gender conflict, where females are usually inferior age-based conflict, where parents are generally victorious parents have more resources, eg size, strength, experience, ability to satisfy needs children may have physical attractiveness, physical prowess girls taught to capitalise on good looks, cuteness, coyness; boys on athletic ability and performance feminist theory conflict view on relationship between genders in general internally stratified on basis of gender males imposing gendered division of labour within family benefiting men patriarchal structure male control enhanced by ideological mechanism whereby traditional family norms are upheld girls accept that they should put family responsibility first masculine power and privilege but balance of power in marriage or domestic partnerships depends on how they negotiate?

Explain conflict/critical theories of religion

conflict/critical theory and religion Marx: base of capitalist society is the economy, and everything else is part of the superstructure nature of ideas, state, religion all traceable to the base capitalist economy controls religion, and religion enhances and protects this economic base religion serving as an ideology that distorts and hides underlying realities of capitalist society serve to distract people and obscure economic and social realities religion as the 'opium of the people' Habermas: religion as 'legitimations' systems of ideas generated by social system to support own existence ideas associated with religion legitimate itself, as well as social, economic, political system in which it exists legitimations serve to mystify systems and make it unclear what exactly is happening, esp about negative effects religion as distortions and illusions to lead people into false consciousness many don't have a clear and correct sense of true interests prevents people from acquiring class consiousness role of churches?

How is consumption related to social stratification? (what is 'stratified consumption' and 'cultural omnivores'?)

consumption and social stratification upper class can afford to consume goods and services that loew can't consumption itself forms system of inequality stratified consumption fashion = stratified consumption elites want to adopt new fashion and distinguish consumption 'trickle down' as those below start copying with cheap imitations keep moving on to different fashions to keep distinguishing themselves veblen: elite members want to be consicious, before about accomplishments, now conspicuous consumption Simmel = trickle down assumes middle and loewr class copy consumption patterns of elite, while Veblen belives that consumption patterns can't really be copied -> elite solidifed through conspicuous consumption (wasteful) social class and taste kind of newspapers read, goods, how you talk, music, books good taste -> enhances position of elite members (good breeding) how others classify you, but also how you classify yourself through how you demonstrate taste quest for distinction Bourdeu: cultural dimension, idea of distinction (need to distinguish oneself from others) elites seek to distinguish themselves by good taste forced to keep being more refined as those below copy use cultuer to obtain and maintain position (ihgh culture) -> exclude lower class cultural struggle elites as cultural omnivores elites not snobs, but have diverse taste from refined to coasrse appreciate all sorts of things lower class are limited 'fast fashion' -> retailing, influenced by creations of fashion houses, but made quickly and produced shipped around the world help erode difference between stratified tastes

How is female and male anatomy on a continuum?

continuum between female and male anatomy 'hermaphrodites' -> now 'intersexed' doctors used to alter infants' genital structures to better match typical M/F anatomy 'transexuals': those with genitalia of one sex, but believe they are locked into the wrong body also a continuum with male and female hormones (eg oestrogen and testosterone) breasts, facial hair no clear cut difference biologically between men and women 'third genders': eg hijras of India, berdache of Indian cultures, kathoeys of Thailand, fa'afafine of Samoa

What are LAT?

couples living apart together (LAT) define themselves as couples without necessity of living together separate residences within same geographic area (as opposed to commuter marriages, where they live far apart) some measure of independence possible because of financial stability increasing understanding that being in close proximity isn't necessary to an intimate relationship more distant relationships can be liberating may have some negative effects though; time alone only some have access - need financial resources and flexibility at work more prevalent in those with higher social class depends on social changes, eg expanstion of global labour markets and transportation

What is crime and criminology?

crime = violation of the criminal law criminology = field devoted to study of crime (often sociologists) originally focused on innate physical/psychological traits that are 'born' and are out of the individuals' control resulted in view that they must be externally controlled by criminal justice system shifted to focus on social context, effects of actions on society

Explain some stats and demographics on crime. Who is most likely to commit crime?

crime statistics often inaccurate, difficult to collect in Canada, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR) accuracy differs by juridsiction, kind of crime, victims and witnesses, trust and esteem of police, whether crimes are reported use General Social Survey on Vicimization (GSS-V) - asks if people have been vicimised in past 6 months demographics and crime age: we distinguish crime from juvenile delinquency (18yo) most likely to commit in late adolescence, usually quite mild gender mostly by men, though women are increasing more opportunities now more higher level positions more responsibilty in supporting households being treated more like male offenders becoming more involved with drugs less likely for women to be found guilty and even less to receive sentence women more likely to be victims of certain crimes (eg sexual assaults, harassment, forcible confinement) while guys are more likely to be vicitms of murder, robbery, extortion ancestry and race aboriginals and african canadians incarcerated more in Canada, both visible and not-visible minority have same victimisation social class upper classes more likely to commit cirimes and evade police detection loewr classes more likely to be driven to life of crime, be convicted often can't pay bail etc over-representation of aboriginals in lower class = more aboriginals incarcerated?

Explain the criminal justice system and the types of crime that can occur

criminal justice system apprehension, prosecution, and punishment of those violating law, and preventing violations, as well as general responsibilities of safety major components: law enforcement, courts, correctional system individuals use professional judgement and individual discretion in decisions jails = locally controlled; prisons = provincially controlled/federally parole = supervised early release of prisoner for good behaviour parole officers help adjust to life outside prison, make sure aren't violating conditions else they have parole revoked and return to prison probation: released but under supervision and conditions arguably justifiable high costs if criminals learn that crime doesn't pay specific deterrence = if the experience of punishment and incarceration make it less likely for an ex-prisoner to commit crime recidivism: repetition of criminal act by one convicted for offense studies shown that prisons do not rehabilitate, but are 'schools for crime' need to focus on focused specific deterrence, individual factors (impulsivity), situational factors ultimate = capital punishment/death penalty, still may not be enough often have racial bias, very controversial, may have people killed in the process types of crime - severity often defined by elites violent crime: threat of injury/threat or use of force property crimes: gaining or destroying property indictable offences (serious, year or more in prison) vs summary convictions (minor) white collar crime: committed by person of responsibility and high social status in occupation focus on nature of offender, not offence corporate crime: involves legal organisations violating law organised crime: various organisations, often syndicated organised crime (eg mafia) using violence/threat and corruption of public officials to profit from illegal activities political crime: offence against atet to affect policies, or offence by state (domestically or internationally) hate crime: crimes stemming from the fact that those victimised are different and held in contempt by perpetuators (race, religion, sexual orientation, gender, natioanl origin, disability) cybercrime: targets computers and using them to commit traditional crimes or transmit illegal information and images consumer crimes: crimes related to consumption (eg shoplifting)

Explain critical/conflict theories on social inequality

critical critical of stratificed social structures -> involve and promote inequality focus on control those in upper levels exezrcise over culture culture very important -> elites control important aspects, liek Tv and movies, internet, networking sites send messages to further control those loewr in stratification system devote time to TV etc, so they don't have time to mobilise and oppose or overthrow those in power social rewards and status conflict concerted with social structure higher level positions wouldn't go unfilled -> are they really more unpleasant? are they always more important? upper level don't really need the rewards -> people would still be motivated to occupy those positions less rewards = less gap = more qequal large sums also probably isn't the best way to motivate -> what about just status or prestige? gender/race/class (feminists) focus on unequal positiosn of women and men men owned means of production -> gained positions of powe rand prestige that yielded major economic rewards women relegated to subordinate positions improved, but still there higher levels still also have barriers unique to gender -> lower self ratings to themsevles (internalised modesty) -> loewr upward mobility over and above glass ceiling motherhood penalty -> limits upward mobility with those that have children less likely to be hired, lower salaries, seen as less committed tothe workplace critical theories of race and racism white controlled inequality system put whites on top, keeping racial/ethnic/ancestral minorites as subordinates colonialism, imperialism, and postcolonialism colonialsm: methods employed by cuntry to gain control sometime s through territorial conquest, of another country settlers, formal mechanisms adminstrative apapratus to run colony's internal affairs exercise political, economic, cultural, territorial control -> exploit for benefit imperialism: control without creation of colonies, associated settlers, or formal methods of control more just economic control and exploitation (colonalism = political control) can be combined lenin: capitalistic economies seek and control other geographic areas social stratification implication: those associated with imperial power come to grab and occupy highest level positions postcolonialism: may lack positive sense of self to handle higher levels adequately after the colonial powers leave colonialists and imperialists therefore continue exercising economic and political contorl behind the scenes world system theory: focus on current stratification system core vs periphery periphery exploited by core semiperiphery: in the middle shift over time very marxian, focus on world as a whole

How do critical theorists think of education?

critical theorists focusing on culture, not economy culture of producing mass culture designed to repress, pacify, stupefy students education designed to keep people in place, not teach them things that are useful 'knowledge industry'

What are cults, new religious movements, and denominations?

cults may resemble sect, but are different sect = religious group breaking away from established religion as a result of schism to revive and rediscover it cult = new, innovative, small, voluntary, exclusive religious tradition that was never associated with a religious organisation seen in society now as a negative thing - destructive groups new religious movements encompasses sects, cults, and other innovative religious groups typified by zealous religious converts, charismatic leaders, appeal to atypical portion of population, tendency to differentiate between 'us' and 'them', distrust of others, being prone to rapid fundamental change eliminates negative connotations associated with cults emphasises idea that unconventional religious organisations should be examined objectively based on own characteristics denominations organised forms of religious expression that support the social order and tend to be tolerance of other denominations sometimes occur occur when new religious movements move in direction of greater respectability and public acceptance

What are some perspectives on the decline of marriage? (eg marriage naturalists, planners)

decline in marriage nuclear family = 2 adults, one or more children decreasing, rising percentage of common law diversity of alternative family arrangements lone-parent households gay/lesbian couples legal guardians, grandparents perspectives on the decline of marriage Cherlin: deinstitutionalisation of marriage social norms relating to marriage weakened, people increasingly questioning actions or those of others as they relate to marriage not plunging into arrangements, experimenting with others five factors women enter labour force, division of labour breaking down general lack of clarity, what they're 'meant' to do in relationships breaking down norms about having children within context of marriage eroding increase in childbirth outside marriage increasing divorce rates growth in cohabitation same-sex marriage historically, institutional marriage was dominant: focus on maintenance of institution of marriage itself, less concern about love or good companions later, companionate marriage: division of labour; being friend, lovers, companions, romantic love being essential collective focus goal = satisfaction of couple and family individualised marriage: more directed to satisfaction of individual, and their ability to develop and express self open, flexible, more open with each other in communicating and dealing with problems greater freedoms and sensitivities changing place of women in society - not restricted as homemakers or reliant, + contraception and abortion many will still marry, but they may not last until death 'carousal of intimate partners': some may be in marriages, but more likely to end, more likely to remarry dizzying speed, series of cohabitations marriage tends to exist with the often conflicting notion of individualism want to be free of constraints, but still be defined as a couple and failies 'marriage naturalists': view marriage as the natural expected outcome of a relationship that has endured for a period of time marriage as a prereq to being an adult marriage planners: ealing with practical realities before marriage, eg finding job, cerating and supporting household establish themselves as adults before being married may have premarital sexual/romantic relationships, cohabit, bear children out of marriage marriage naturalists more likely to be rural, closer to realities of marriage in mid-20th centure marriage planners usually in urban areas, closer to realities of early 21st century marriage in decline? reslience? rising divorce rates, increase in children born out of wedlock, excessive focus on individual divorce allowing people to escape from unhappy marriages, fewer children locked into families in which they are poor or abused?

What is deviance? Who defines it?

deviance is not necessarily a crime, but crimes are forms of deviance criminalisation: process of negatively sanctioning deviance through the legal system interest group must seek to have deviance criminalised Deviance no act, belief, or human characteristic is inherently deviant socially defined deviance = any action, belief, or human characteristic that members of a society or social group consider a violation of group norms for which the violate is likely to be censured or punished powerful groups can often define a behaviour as deviant to exercise control use power to resist efforts of others defining their behaviours as deviant power crucial in who is defined as deviant and suffers the consequences definitions of deviance influenced not only by power relationships but also time period, geographical location, and different groups eg obesity from normal to deviant, tattoos and premarital sex from deviant to normal despite large trends, some people can remain steadfast in belief of deviance eg smoking deviance in different cultures and areas global flows and deviance deviance seen as a global flow deviant people can move around the world quickly, easily definitions of deviance flow from societies deviance and consumption illegal and deviant g/s -> often deviant or illegal acts defining deviant consumption depends on the person, eg 'right' drugs and 'wrong drugs'

What is the differential association theory?

differential association theory: people learn criminal behaviour family and friends that people associate with are crucical sources of attitudes and knowledge about crime modern day = add internet, media, song, TV limitations: didn't explain why some became criminals under circumstances while others didn't, didn't give attention to role of opportunity

What are some views on divorce? What happens after divorce?

divorce factors in divorce what is divorce best known way of leaving a marriage formal and legal mechanism relating to legal marriages marriages often end with separations becoming permanent without a divorce often result of a litany of family problems that have occurred over a long period of time before a divorce is eve contemplated can be seen as a problem or a solution to problems increasing emphasis on self and individualism 'pure' relationships - do not necessarily feel locked for a lifetime in the relationship as long as it works for them, leave once it doesn't obligation to self to leave, don't want to jeopardise need to have a satisfying life used to value intact marriages, but bad marriages could be greater problems than a divorce eg children often feel neglect and humiliation material circumstances women more likely to be better equipped materially to handle divorce better educated, more likely to be in labour force - can afford it dissatisfied husbands more likely to leave if they feel their wives can survive and be financially independent no-fault divorce risk factors: lower education, marrying as a teen, cohabitation, poverty, having divorced parents, infidelity, alcohol/drug abuse, mismanaged finances, domestic violence more likely to have stable marriages if disagreements an anger are better handled after divorce can have lives enhanced - more successful, happier, may remarry can also have those who are much worse off, less well adjusted, etc selection effect: those prone to postdivorce problems more likely to divorce stress of divorce itself seems to play a larger role though fate of children? most function fine, but some may find it very stressful later adjustment depends more on degree and intensity of conflict during marriage, parenting, relationship with parents, economic status issues about where the child will live, vists, contact generally considered best for parents to maek decisions alone, but can also involve lawyers and the courts mothers more likely to get custody, and some fathers spending more time custody arrangements more complex children better off having contact with both over sole custody

How did the early names of sociology see religion?

early names in the field + religion Comte: founder of sociology, turned science into religion Durkheim: rejected religion, but was a subject of study Weber: conflict between faith in religion and rationalisation Freud: religion as a psychological defense mechanism Marx: rejected all religions as a tool to control the proletariat

How has globalisation affected ethnic identity and discrimination?

ethnic and ancestral identities historically tied to nation-states diaspora: dispersal, typically involuntary, of racial or ethnic populations from its traditional homeland and over a wide geographic area with decline of nation state, national identities now diluted, while ethnic identity (and others) grown in importance hybrid identities: identify with not only one group they were born, but also those of the area they migrated to ethnic identity and globalisation argument that globalisation is not a threat to ethnic identity ethnic identities not that fragile -> inculcated from birth within faily and then school and surrounding culture; often become part of core identity globalisation can be a force in creation and proliferation of ethnic identity; new pockets of ethnic identity and reinforcing in particular locals. global pressures can stiffen resolve to maintain ties ethnic identity and globalisation part of same modern process; trying to keep in touch through maintaining family traditions -> transnationalisation global prejudice and discrimination racism exists in many societies, not just Western North-South distinction; North usually developed, South usually undeveloped or developing North generally dominate, control, exploit, oppress south and minorities syste dominating globalisation today help the adnvataged in North, often hrut the South advantaged groups from North often invented minority groups in South (eg 'Indians') orientalism: set of ideas and texts produced by North to dominate, control, exploit Orient and minorities

What happens when there is ethnic conflict within a nation-state?

ethnic conflict within nation-states greater ethnic diversity -> increased ethnic conflict eg Paris; 19th arrondissement very large, poor, divrse, high crime rates dominated by Arabs from North AFrica, blacks from Mali/Congo, Jews rivalry, hate crimes whites least likely to be victimised, minority groups often aggressors victimising other minority groups most disturbing ethnic conflicts usually involve dominant group's efforts to deal with ethnic minorities by getting rid of them expulsion removal of group from territory direct expulsion: minority groups forcibly ejected by majority through military/government action voluntary expulsion: leave of own volition due to being harassed, discrimianted against, persecuted often occur at the same time many groups involved with diaspora experienced both ethnic cleansing establishment by dominant group of policies allowing or requiring forcible removal of people of another ethnic group women and girls often targeted with physical violence/murder, sexual violence mass rape often used as a weapon of war genocide acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national/ethnic/racial/religious group think holocaust, Stalin's mass killings genocide bcoming another negative flow

Explain experiences as a component of religion

experience combination of beliefs, rituals, and other practises to form religious experiences construct identities around religious affiliation and experiences negative relationship between wealth and religiosity: those living in poorer nations generally more religious (exception: US) religion, aboriginal spirituality, and the courts religious experiences can occur outside and with those occurring in the context of religions spirituality as all-pervasive for Aboriginals - integral to everything they do not separate from life, or confined to prayer have been problems in court - eg killing deer out of season for traditional purposes court segmented lives into activities (honouring dead, religion, hunting), while the Cost Salish do not have categorical distinctions secularisation declining significance of religion occurs both at societal and individual levels societal = declining power of organised religion, loss by religion of functions like education individual = individual experience with religion less intense and important religion more important to older people, and less people choosing to be nuns/priests religious views tend to guide private lives more than society as a whole dominant view now: increasing religiosity is coexisting with entrenched and expanding secularisation religion as a form of consumption one way to measure how much a religion has been secularised -> measure extent to which it has been associated with secular activities like consumption religion increasingly an arena to market religious experiences responding to a demand for them efforts to sell g/s related to religion, especially with holidays like Christmas religion itself as a form of consumption ('shopping' for religion) religion competing for consumers of religion: churches oriented to being consumer friendly, being entertaining Canadian universities with religious roots consumption becoming a new religion? shopping malls as religious centres? sense of community and centredness balance, order, symmetry; play as an integral part ceremonial meals cathedral of consumption

What are explanatory vs constructionist theories of deviance?

explanatory theories why deviance does or does not occur scientific/positivistic: view behaviour as objectively real, can be studied empirically determined by many factors, eg biological makeup, structure of society constructionist theories how deviance is constructed in society focus on those in power and the actions taken to create and define deviance -> is a social construct

What is a family? Explain some basic concepts (mono/poly/ceno/endo/exogamy)

family = group of people related by descent, marriage, or adoption important in socialising children to better fit into larger society universal social institution central to social life some basic concepts marriage: legal union of two people allowing them to live together and have children by birth or adoption monogamy: marriage of one wife and one husband (or two women, two men) polygamy: multiple spouses polygyny: family with multiple wives polyandry: multiple husbands cenogamy: group marriage endogamy: marrying one with similar characteristics in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, education level, social class, etc exogamy: marrying someone with characteristics dissimilar on these dimensions historically, more endogamy than exogamy, now increasing exogamy what constitutes as marriage and family changing and being less clear linkage between the two reduced or broken people will usually be involved in a marriage during lifetime, and may create families may not stay as long in families or marriage though

Explain the four major models on family conflict

family conflict conflict endemic to family life divorce the major result of conflict, but conflict still exists deficit model deficits in socialisation of family members contribute to family conflicts parents getting married too young, not progressed through enough socialisation themselves to socialise children growing up in unstable conflict-laden, poverty-stricken or economically insecure family inadequate education lack of ties with kin or larger social structure overload model because the public sphere has declined, the private has to take up the slack results in overload of responsibilities compensate by meeting more and more needs of members, eg providing money to aged retired family members cultural tensions model existence of family commitments and responsibilities, but also the increasing emphasis of individualisation and self torn between the two, inability to do both conflict of interest model tension between increasing equality in family and structural inequalities existing in society as a whole eg women who work are likely to handle inordinate amounts of responsibility at home as well anomie model conflict stemming from the fact contemporary families are left to own devices in negotiating and organising their relationship extended families and larger social groups used to help organise relationships defining priorities, division of work and labour, what is private?

What do we mean when we say racial categories are fluid?

fluidity of racial categories nothing intrinsic about racial groups that make the distinct dynamic, fluid social concept hypodescent rule: automatic assignment of a child of mixed race to the subordinate group apartheid South Africa - white (Europeans), black (Africans), and coloured (mixed, and Asians) Caribbean and Latin American - gradations between black and white, with indigenous descent and social status factored in increasing intermarriage - further complications First Nations communities with Indian and European intermarriage -> Metis Canadian blood rule: Metis must have at least 1/4 Indian blood people with Japanese descent have highest pairing of out-group coupling people tracing roots of descent to UK numerically largest, then French 3% Aboriginal -> fastest growing decimation of First Nations after European contact -> diseases for which they had no immunity immigration European migration key as Canada expanded -> now driven by migration from Asia measurement: source countries from immigrants in a year

Explain how social structure and discrimination interact, and the 'white racial frame'

foundations of discrimination social structure and discrimination whites disproportionally occupy higher level positions, aboriginals more likely to be at the bottom there are First Nations ancestry scattered throughout every level large numbers of whites also at the bottom main indications of inequality: extent poverty is linked to ancestry largely legacy of colonisation opportunities to be successful when starting in these conditions is limited have existed for decades culture and discrimination 'white racial frame': how whites view race "white framing": particular slant or interpretation of life that favours advantaged position of whites in European background tends to include discriminatory ideas, stereotypes, stories and tales, images, powerful emotions, inclinations to discriminate against others "white" itself has positive affect of purity, cleanliness, no harm successful and virtuous things are generally what white people excel at, while other disadvantaged groups may see these as selling out or 'acting white' pervasive in Canadian culture, affecting institutions and structures come to operate as a taken for granted, unconscious common sense eg believing Puritan work ethic underlying white culture more likely to lead to educational and occupational success individualistic work ethic over traditional emphasis on family discrimination used to be a matter of physical domination now more of a matter of hegemony: discriminatory practises subordinate others more on basis of dominant ideas than through material constraints

How are consumption patterns changing, in terms of gender and advertising?

gender and consumer culture consumption, work, and family women defined as prime consumers consumer practises closely tied to domestic practises and roles at home consume to care for and on behalf of families much of women's shopping relating to love (esp of family members) consumption patterns changing more likely to consume subcontracted services, eg cleaning and childcare consuem for self instead of others advertising and gender advertising and marketing usually targeted either to women or men women -> was often household products, helping with responsibilities to home and family, then moved to needs of working women feminist critiques emphasis in advertisements on weight, slimness, beauty set ideals that few can approximate and thus affect self esteem media influencing mothers recently, focusing on allowing women to purchase things to be unique gender ideals reinforced by spatial segregation of M and W departments for malls or TV networks ** remember that they aren't passive under pressure, can resist or actively reconstruct women and girls as consumers often had to do with the roles they played, then have more freedom esp cosmetics and clothing, advertisements in magazines, pop-up ads increased rates of eating disorders and body dysmorphia (obsession with perceived flaws in ones body), hypersexualisation of lives historical events marking development of interest in girls and children as consumers emergence of department store celebration of christmas and gifts dedicated sections to children intersectionality in gender and consumption being a women intersecting with race, class, minority statuses affecting how and what is consumed, how images are interpreted and constructed, etc

How are gender and sport related?

gender and sport men encouraged more to participate in sport -> result in dominations in sports world sport teaching, perpetuating, celebrating hegemonic masculinity, including dominance over opponent females often seen as inferior, don't generally live up to masculine ideals of strength, speed, etc began changing largely because of protests by feminists also greater knowledge of importance of sport/fitness to health greater opportunities and participation greater awareness of human rights/feminist issues to reduce discrimination and prevent/remove barriers to participation physical prowess in detention facilities seen as the only way to demonstrate masculinity sports in media almost exclusively about men can shape gender identity for men can also limit them and prevent them from what they can be due to need to live up to masculine ideal those who don't excel or participate may have masculinity and sexuality challenged rooted in how males are socialised to participate in sport by fathers engenders ideology of physical prowess as an exhibition of masculinity, pain and injuries should be ignored/hidden/normalised/disrespected coping mechanisms often internalised and can be detrimental larger pressures to 'do masculinity' when interacting with other males -> eg male ballet dancers

What gender inequalities may be present in families? (head-complement model, junior partner/senior partner model, equal partners model)

gender inequalities intimate relationships unequal inequality in amount of time devoted to household tasks shrinking now - men spending more time on housework intersection of race and class impacting involvement men spending more time on tasks that are discretionary mothers more likely to look after feeding, clothing etc care of ill and elderly mostly female inequalities in power and decision making ability to impose will on others despite opposition forcing spouse to do something, defining a situation a particular way often men are favoured due to greater size, strength, more likeyl to earn money, dominate conversations male power often institutionalised nd supported by religions, customs, goernments, policies head-complement model women or wives tend to complement head's role 'by being supportive and encouraging in emotional and material ways' junior partner/senior partner model both partners work outside home, but one is considered secondary to the other junior partner (typically female) responsible lfor home and childcare/rearing may leave labour force if required power more equitably shared than head-complement, but female junior partners experience dual stress equal partners model jobs viewed equally, domestic duties shared, partners can negotiate on who is the primary breadwinner infrequently seen stronger preference for male children throughout much of the world - female embryos more likely to be aborted female infants more likely to be victims of infanticide female children more likely to be victims of violence wife beating as most common form of family violence brides may be burned to death due to supposed infidelity, or if family can't pay dowry in full can be stoned to death honour killings - killings of females because they have engaged in 'dishonourable' behaviours

How is gender related to health/mortality, and crime/deviance?

gender, health, and mortality women tend to have longer lifespans, esp in developed countries lifespan increased over time, but increased more for women reduction in number of deaths in childbirth women suffer more illness/health-related problems? may be because they are more likely to admit it biological, behavioural, psychosocial differences gender, crime, and deviance gender the strongest predictor of crime (males more likely, women often victims) women making up increasing proportion of adults charged with crimes why are males overrepresented? family socialisation: females more controlled by mothers, less likely to engage in criminal behaviour strain: different expectations, inability to reach them leads to strain response to adversity: men more likely to blame others for failures; more likely to see masculinity as being affirmed by anger, striking out less female crime and deviance male chivalry -> may be too chivalrous to see females as deviants and protect them have not been socialised to see females as deviants, less sensitive to deviant acts male patriarchy: designed to prevent females from engaging in deviance and crime (taught to avoid risks, while males taught to seek and meet challenges) more female deviance and crime women's liberation: attaining greater equality, also closing teh gap between M and W for crime female vicitmisation: more likely to be abused as children, therefore more likely to engage in deviance to find selves in prison economic marginalisation: hard economic times thrusting women below poverty line, turning to crime

How do the effects of war depend on your gender?

gender, war, and violence men more likely to be killed or wounded in warfare women bear 'brunt of war'; noncombatant victims or organised collective violence eg MNC wars over territory, civil wars women more likely to be victims of international violence change of nature of warfare -> 'asymmetric warfare' involving forces of unequal capabilities often have shooting in streets line between combatants and civilans blurring more women in armed forces use of rape and sexual assault as weapons long used to weaken and demoralise 'ethnic cleansing' by forcing them to become pregnant and have impure blood used to traumatise victims, humiliate enemies by 'taking' women act of power, instead of a sexual act also have forced prostitution, slavery lives disrupted by international violence may be impoverished, homes destroyed a lot of shortages in war called upon to care for wounded (psychological wounds) may benefit? -> gain greater economic independence, more freedom, greater mobility

How is gender related to work and family?

gender, work, and family how intersection of work and family varies by gender married/cohabiting males do better at work and are more productive -> wives handling responsibilities at home; increased wages female lone parents and single women will incomes lower than married couples men still generally earn more separate spheres before industrial revolution, both M and F occupied private sphere and public sphere industrialisation resulted in separation of public and private men = breadwinners, public women = private cult of domesticity arguing that women should display submissiveness to husbands and male authorities piety as moral exemplars within the home purity in being virgins at marriage and strict monogamy after domesticity in being well-trained in domestic arts and caretaking middle/upper class more likely to meet cult of domesticity slowly breaking down clear-cut differentiation -> blended roles, even role reversals dual-earner households argument that in dual-earner families with children, wives tend to be saddled with second body of work after getting home from job ('second shift') men tend to devote more time to paid work, women more to housework division of labour in household -> men slowly contributing more, but still have certain roles they tend to play differences inw age and salaries in paid labour force a consequence of uneven division of labour in home supermoms 'domestic goddesses' happy moms tending to children subliminally manipulate women into feeling they should be super

What are global flows based on race/ethnicity?

global flows based on race and ethnicity migration of people of various races and ethnic groups who move around the world with greater ease and rapidity in advantaged groups more likely to be 'tourists' minorities more likely to be 'vagabonds', either immobile or forced to move social and cultural aspects of race and ethnicity defined socially and culturally as social constructions an ideas, can cross borders effortlessly Gilroy: flows relating to blacks in Atlantic region circulation of activists, idea,sbook, art, relating to blacks and race relations should focus on black Atlantic, not national boundaries emphasises flows instead of ahrd and fast definitions positive and negative flows those in North often create structures that enhance positive/protective flows police and medical systems allow personnel to flow easily, quickly through ewell-established structures setting these up is expensive minorities, esp those in South, can't do this, thus can't have the flows expedited by them structures expediting negative flows more likely to dump into areas dominated by disadvantaged eg illegal structures allowing free flow of weapons eg disease vectors those in advantaged positions often can be protected racism itself can have wide-ranging negative consequences -> flow of racism, or racialisation of the globe adapted and modified at each locale advantaged groups may also initiate negative flows (eg global warming) racial and ethnic barriers those of minorities may be locked into particular racial/ethnic identity, or physically unable to move from an area that defines them; more likely to be in South, where it may be difficult to move majority groups better at creating barriers between self and negative flow; can afford it minority group status likely to serve as 'subtle' barriers to positive flows

What is feminisation of migration? How are females disadvantaged in the workplace, and what is female proletarianisation?

global migration and gender increase in female migration ('feminisation of migration') much of it is women from South moving to North to handle work, largely as nannies and sex workers domestic work as largest labour market worldwide migrant labour enriching North, enhancing elevated lifestyle try to send money to families at home can be undocumented and informal, exposing them to worst forms of discrimination, exploitation, abuse can be held as debt hostages b y recruitment agencies locked up in houses of employers can be treated inhumanely, even murdered can be victims of sexual abuse/trafficking/prostitution feminisation of labour increase in women's labour force participation rates worldwide progress in employment status linked to gender equality movements, but also better integration of increasing number of areas into world economy through trade and production feminisation of labour = increasing participation of women in labour force refers to rise of female labour participation in all sectors, movement of women into jobs traditionally held by men both in developed and developing countries in developed countries, educated middle class women have moved into professional and managerial employment, but in global they are largely in agriculture and labour-intensive manufacture predominate office jobs, more likely to work as teachers, nurses, etc women and informal employment some are finding success, others are limited by nature of arrangements with employers informal employment = temp work without fixed employers, paid employment from home, domestic work, industrial work informal sectors characterised by low pay and lack of secure contracts, worker benefits, social protection no wage agreements, regular working hours, health insurance etc formal jobs can be replaced by informal ones due to lower labour and production costs women and men concentrated on different types of informal work - men in informal wage and agricultural, women in nonagricultural, domestic work women more likely to have lower hourly wages and less stability more likely to work in small workshops, from home more likely to accept them to continue carrying out household responsibilities female proletarianisation feminisation of labour often accompanied by female proletarianisation more women channelled into low-status, poorly paid manual work more women being drawn into labour-intensive and low-paying industries flexible use of labour, high turnover, PT and temp employment, lack of security and benefits women typically will work for lower wages, seen as easier to supervise more docile, more patient and dexterious global assembly line -> high status research in NOrth, but assembly line relegated to South often maintain officers, lifestyles of higher corporates women in export processing zones (EPZs) special industrial areas, often in developing countries, designed to draw foreign companies and capital investment offer MNCs incentive (exemptoin from regulations, taxes, etc) tend to focus on production of textiles, clothes, electronics for mass market characteristically unstable, trying to find cheaper places may reduce poverty and unemployment, facilitating economic development? serious costs - brutal working conditions, a lot of violence and abuse stupidly long shifts, unpaid OT, etc esp hard on women, esp those pregnant wnd with infants gender bias can intersect with age discrimination (higher younger women)

How is the North and South different in stratification?

global north and south north often dominate, control, exploit, oppress the south nation standing at the top (eg US) has larger proportion of middle and upper class positions than those dominated by loewr class and poverty bottom billion incomes of 1/5 of those in other developing countries low life expectancies, high infant mortality rate, higher malnutrition very poor, little power or prestige aspire to move up global ladder barriers: confilcts, wars, revolutions, bad governments falling behind race to the bottom economic race to have a chance of moving up global hierarchy lower prices than competition -> reduce costs by offering citizens lower wages, poorer working conditions, longer hours etc 'winning' country only remains so until undercut -> no real winner Rivoli:nations mus twin the race to the bnottom to ultimately succed -> 'gnition switch' turning economy on globalisation activists raised bottom though leads deeper into poverty for a while, and very advatages ot the wealthy North winning also isn't a guarantee to move up the global stratificaition, but guarantees poverty

Explain the globalisation of crime

globalisation and crime global/cross border cime increased with globalisation more global criminal flows -> action against also increased flow aided by decline of nation-state + inability to halt flows global criminal cartels expedite illegal flow more sophisticated organisational methods from McDonalidsation new technologies criminalisation of global activities nation-states still matter in defining global forms of deviance and crime sense of morality and norms of behaviour from nation-states pay attention to certain countries and drugs more than others drugs difficult to counter don't need a lot of resources don't need much expertise easy to conceal often not apt to be reported great consumer demand, no readily available alternatives free trade zones: geographic areas controlled by corporations rather than nation-states expedite flow of illegal products, efficient transit can argue that we have seen some success in westernisation of law enforcement global crime control US taken lead in countering global crime, influencing other nations prostitution (white slavery), then weapons, then financial system erosion of distinctions in criminal justice since 9/11 -> between law encorcement and intelligence operations, law enforcement and security border surveillance: tough on immigrants in Mexico, but lax on Canadian border? EU relaxed borders -> Europol however, democracy and civil rights threatened, crim contorl efforst not always transparent -> need accountability more dangerous attempts to cross border -> more deaths often focus more on stopping trafficking than protecting human rights etc attention and money to international crime/control can distract from other issues, eg welfare social media: can be used to crowdsource, social revolution, deal with crime -> information and social support

How are globalisation of sexuality and global flows linked to social change?

globalisation of sexuality linked to social changes globalisation of media sexuality as a growing presence in global media, esp Internet and social networks photos, movies, music sexualised media ('pornographication') increasing urbanisation cities at the centre of freedomes, including sexual freedoms learn about what's possible and 'cutting edge' from each other sex trafficking and sex tourism global network of 'sexperts' experts in medicins, law, psych, education -> 'sexperts' share expertise and travel to study and speak on sexuality globalisation of social movements social movements like women's and gay movements, repressive sex laws increased mobility easy to travel; sexual intercourse becoming global phenomenon global flows related to sex and sexuality sexuality flowing around world via sex trafficking, sex tourism, sexual disaporta, etc global phenomenon politically -> laws operating globally, global organisations cultural norms and values changing and flowing -> increasingly similar eg movement away from trying to control sexuality, viewing it as a series of acts mainly for pleasure and self-expression non-marital sex becoming normative global diffusion of sexual identities sexual minorities in global context key issue for sexual minorities is barriers inhibiting movement around world or encouraging flow can be erected within home country, as well as between countries lack of equal opportunity in workplace, bans on same-sex marriages physical assaults/murders of sexual minorities can push them to move, or better opportunities to work and marry can pull inexpensive air travel, internet allow easier communication however, also spread homophobia and prejudice/discrimination global sex industry sex industry increasingly important to global capitalism bars, dance clubs, pornography industries etc all create and meet demand for sex labour move both from South to North and vice versa most is from North to South as sexual tourists Internet expediting sex tourism -> information for those interested and advice readily available

What are some possible reasons for living alone or with nonrelatives?

nonfamily households: 'going solo' a person either lives alone or with nonrelatives increase in one-person households possible reasons increasing economic affluence allows them to afford greater costs associated with living alone consistent with growth of individualism rising status of women and higher levels of education and jobs - more independent, can marry later, separate, divorce communications revolution allowing them to communicate with others, be entertained, while home alone mass urbanisation making active social life of city available to more people aging of population, people living longer and more likely to find themselves alone

What are 'scientific' explanations for race? What is the cultural explanation?

historical thinking about race taken many forms over the centuries, but always serves as a way of differentiating among groups of people and creating hierarchies that empower and disempower key role in conquests "scientific" explanations Enlightenment: believed in the unity of humankind, but also in classifying things classification schemes based on race - from four to 30 different races also used to justify unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, access to resources, life chances of subordinate racial groups Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species social Darwinism: taken to mean racial differences were the result of evolutionary differences society shouldn't tamper, reduce, or eliminate differences IQ test used to differentiate and demonstrate racial superiority Gregor Mendel: distinguished based on genetic makeup key role in eugenics movement - argument that human population could be improved genetically through scientific manipulation defended racial segregation, opposed interracial marriage, sought restriction of immigration and compulsory sterilisation of those 'unfit' many criticise extremes while arguing for genetically based racial differences argue that predictions can be made based on race about everything James Watson: races with darker skin have stronger sex drive contemporary sociologists reject 'scientific' explanations - generally agree genes matter, but so does the environment cultural explanations cultural superiority and inferiority replacing biological 'culture of poverty' - sense of learnt helplessness and powerlessness usually used against poor people, but also now racialised against black poverty concept of race increasingly resembling concept of ethnicity

How does gender affect education and the hidden curriculum? How might it intersect with race/ancestry?

historically, little investment into education of females (expected to stay at home) gender gap in many countries slowly greater gains for women, but there are stil traditional male advantages females less likely to take advanced computer classes females more likely to be in certain fields (eg education, English, nursing) -> sex typing educational achievement and attainment 4th to 12th, females tend to score higher except in maths and science generally, educational attainment favours females more likely to graduate and attend university more likely to receive graduate degrees partly due to changing societal attitudes about gender roles and eclining sexism gender gap in pay hasn't really changed though females more likely to be engaged and comply, get in trouble less 'noncognitive skills' as strong predictors of academic success occupations tend to be segregated by gender -> many male-segregated occupations don't require postsecondary schooling gender and the hidden curriculum hidden curriculum: school's unofficial norms, routines, structures through which students learn various behaviours, attitudes, and values often push for competitiveness, achievement, understanding of social hierarchy boys more likely to get more attention in class, be asked questions, get constructive criticism, monopolise class discussions educational problems with males? problems with language and verbal skills, possibility they'll be in remedial and special ed classes, likelihood of failing classes and dropping out gender, education, and race/ancestry historically women, visible minorities, and First Nations have difficult school experiences, but now more graduate university media often depict black male youth as pathological and criminal -> viewed as insufficienly childlike by teachers 'adultified' mistakes in school seen as intentional, sinister African-American girls thought to be more sexually advanced black boys not allowed to be naturally naughty learn to be obedient to survive different expectations for different demographic groups girls to home ec and sewing lower class youngsters to slower tracks black children to compensatory programs women in nursing, social work, men in engineering college students more likely to come from working-class backgrounds

What are the four criteria for sexual deviance?

sexual deviance what is considered sexual deviance varies between place, time, individuals and groups marital rape no notion for a long time, wives not having the right to deny advances of husbands largely as a result of women's movement, largely now seen as a deviant or illegal act "any unwanted intercourse or penetration obtained by force, threat of force, or when wife is unable to consent" 'defining deviancy up': behaviours that were once overlooked/tolerated now being discouraged, deterred, forbidden, outlawed sexual harassment: unwanted sexual attention that can take place in the workplace or other settings many conservative social values => homosexuality as deviant four criteria to define a sexual behaviour as deviant degree of consent of those involved: when a party doesn't agree or resists to act eg rape, exhibitionism nature of the person/object involved in the sex act eg with children, sex with objects nature of the action involved or body part employed eg violent sexual relations, anal intercourse, body parts not thought of as sexual place in which the sexual act takes place

What is industrial upgrading? What is the global digital divide?

industrial upgrading some countries move up by being more competitive economically industral upgradg: nations/firms/workers take on progressively more complex and higher value production activities assembly: electronic components from other counries incorporated original equipment manufacturing: original brand name manufacturing original design manufactuing some variations, movement up hierarchy often occurs eg China, Mexico women in Mexico more docile, but also opened to more violence and abuse global digital divide globalisation lead to reduction of global poverty? flat world = barriers to participation in global economy declining/disappearing elimination of tariffs and other trade barriers -> more equitable global economy access to internet actually isn't that widespread yet (digial divide) main barriers lack of infrastructue in less developed countries low incomes in those areas making it hard to ge t access language: most in english slowly bridged by accessibilty of simple and inexpensive phones don't require expensive hardwired infrastructure of computers less developed nations using solar power, straight to moblie phone -> leapfrogging

What is institutional discrimination? How can it be 'invisible'?

institutional discrimination results from day to day operation of social institutions and social structures and rules, policies, practises discriminatino can be 'systemic' within a society found in various settings educational systems, eg underfunding of schools when student body is mostly First Nations labour markets, eg when equally qualified candidates from disadvantaged racial/ethnic/ancestral backgrounds less likely to obtain interviews and jobs courts and prison systems, eg where drug laws and enforcement penalise drugs that young black and First Nations men are more likely to use or sell, while laws against drugs whites usually use are less enforced healthcare system, eg where disadvantaged groups are likely to receive poorer-quality treatment usually attempt to be fair, but may have de facto discriminatory effect eg employment favouring senior personnel minority members overrepresented among less esnior due to historically limited opportunities eg competing norms of First Nations and university resulting in students struggling 'invisibility' of institutional discrimination mundane operations of large organisations are difficult to see, as opposed to individual acts many people benefit from discrimination of larger structures - higher-paying jobs, better working conditions, power over others often have interest in seeing insitutions continue to operate to own benefit rarely seen as a public issue or problem

How much intelligence play into academic success?

intelligence and school success educational inequalities due to 'natural' differences in intelligence largely inherited and fixed -> efforts to equalise opportunities futile? those who learn more in schools have higher IQs, but intelligence is not the most important predictor of learning self-discipline, work habits, more important in predicting -> rewarded the most similar intelligence in families, found by twin studies, BUT high percentage of adoptive families are upper middle class adoptive family environments more similar than nonadoptive born into upperclass, but also being raised by them, will raise IQ scores on intelligence tests increased over the generations

Explain inter/actionist theories of deviance

inter/actionist theories people choose deviance because it is the rational means to a desired goal ethnomethodologists: concerned in the way people 'do' deviance -> everyday behaviours they engage in that produce deviance people adopt methods to make deviance invisible to others may have times they wish to show they are deviant labelling a form of symbolic interactionism = labelling theory at least two things needed for deviance to occur symbol, or label: powerful negative symbols interaction: between a person/group doing the labelling (labeller) and those the label are applied to (labellee) those doing the labelling = social control agents (eg police, psychiastrist, or informal friends and family) deviant = has been labelled successfully as deviant, instead of focusing on what the individual does for this label interest in the way the person labelled is affected by the label can be accepted, resisted, rejected, shed great variety in reactions interested in actions and reactions of social control agents and interactions with those being labeled labelling is not a consequence of a committed act, but creation and application of others' rules and sanctions to an offender focus on agents -> labels not necessarily uniformly applied; eg murder always deviant, but others are less clear cut (eg alcoholism) more likely to be labelled deviant if poor, work in low status occupation, in devalued circumstances primary and secondary deviance primary = early, random acts of deviance, eg occasional drinking to excess almost everyone engages in this secondary = persistant deviant acts that become common, cause people to organise lives and personal identities around deviant status (eg moving from isolated encounters to obsessions and seeking them out) individuals can label themselves as deviant! -> the mind as an internal conversation key ideas in labelling process social control = process by which group or society enforces conformity to demands and expectations labelling and rules are a way to accomplish this distinguish rule creators and rule enforcers creator = elite members, devise rules norms and laws rule enforcers = usually (not always) distinct from creators, threaten and enforce rules moral entrepreneurs: individuals that define an act as moral outrage and lead campaign to have it defined as deviant -> illegal -> subject to legal enforcement moral panic = widespread but disproportionate reaction to form of deviance caused by moral entrepreneurs by definition, must be exaggerated (eg witches) can use 'folk devil' that stands for what is feared -> create greater stir stigma = characteristic that others find, define, and label as unusual, unpleasant, or deviant individuals with discredited stigma: assumes differentness is known or evident immediately individuals with discreditable stigma: assume stigma is neither present nor immediately perceivable passing = deliberately hiding identity or characteristic that could be discrediting

Explain inter/actionist theories on family

inter/actionist theory exchange theory rewards associated with marriage outweight costs men generally benefit the most - married men happier than unmarried men both married men and women have longer lifespans, fewer health problems, more sex, save more money, fewer problems marriage likely to break down when it's no longer profitable not as profitable - deprived relative to other married couples great rewards/lower costs in alternatives, eg being single, marrying someone else, becoming involved in another intimate relationship may be offset by costs, eg children involved

Explain inter/actionist theories on education

inter/actionist theory symbolic interactionism focusing microscopically on school, interaction between teachers and students, etc system of patterned advantages and disadvantages reinforced in classroom students acquire labels in the classroom (good, bad, smart, slow) to reinforce previous experiences reproduce both positive and negative behaviour aware of labels, pressure to live up to expectations of them classroom = interaction order primary responsibility of teacher to maintain order balance: too much contro can stifle educational process, too little can be chaotic ethnomethodology everyday methods employed to accomplish things analysis of talk and conversations in the classrooms don't treat students as cultural dopes (controlled unthinkingly by external forces), but as active and thoughtful agents involved in accomplishing things

What is meant by intersectionality?

intersectionality individuals can belong to more than one disadvantaged/minority group intersectionality: members of any given minority group are affected by nature of their position in other arrangements of social inequality many minority group members seen as enmeshed in "matrix of oppression" not only involving their ethnicity but also gender, sexual oreitnation, age, social class, religion, ability status, part of globe they live in multiply effects, not only additive opposite also true -> those holding number ostatuses that are valued also probably very advantaged ('matrix of power and advantage') exemplified by economic elite most prime ministers and corporate leaders qualify Canada Pension Plan (CPP) allocation benefit for elders -> those who earn more and work more during life get better payments therefore those disadvantaged in lifetime also disadvantaged in pension cumulative + LT consequences of advantage women working in male-dominated jobs often face discrimination and limits, but males in female-dominated jobs usually are quickly promoted to authority 'glass escalator' effect not all men have access to this - may have race-based or gender-based discrimination

How might lesbian/gay families differ from traditional nuclear families?

lesbian and gay families HIV/AIDS epidemic - reacted by building institutions to better deal with them gay and lesbian family: often came together for support and comfort against hostile environment now more affirmative more attention to individual rights to marry, adopt, be parents similarities and differences with straight families gay and lesbian families tend to be more reflexive, democratic esp compared to contemporary dual-labour straight families less constrained by gender roles same-sex male couples may not be sexually exclusive, can negotiate and develop ground rules for nonmonogamous sexual relationships gay male relationships more fragile, lesbian relationships more stable children of same-sex couples don't generally have an adverse effects most studies have been on children who have spent some time in heterosexual family; now more are being parents from the start same-sex marriage greater tolerance in the population on the whole can also be seen as a 'threat to religion, morality, heterosexual marriage' some welcome validation, appreciate gaining same legal rights and benefits may welcome it as a challenge to the dominance of heterosexual norms and values others may see it as a surrender to heteronormativity: view that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation threat to distinctive character of gay and lesbian culture and ways of life current relationships may offer greater freedom, creativity, equality

What is the difference between passionate and companioniate love? How has passionate love been commercialised, and what is Bauman's view of it?

love passionate love: sudden onset, strong sexual feelings, tends to involve idealisation of the one being loved brings with it great intimacy, though often short lived companionate love: develops gradually, not necessarily tied to sexual passion, and based on more rational assessments of the one being loved more likely to be longer lasting not clearly distinguished from each other -> usually start with passionate, then must be combined or supplanted by companionate love passionate love/romantic love recent sense of love traceable to consumer culture in the 50's associated with consumption and travel capitalised and disseminated ideas on romantic love to glamourise romance movie industry and luxury products as markers of affection automobile industry portraying outings (private intimacy) by care as a way of cementing a relationships fashion and makeup industries encouraging products with a promise to help found romance and love Bauman: love is fleeting even companionate low risk of erosion and disapperance challenge to intimate relationships offering people freedom from lifelong, loveless relationships, and experiences with love during lifetimes; different relationships? 'liquid life' family and marriage as liquid? -> vague and amorphous phenomena like 'relationships or personal life' instead of marriage 'new orthodoxy'

What are male and female sexual scripts?

men's and women's sexual scripts socialisation plays key role in learning sexual behaviour from others sexual scripts = generally known ideas about what one ought to do and not do as far as sexual behaviour is concerned male script focus on penis as 'tool' for sexual relations sexuality defined as coitus -> only way to use the penis appropriately and achieve pleasure excludes nongenital forms of sexuality ('only true form is outside one's self') meant to approach sexuality like work: be knowledgable and good at it, operate efficiently, be in control of both own bodies and partners female script sexuality is more like play: efficiency devalued, no need to be in control inwardly focused broader, involve more acceptable ways of experiencing real sexuality social aspects of sexual behaviour as gender-driven men expected to be in charge of arousal; women meant to be aroused men expected to be driven by lust and desire, women meant to be aroused by this men engage in instrumental sex, women in expressive sex learning of script as a way to account for gender differences in sexuality?

What is meritocracy?

meritocracy: dominant ideology involving belief that all people have an equal chance of succeeding economically, based on hard work and skills requires that social origins are unrelated with opportunities to move up education as an important institution -> potential to level playing field and provide equal opportunities structural-functionalists: meritocracy is a positive development society benefits by filling important positions with hardworking, skilled, capable individuals conflict theorists: advantaged groups will secure better opportunities, and reproduce social and economic status

Explain nonresident parents, and how fathers and mothers may have different problems

nonresident parents families in which fathers or mothers live apart from children mainly fathers, though mothers are increasing historically, fathers were absent due to demands of work, war, incarceration now include things like nonmarital childbearing, breakdown of cohabitating relationship, marital dissolution in popular media, nonresident parents often viewed negatively - 'deadbeat dads' or 'bad mums' masculinisation of irresponsibility: refusal of fathers to provide economically for their children generally unfair - many want to be active, but have problems in playing the role emotional issues, eg heartache associated with brief intermittent visits practical issues, eg no time to handle parenting responsibilities lack of financial resources due to demands of child support lack of adequate space in new home for children difficulty maintaining sufficient contact additional responsibilities associated with new home and new family difficulty meeting needs, eg extracurriculars "Disneyland Dads": only have time for brief trips or recreational trips when nonresident fathers can spend more time with children, they generally have higher academic achievement lack of contact can result in problems, eg poor performance in school or suicide women tend to have more problems as nonresident parents fewer financial resources, harder to pay child support may believe financially, fathers are in a better position to raise the children transnational mothers may believe that providing financial resources is the only way to engage with children while also tending and nurturing nonbiological children gender roles put more pressure on females to be more active may also lead to negative labels however, also more likely to see children, see them more frequently, have better encounters, and maintain contact with them

What are the four possible patterns of interaction when multiple ethnic groups come together?

patterns of interaction pluralism: many groups can coexist without any losing individual qualities can have vertical qualities assimilation: when a minority group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group, leaves behind old ways when immigrant gives up native language for English/French, adopting Canadian cultural values/customs sometimes is forced upon groups segregation: physical and social separation of different groups used to be mandated by law for many First Nations Quebec Act: effectively created separate space for descendants of French colony levels of segregation change, but still set in motion segregation residential choices genocide: active, systematic attempt at eliminating an entire group of people final outcome of racial/ethnic/ancestral group relations cultural genocides vantage point determines which seems more plausible

How is wealth perpetuated?

perpetuation of wealth can maintain social class across generations often pass to children financial mechanisms devised to allow wealthty o pass it on (self perpetuating) can use money and influence to resist taxation systems designed to resitriibute wealth in society eg fought against estate tax lack of wealth also self perpetuating horatio alger myth: anyone can get ahead or rise in the straitification system through hard work and effort dysfunction: puts burdens of achieving success on shoulders of individuals most people will fail and blame themselves

How might poverty and recession affect families?

poverty and the family 4x as much with female-headed families family structure causing poverty? poverty causing problems in family? weak family structure, poor as they can't work outside home, then children are poor as they aren't supported women left to raise children -> strain on family unmarried or divorce - adverse effects, only question is the extent family, consumption, and the recent recession less to spend on consumption of all kinds perception emerged that they shouldn't consume the way they used to consuming less, reducing level of debt and saving more; family debt also increased though prior to recession, often had 'conspicuous consumption' concentrating more on engaging in family activities, esp those that don't cost much more willing to discuss reduced circumstances and patterns of consumptions used to be embarrassing now more accepted 'work-and-spend' syndrome: wondering whether one or both partners have to work as long and as hard as they did to just consume more 'voluntary simplicity' movement by downsizing, getting rid of excess things reductions in family consumption can cause problems, eg worsening economic prospects, less tax revenue may mitigate negative environmental effects though

How does race/ethnicity/ancestry affect education and consumption?

race, ethnicity, ancestry, and education economic success largely predicted by educational opportunity and achievement more asians than canadians getting university degrees -> pluralistic? very few first nations have degree inequality in learning outcomes significantly more likely to come from poor families (family background strongest prdictor of how much a student learns) many students begin schooling with positive frame, but not all those from disadvantaged groups more likely to disengage due to exposure to oppositional peer culture? identify less with school achievement, focus on peer group culture and pride making school pay race, ethnicity, ancestry affect how much money someone is likely to make relatively little has changed race, ethnicity, ancestry, and consumption white consumption of Aboriginal culture whites have longstanding interest in consuming aspects of other cultures First Nations/Inuit art: many Aboriginals can't afford it "consuming everything but the burden", very selective unwilling to accept responsibility for problems that exist in First Nations communities? commercialisation of ethnicity minority groups sometimes seek to commercialise self internaitonal market for cultural and ethnic products some trying to seek exclusive rights to culture through leal means some transnational brands also trying to

How is identity focal to oppressed groups and individuals?

racial, ethnic, and ancestral identities many individuals in oppressed groups try to identify with the dominant adopt culture values, practises linguistic assimilation (adopting English/French, leaving old language behind) almost inevitable changing names to sound more Canadian may have advantages of physically resembling dominant/charter group may straighten/curl/colour hair, lighten skin, have cosmetic surgery to match some also proudly embrace racial or ethnic heritage identity = heart of social bonds ethnicity = sense of who you are, and the group you belong to issues of identity focal for individuals -> understanding yourself in ancestral, ethnic, racial terms, especially if not privileged

How did religion globalise? Briefly explain the major religions of the world and what is meant by fundamentalism

religion globalised before anything else importance of religion in transnational migration (bringing institutional religion to new locales) migrants transplant religions into new places, making them multireligious generate new and different versions of local religions, altering religion in migrant's homeland as well pluralisation of religion migrants also unify parts of the world, eg making pilgrimages to religious sites spread of religious organisations and movements through independent missions spread of institutionalised religion not unrelated to other institutions and aspects of globalisation most significant global religions judaism one of the smallest religions large concentration of Jews in Europe, migrations to north America, Israel signifcance: spread of Jews throughout the world, Zionism, Holocaust, anti-Semitism, conflict between Israel and Arab neighbours over Palestine hinduism strongly defined by Vedas: historical documents and enumerations of incantations needed for successful rituals associated with the caste system spread of yoga, transcendental meditation not as expansionistic as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism buddhism majority in Asia (China, then Japan) islam universalistic worldview: not chosen people, all of humanity having a common destiny global mission to rid world of competing idea systems, eg idolatry and superstituion saw itself as building and going beyond Judaism and Christianity understood itself as one religion among others travelling with the belief of being messengers, and everyone else waiting (or being actively denied) their message -> taking no notice of nation-states and borders didn't really work efforts of alternative religions against Islam principle of jihand (duty to struggle on behalf of God against those who doubted him) rarely pursued unconditionally -> willing to compromise ultimate victory ensured, so contact/trade/traffic with nonbelievers acceptable christianity along with Islam, fastest growing religions declining in Europe, but strong growth in global South southern Christianity differnt (more morally conservative) outflows from Europe, but also reverse and cross-flows producing different variants charismatic movement (Pentecostalism) started in poor black and white revivals in LA now second largest and fastest growing form mormonism transmits a lot of content via satellite maintains websites for global users used to have a ban on blacks becoming priests result of variety of global processes extensive use of internet church services, training etc broadcast via satellite to churches follows traditional path of globalising religions by sending missionaries around the world global acceptance pretty notable because it seems like a cult, eg polygamy and marriage of preteen girls to older men family 'sealed' to stay together after death tithing: 1/10 of income given to church hard to accept for some people hasn't adapted to local customs and realities, no incorporation of indigenous customs fundamentalism strongly held belief in fundamental or foundational precepts of anyr eligion characterised by rejection of modern secular world eg belief in sharia: traditional islamic law modest dress, abstention from alcohol, public prayers involved in globalisation often expansionistic, trying to extend power into more areas affected by various globalisations traceable to reactions to various forces, like secularism, pop culture, rationalisation

What are some alternative forms of families that are slowly increasing in prevalence? Explain cohabitation.

residential unit of one or more people occupying given domicile who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption distinguished by those involved related but not necessarily married, and by occupation of specific domincile householder owns/rents property and maintains it declining; corresponding increase in alt household formations changes to household decline of married couple household, increase of one-person people living longer women outliving men families growing smaller declines in number of births to married women, increases in births to unmarried, and proportion of divorced people alternative forms of families cohabitation sharing a home and bed without being legally married not formally constituted, no legal records varies on how long you have to be together to be categorised as cohabiting living together seen as a way to try out before marriage, though few plan on marriage when they begin declining number end up marrying used to be associated with being poor, less educated, or in lower classes ('poor man's carriage') Canadian law treating common law relationships as analagous to marriage eligible for certian pension benefits why? easy way to spend more time with each other and enhancing relationship save money by sharing expenses 'test drive' of compatibility women seem to focus on love, men on sex women seeing it as less legit and as entailing less commitment males concerned about decline of freedom, loss of autonomy high rate leading to decline of importance of marriage lone-parent families nonresident parents stepfamilies, blended families LAT gay families

Explain rituals as a component of religion

ritual not just believing, but also acting ritual = set of regularly repeated, prescribed, traditional behaviours serving to symbolise some value or belief rites of passage: rituals surrounding major transitions in life ongoing spiritual practises, eg personal prayer and worship services can help people communicate or show devotion to god, help organise personal and social lives, celebrations solve problems of personal and collective life -> provide time-tested actions, words, sentiments for every occasion addressing problems, rituals allow believers to identify the source of the problem characterise it as evil mark boundaries between 'us' and 'them' give themselves a means of working towards a solution, or at least the satisfaction that they are doing something about the problem *transform tragedy into opportunity and build a sense of solidarity *provide theory of evil and focus attention to an abstract issue or human enemy rituals believed to be effective, remember stories about their efficacy partly rational, but also evoke sentiments and emotions that are irrational when used to solve problems, it gains new authority, sustains old habits and preserves society and institutions crucial for social change and cultural innovation can be used for revolutionary purposes (eg Gandhi) can mark liminal periods (special time set apart from ordinary reality) inversion of apparent reality, giving hope to oppressed, the sad, the last

Define sex and gender

sex = biological distinction between males and females based on fundamental differences in reproductive organs functions based mainly on biological differences gender = based on what are considered appropriate physical, behavioural, and personality characteristics based on social distinctions

What is meant by sexualised consumption? What are the five interlocking markets?

sex and consumption everyday life sexualised, used to encourage consumption of things that aren't' inherently sexual ads using sexualised images to promote products -> using product to lead to sexual relationships ('sex sells') women tend to have negative reactions, less likely, while men are more positive human sexualities turned into commodities and marketed prostitution isn't new, but rise of sex industry is five interlocking markets bodies and sexual acts: prostitution, sex work ('real sex') pornography and erotica: sexual images and text that can be associated or lead to real sexual acts/relations (eg masturbation and sexual intercourse) sexualised objects: sex toys, drugs to enhance sexual sensations, costumes for sadomasochistic sex, lingerie, dildos, vibrators sexualised technologies: contraceptives, drugs for erectile disfunction or enhancement (eg viagra), surgeries, changing sex, digital technologies sexualised relationships: mail-order brides, bars and consumption sites for beginning sexualised relationships, sex therapists, self help for sex

What are possible sexual identities and orientations? What is pedophilia?

sexual identities and orientations sexual orientation = who you desire, with whom you want to have sexual relations, with whom you have a sense of connectedness. four categories: heterosexuality (sexual desire for opposite sex) homosexuality (desire to have sexual relations with someone of same sex) bisexuality (desire for sexual relations with both sexes) asexuality (lack of sexual desire) expression of sexual orientation varies with individuals sexual orientation can be different from romantic tendencies can have other sexual identities, eg a sex addict, sex worker, or celibate reflect changes in larger society, and affect those with identities and to whom they relate dynamic, not static eg openness about identifying as gay/lesbian pedophilia: sexual attraction to children negative publicity, especially when it leads to sexual abuse of children negative effects on self-concepts and identities of young men victimised by it, and priests involved in sexual relations with minors LT consequences of sexual abuse of First Nations children in residential schools sexual subcultures cross-dressing 'drag', polyamory, BDSM often came come together or split apart

Why has interest in sexuality grown? What is meant by 'emotionally hot' sexuality?

sexual selves sexuality = the ways in which people think about, and behave toward, themselves and others as sexual beings sex and sexuality are not always identical -> biological female can engage in sexual behaviour with men or women etc interest in sexuality growing because.. growing number of sexually linked social problems (eg HIV/AIDS) greater visibility of sex-related social movements (LGBT) technological change, eg erectile dysfunction drugs (eg Viagra and Cialis), and media's presentation of sex of infinite variety globalisation of sexuality (eg sex tourism/trafficking) more brazen expressions of sexuality in consumer culture (widespread commerce in sexual activity and use of sexuality to sell) development of Internet, where sexuality is readily available and vibrant commercial sex culture has developed culture giving us patterns, rules, codes to manage sexualities and expression symbolically important to both self and others in society stories of symbolic importance study of emotions: sexuality as 'emotionally hot', but with social forces to cool it off Weber: rationalisation as an 'iron cage' that limits things like sexual expression

What is a social movement? What is social change?

social change = variations over time in every aspect of the social world, from changes affecting individuals to transformations having an impact on the globe as a whole social change affecting self concepts of individuals, structures, global economic and political systems, etc occupy movement Social Movements social movement = sustained and intentional collective effort, either to bring about or to retard social change usually operates outside established institutional channels

How is sexuality constrained by society?

social constraints on sexuality increasing sense of sexuality growing increasingly free of social constraints media treatment of sexuality relaxed attitude toward teenage sexuality okay to have sexual relations, have pregnant, have babies as a teenager not totally free still structures (school, family, law, police, religion, customs) constraining sexuality closely linked to hierarchies, eg minority status minorities more likely to be constrained (eg men more free to express sexuality, women more likely to be abused and raped and sell sexuality) culture and consent consensual sex = sexual intercourse agreed upon by participants in an informed process sexual assault = sexual acts of domination usually enacted by men against women usually between acquaintances rape = violent sexual intercourse communities vary in possibility of sexual violence and constraints on behaviours that might lead to such violence religious communities soften have strong expectations for modesty and sexuality sexuality in colleges can promote rape culture (environment conducive to rape) presence of alcohol, drugs, age, ratio of men:women sexual assaults with serious consequences 3x more likely to suffer depression 4x more likely to contemplate suicide 6x more likey to suffer from PTSD 26x more likely to abuse drugs 13x more likely to abuse alcohol as coping mechani

What is the social construction of difference? How do prejudice and discrimination interact? Use dramaturgy to explain it.

social construction of difference insistence on significant differences between racial, ethnic, ancestral groups think of group affiliations as 'objective' -> based on exzternally observable characteristics still all social definitions; Thomas principle stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination stereotype = generalisation about entire category of people usually work against minorities basis of prejudice and discrimination prejudice = negative attitudes, beliefs, feelings toward others discrimination = unfavourable treatment of others arising from negative stereotypes and prejudice discrimination can be formal ('on the job') or informal ('social situations') always overt behaviour a lot outlawed now deny access to opportunities and rewards discrimination and prejudice can occur without each other prejudiced without discrimination (not acting on them) usually interact though can have trouble sympathising if advantaged and not experiencing it 'white privilege': obliviousness to sorts of questions minorities experience on ongoing and regular basis ethnocentrism: the idea that norms, values, customs of one's own group are superior many will claim they are unprejudiced dramaturgy whites often unconsciously conceal or play down discriminatory actions on front stage back stage: often make inherently racist comments, making discriminatory jokes code word or symbols instead of overt slur most minorities sensitive to slurs, even though they're meant to only be understood by the insider group to preserve self respect? just survive? * remember it's not always whites and blacks -> other groups

Explain inter/actionist theories on social inequality

social inequality is a microlevel individual actions/interactions inequality is a process, not a structure stratification involves interactions among people in different ositions symbolic interactionsists -> social inequality is more fluid(struggle over things symbolically important) those above define what is important, and those below can accept or reject and create other symbols important to them that elevate their positions eg reject long hours and high stress associated with higher level positions, and put higher value on positions with more reasonable hours and less stress ethnomedthodologists: people can exist within stratificed structure, but what matters is what they do in it eg the way they work, appear, body language elites can get others to do their bidding, but those at bottome can use position to extract handouts , obtain loans, scholarships

What is social inequality? What are the three dimensions? What does it mean to be 'consistent'?

social inequality: social differences that are consequential for the lives people lead, especially rewards and beneifts they control Dimensions of Social Inequality social class economic position in system of social inequality, esp occupation determines and reflects income and wealth close to each other in wealth and income = members of same social class upper class, middle class, working class, and lower class Marx: defined by ownership of the meas of production (resources necessary for production to take place) capitalists vs proletariat hierarchal stratification capialists had profits for self, higher incomes, greater wealth, while proletariats barely had enough to survive capitalists now replaced by corporations; those at top have too many of hte stocks and bonds, but not factoriers proleterariat still stell labour time for means of production, but can be minor stockholders etc status prestige attached to positions within society eg physicians are prestigious power ability to ge tothers to do what you want them to do, even if it's against their will generally rank high in stratification system prime minister -> ordinary -> felons and noncitizens exists in instituations too (large corporations) income generally associated with power, although not always -> eg breadwinner wives that earn money but may not hold power Consistency/Inconsistency across Dimensions of Inequality status consistency/crystallisation: have same rank aross the three dimensions status inconsistency: positions on one dimension can be different than positions in other

What was the Quebec separation, and how did it result in social movement and changes in Quebec, including Aboriginal land claims?

social movements and ethnicity and ancestry Quebec separation 30% used to speak French, now about 22% Quebec used to speak more -> slow extinction? declining, proportionately few people use it regularly; erosion slowing but still occuring language at the heart of culture -> words with which we think, accent, comfort zone countering erosion: 'revent of the cradle': having more children who speak French, trying to increase birthrate language laws: encouraging immigrants to learn French and send children to schools where French is the language of instruction; businesses using French etc radical methods: separating it from Canada? -> Party Quebecois (separatis party) beyond language preservation ethnic identity -> not "French Canadian", but Quebecois 'distinct society' of Quebec study on Quebec, South US, northern US, English Canada English Canada and Northern US similar on core values and principles, largely beause of history of British colonisation Quebec and Southern US have different underlying structures, esp with religion, governance, agrarian economy changes in Quebec old system was more conservative, authoritarian, hierarchal -> now most liberal, permissive/tolerant population in N America Quiet Revolution: old hierarchical collectivism overthrown Aboriginal Self-government and Land Claims term 'Indian' all but vanished contains powerful symbolism -> asserted ancestral status as first peoples on the land First Nations: disputes language of charter groups -> aserts primacy, recognises Aboriginal peoples as multiple nations naming process changing spelling into English spellings -> change into spellings more congruent with native dialect micro/personal sense of membership and identity macro/structural sense as legally recognisable entities many organisations representing diverse group of First Nations Assembly of First Nations (AFN) Nunavut: carved from former Northwest Territories self government, territory where Inuit population has democratic control

Define income, wealth, assets.

some positions in society yield a lot of money, status, power, while others yield very little Canada based on money using money as a reward makes it valuable used to have others, eg bartering (which we still do) money economy criticised should have symbolic exchange: swap things, but most importantly the proces of exchange is valued in itself and for human relationships inovlved and not because of the economic gians (money) derived from it greater contribution to group = higher ranking, instead of more money recognised for helpfulness income: amount of money earned from job/business/returns on various types of assets and investments wealth: total amount of financial assets and other financial properties accumulated to date less the the total of various kinds of debts/liabilities assets: savings, investments, homes, automobiles; debts = morgages, student loans, car loans etc wealth can be inherited; also can earn substantial income and not be wealthy due to squandering

What are stepfamilies/blended families?

stepfamilies and blended families stepfamily = two adults who are married/cohabiting, at least one of whom has a child or children from a previous marriage or cohabitation living with them blended family = some combination of children from partners' previous marriages or relationships, along with one or more children of currently married/cohabiting couple stepchildren tend to have more problems 'incomplete institutions: don't have institutionalised guidelines and support to deal with problems differences between stepfamilies and first-marriage families more complex, need to spend time with stepparent and biological parent often insufficient time to develop family routines and rituals, difficult to adapt bonds between first-marriage parents and children often better established and closer, at least initially can be difficult to find roles at beginning lack of legal relationship - lack of rights regarding stepchildren after divorce, etc stepfathers: relationship mediated by third party, may resent time mothers spend with children can cause conflicts of loyalties and allocation of money and time difficulty serving as father figures stepmothers: may feel they have ambiguous expectations frustrated by lack of support from partners closer to certain children than others

Explain structural/functional theories on social inequality

structural/functional all societies are and have been stratified; need system of inequality to exist and function properly needed to ensure people are motivated to occupy less pleasant, more difficult, and important positions in society inequality needed to be sue that people with the right abilities and talents find hteir way to into appropriate positions (need good fit between people and positions) assumes higher level occupations are more important than lower levels also harder to fill, due to difficulties and unpleasantness (think doctors) to motivate people into positions, need greater rewards, like prestige

Explain structural/functional theories of deviance

structural/functional theories Durkheim: deviance and crime have always existed, therefore are 'normal' and must have positive functions for society and its structures allows societies/groups to define and clarify collective beliefs/norms/values norms and values prohibiting/limiting deviance would grow weak without being exercised on regular basis in response to deviant acts society needs deviance strain theory discrepancy exists between larger structure of society and structural means available to people to achieve what is valued strain = exists when culture values one thing, but structure of society doesn't allow everyone to realise that value controls structures providing institutionalised means to cultural goals deals with structural relationships between goals and institutionalised means eg value on material success eg unemployed -> have to be unhappy - criminal deviance ponzi schemes take money and use it himself, invest in returns choose because easier, quicker, easier for them to evade detection adaptations to strain most important: Merton's theory five possible relationships between means and ends conformists: accept both cultural goals (eg making lots of money) and traditional meansa of achiving them (hard work) -> only one not deviant innovators: asccept cultural gaosl, reject conventional means to achieve them ritualists: realise they can't achive cultural goals, but egnage in conventional behaviour with successes retreatists: reject both cultural goals and traditional routes to them; completely given up rebels: reject both traditional means and goals, but instead substitute nontraditional goals and means some adaptations higly functional, positive consequences conformity: allows social system t continue without disturbance innovation: needs innovation to adapt to new external realities rebellion: sometimes society needs radical change ritualistics/retreatists: dysfunctional > functional -> no contribution social control theory focuses on why people do not commit deviant acts; if they have a variety of social bonds structures and people working on their behalf as functional -> those involved in structures and responsive to those acting on their behalf are morelikely to be conformists, less likely to be deviants family and school as important structures -> essentially need commitment and social ties inhibitors: factors taken into account in deciding whether to commit a criminal act eg social ties are inhibitors

Explain structural/functional theories on families

structural/functional theory Parsons: family as a structure with functions for society as a whole nuclear family freed family members from obligations of an extended family allowed mobility needed in industrial society of the time functioned because of clear distinctions between 'expressive' female and 'instrumental' male roles need for organisation in society socialisation of children into how they should act, learning norms, values, and morality of society internalising what is communicated during childhood socialisation -> 'conscience' personality also shaped during this time, remaining stable over life course family important in socialisation, and communicating coherent sense of culture and morality childhood socialisation often changes as they mature experiencing different situations constant need for socialisation over time norms and values tend to stay, needing little or modest reinforcement functions of family society must replace those who die (childbearing), traditionally within family fulfil need to provide physical and emotional care to children fulfil socialisation function share resources to meet economic needs intergenerational support (support economically, emotionally, as children grow) control sexual behaviour mechanism for helping children find place in society, esp in stratification system criticism out of touch with modern reality more diversity now, doesn't work conservative bias understate disharmony and conflict and family-related problems

Explain structural/functional theories on education

structural/functional theory capitalist systems and education Marx: capitalist society's dominant social institutions support and reproduce the capitalist system to maximise profits, capitalists must motivate workers to work hard even though they get disproportionally small share of profits schools train students to be submissive, docile, punctual, hardworking ('hidden curriculum') receive highest grades certain workers need different skill sets to perform role well (eg managers) curricular tracking: those more likely to attain jobs requiring creativity, independence, problem solving skills put in advanced classes with enriched curriculums to instil these values high track students exposed to more sophisticated, encouraged indepdendence, while low track students rewarded for rote learning and conformity different interpretation: workingclass students don't passively submit, but activelyer sist attempts to be docile 'oppositional culture' reject school and embrace working-class culture, end up reproducing capitalist order by becoming factory workers highlight role of students as active agents in process of social reproduction social reproduction: class relations and capitalist order systematically reproduced with each new generation of students industrialised society and education Weber: modern industrialised societies increasingly dependent on rise of rationalised bureaucracies main purpose of schooling to help certain social groups exclude outsiders from entering trade/profession, thereby monopolising and controlling access to economic positions central to status competition between societal groups educational expansion due to credentialing: linkage between educational degrees and high status positions low and high status both pursue upward mobility high status maintain social position by acquiring more education and educational credentials low status finding it more difficult to attain same credentials, hard to improve ** often little substance to 'inflated' credentials -> doesn't really make them more efficient or productive, but is just a social signal to convince employers they're the 'right' kind of person eg MBA

Explain structural/functional theories of religion

structural/functional theory and religion functions of religion social functions of religion, esp solidarity produced by it religious and cultural traditions becoming 'sacred canopy' covering people and providing a sense of security, answering questions about meaning or purpose of life answers include vision of universe, worldview, ad perceptions of how to best organise life explanations for puzzling aspects of life, eg etheodicies provide ethos (set of ethical guidelines) identifies taboo lines marking what is unacceptable/immoral behaviour promotes positive action, eg sharing and caring gor others provide a theory about what happens when norms are violated (codified as law) often start with something similar to treating others like you would like to be treated consequences can be automatic and built into structure of the universe (eg karma) harming others may result in them harming you back, but also may become a habitual practise for dealing with conflict compassion increases chances of those we treat well treating us well treating others with compassion as a relatively universal theme provide guidelines for a better style of life those actively religious more likely to have better physical and mental health help people develop social support networks and cope with stress provide individuals and groups with hope for future can give a sense of self confidence and confidence in the future role in process of social change eg condemnation of racism and apartheid sponsoring refugees dysfunctions of religion can lead to ethnocentrism, intolerance, conflict, violence 'paradox of community' - what brings us together can also tear us apart forging identities with negative comparisons can result in disrespect for others functions of religion can be dysfunctional in various perspectives promoting solidarity and order, but minorities can be oppressed or exploited to keep injustice in place provide explanations for suffering/evil that single out certain groups as responsible for problems social solidarity and antipathy towards the other exclusivist 'chosenness' theologies promoting status of one group at the expense of another accentuate differences between us and them, create superior status ethnocentric views of the world, 'chosen by God' more likely to exclude and condemn outsiders religious justifications and scapegoating sometimes religion promotes violence and evil behaviour provides rationale for use of violence against others 'mechanisms of moral disengagement' to avoid guilt for engaging in harmful activities eg dehumanisation, victim blaming, advantageous comparison

How has education been commercialised?

students as consumers of education, slowly being active producers of the educational process commercialisation and consumption students in consumption society bring ethos into educationally setting education at universal levels seen as a product to be purchased and consumed emphasis on evaluating educational alternatives to find promising greatest return for least amount of money increased commercialisation of education system increase in for-profit education in corporations form of shadow education, outside formal school system but used as a way of investing in educational success of children corporate businesses in traditional public schools donating to causes, providing laptops etc

How much does the school itself matter, in terms of outcome?

the Coleman Report: how much do schools matter? schools pretty similar in 'quality' few school characteristics are related to student learning -> most important were teacher quality and family background/racial composition of students learn more with better teachers and white, middle-class peers most important predictor was family background very slight advantage in learning for Catholic high school students, mostly due to more rigorous coursework US public schools actually outperform private school students in maths SES effect sizeable when children begin kindergarden -> can't just be because of opportunities while in school

What is the global women's movement?

the global women's movement globalisation and rise of global economy creating/exacerbating inequities of women response -> expansion of international women's movement focusing on reproductive rights, labour issues, sexual harrassment UN INternational Women's Year, related world conferences specific issues: human rights, economic conerns, healthcare issues, violence against women focus on adverse effects of global capitalism lack of women's voice localise global political activities, organise against certain global activities

What is a global family? What are four forms of global flows that affect the family?

traditional family declining - don't need to live in same country etc characteristics that used to separate people now less important new family types and configurations also new possibilities for conflict family members bringing with them new and broader stress and strains clashes of different languages, cultures, religions, races may enrich family and larger society hybrid forms resulting in innovative and interesting differences increasing liquid global families don't form solid and immutable structures impervious to outside/global influences commonalities in family forms global flows that involve the family four forms entire families can move from one part of globe to another with relative ease individual family members can move to different part of world and bring family later usually males do the moving bring family once they are secure enough also possible to make lives for self and then leave families behind increasing numbers of women moving first many women move globally in low-paying, low-status jobs though, unlikely to be strong enough financially to enable others to join them individuals can immigrate in order to create a new family marriage bureaus brigning together men from coutnries with women from less developed countries can cause problems great economic disparity women often come from unstable political and economic countries, hard to adapt often portray women as fitting traditional gender expectatoins, but may not women in weaker position, more vulnerable to abuse transnational adoptions generally involve flow of children from less to more developed countries transforms families problems - health risks, spending some time in less developed coutnries stresses from differences in culture, esp if they aren't infants global flows that affect the family global migration global family affected by population flows global migration (both legal and illegal) different people from different parts of the world coming together some settle and marry, many won't create families very different global trafficking human trafficking: selling abd uying humans as products children sometimes trafficekd for illegal adoption from poor, weak countries to the richer/stronger illegal global traffic in human organs family members in developed countries who can't obtain needed organs locally better able to survive poorer people sell organs exploitation global economy downturn -> disrupt, lead to unemployment increased outsourcing large corporations more likely to be MNCs, high level employees likely to move on a regular basis less developed countries more likely to be involved in global care chains, away from home countries and families global conflict young men most likely to die in war 'marriage squeeze', leaving women without a sufficient number of suitable male mpartners

Distinguish between a sect and a church

types of religious organisations faith communities sustain and nurture religious experiences for individuals religious traditions persisting will become institutionalised and possibly bureaucratised religious institutions reflect organisational forms prominent in society, but there is a tension between formalised institutions and newer/less form religious groups religions with pluralistic religious worldviews and diverse population are often decentralised homogeneous populations and belief systems often centralised distinguishing between the sect and the church sect = small group of people who have joined the group consciously and voluntarily to have a personal religious experience often spontaneous and unregimented leadership usually composed of laypeople, not anyone with specialised training antiestablishment, often have members alienated from society and status quo therefore, largely from lower classes more interested in changing society often set themeselves apart from society may segregate self physically as well church = large group of religiously oriented people into which one is usually born into leadership composed of professionals with specialised training often highly bureaucratic draws members across all social classes doesn't restrict memberships like sects; seek to include as many people as possible (can have missionaries etc) codified belief systems and elaborate rituals generally have lower levels of commitment than sects, more mainstream no clear line -> 'ideal types' sects tend to become churches as sects become larger, need bureaucratic structures eventually become less spontaneous and more formal and rigid