SOCI 1101 test 3

stratification at home

"Second Shift" (cooking, cleaning, caring for children), women put in an average of 28 hours per week, while men put in 22 hours. Women are a minority, and minority women suffer the "double handicap" of both race and gende

Asian Americans

"the model minority" myth: approximately 19 million (or 6% of U.S. pop); includes Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Hmong, and Thai. Numbers fluctuate by ethnicity: Indian Americans have the highest MFI = $104,000 in 2019 (1/3 work either in medicine or engineering; 70% have college degree), followed by Japanese Americans $81,000 MFI; yet Korean and Chinese Americans have lower than average MFI OVERALL, enjoy highest MFI $87,194 in 2019; poverty rates 9.7%; college degree attainment 56%. Yet have endured racism and hardship as well ("yellow fever" of 1880's and 1980's, concentration camps in U.S. during WWII; discrimination in higher education admittance; COVID-19 racism)

color blind racism

"the unconscious bias"; the opinion that race differences are merely an illusion and that race is no longer relevant.

upper class

(Mills) Leaders of the Economic, Political and Military sects of the U.S. 5% of the U.S. population earns more than $200,000 annually

upper middle class

15% of the pop., incomes from $100,000 -$200,000; 2/3 of upper middle class children receive college degrees; (half of UGA's incoming Freshman classes report household incomes of more than $100,000; "merit" has become the new inherited privilege); high prestige occupation

lower class

20% of the pop., income less than $25,000 annually; includes poor and working poor; in 2018, 39 million people (12%) living below the poverty line of $25,000 (MFI); low- prestige blue collar, minimum-wage.

lower upper class

3%-4% of the pop., "Nouveau Riche", "Working Rich"; have earned their way into the Upper class; lavish houses, cars, clothing; (Veblen: Conspicuous Consumption), name and genealogy not as important

working class

30% of the pop., median income range of $25,000-$50,000; semi-skilled blue collar and "pink-collar" work; only 33% of children will realize college degree; little or no accumulated wealth

lower middle class

35-40% of the pop., incomes from $50,000 -$100,000; 50% of lower middle class children will attend college; middle prestige occupations (lower prestige white- collar, skilled blue- collar work)

middle class

40-45% of the pop., MFI from $50,000 to $200,00

administrative work service work pink-collar jobs

50% of working women hold two types of jobs: ________. (secretaries, typists, receptionists, etc.) employs 25% of all working women, while 25% work in low -end _________ (food service, health care, child care, etc.). Together these types of work, administrative and service, make up __________ jobs. These include speech -language pathologists (98%), preschool and kindergarten teachers (07%), dental hygienists (97%), child care workers (95%), cosmetologists (95%), secretaries and administrative assistants (94

premarital sex

52% say sex before marriage is "wrong or almost always wrong" yet 46% of teens have premarital intercourse by their senior year in high school, 56% have engaged in oral sex

extramarital sex

90% say it's wrong or almost always wrong, yet 17% admit infidelity (19% men, 12% women). Put another way: 81% of men and 88% of women remain sexually faithful throughout their married lives

porn, prostitution, and sex work

: ($10 billion per year industry) is seen by Second Wave feminists as exploitation, patriarchal and discriminatory. Porn before the internet was consumed largely underground in smut shops and seedy movie theaters. The normalizing of porn since the 1990's (via the internet) has led to a multi-billion dollar industry that is distributed via telecommunications giants such as AT&T, Time Warner, etc., whose shareholders get rich off exploitation. The corporate profits from porn are both astronomical and largely off the books However, Third Wave feminists might view porn or Nude Dancing (300,000 dancers work in more than 3000 clubs) as empowering. Many women who do sex work view themselves as professionals, pay mortgages, put kids through college, etc. Shouldn't these women have a right to make a living doing sex work? Conclusion: the gender revolution has been much more complete for women than for men. For the first time since the 1940's in the U.S., when asked "if you could only have one child, would you prefer boy or girl" a plurality are now saying femal

upper upper class

: 1% of the pop., often described as "Blue Bloods", or "Old Money"; membership is by ascription only (though occasionally by marriage); most Upper Uppers inter-marry; clubs and associations are exclusive; name and genealogy very important (Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Kennedy, etc.); families become Upper Uppers after wealth has been passed down 3 generations

income inequality

A ratio of the earnings of the richest to the earnings of the poorest despite "Crazy Rich Asians" and model minority stereotypes, income inequality (ratio of income in the top 10 th percentile to income in the bottom 10th percentile) is greatest in the Asian-American community (11.0x). Followed by African- American (10.0x), and Hispanic (8.0x). Income inequality is lowest among whites (7.0x).

HOOKING UP: LESS COMMITMENT,

Among heterosexual college women, 60% still hope to meet their husband on campus (though most declaim the "MRS" degree stereotype). But with declining male/female ratios on campus (79 men for every 100 women nationwide; UGA is almost 60% women), more women settle for bad relationships or "hookups" (IWF, 2018). Is hooking up empowering for women? Many favor hook ups because they don't have time for relationships. Bogle (2009) argues hooking up, thanks to social media, apps, texting, has spread everywhere to older generations.

conflict sex role theory

Capitalism turns women into economic property of men; into consumers (shopping) in order to seek personal fulfillment; and into domestic or low-wage slaves.

schooling

Curricula encourage children to embrace gender-appropriate classes, topics, college majors (males, sciences and mathematics; females, humanities and the arts), and careers

welfare reform

Ended guarantees of federal aid to children, turned over programs such programs to states, food stamp spending cut, added five year limit on payments to any family.

David-Moore Thesis

Functionalist take; stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society. By distributing societal resources unequally, society motivates each person to work better, longer and harder, which results in a more productive society.

Dan Clawson

If I'm raising a daughter, I'm raising someone who can challenge conventions and be anyone she wants to be. If I'm raising a son, it's the same straight jacket of hegemonic masculinity... will he do well in school? Get diagnosed with Autism or ADHD? Become violent?" Statistics show by high school, 20% of boys have been diagnosed with ADHD, a 40% increase since 2003 (by comparison: less than 8% of girls).

blame the poor vs. blame society

Is society to blame (structural theories; liberal politics), or are the poor themselves to blame (culture of poverty; conservative politics) for their condition? The politicization of poverty makes real solutions virtually impossi

violence against women: sexual harassment

Quid Pro Quo (obvious and direct) vs. Hostile Environment (subtle behaviors and messages). The #MeToo movement has helped expose the extent of sexual harassment and assault among certain individuals in certain professions since 2017, yet critics say these professions are largely dominated by middle and upper class whites (Hollywood, Politics, Celebrities, the famous). Real issues of harassment among lower income women, and women of color especially, in industries such as domestic work and other pink-collar occupations, are still being ignored -Former representative Patricia Schroeder: The goal of sexual harassment education should be to make men understand "the word 'harass' is one word, not tw

white fragility

Robin D'Angelo - disbelieving defensiveness that white people exhibit when their ideas about race and racism are challenged, particularly when they feel implicated in white supremacy

varies widely

Sex among adults ____/ Despite the "swinging singles" stereotype, married people and people in committed relationships have more sex than do single people

attitudes about sex

Sexual Revolution took place in the 60's and 70's ("If it feels good, do it") the pill is introduced in 1960), followed by a Sexual Counterrevolution in the 80's and 90's = ("Sex can kill" concerning AIDS).

urban plantation

Staples argues today's cities are nothing more than a modern version of plantation in slave life key points: slave quarters have been replaced with ghettos, enslaving us of black population in a state of hyper segregation cities are nothing more than plantations controlled by whites who dictate orders to the black overseers. The dynamics of internal colonialism leave the economic schools have become holding prisons for black youth. school is pipeline to prison infusion of alcohol and drugs (crack) is common in inner city culture black entertainment like hip hop and athletics

transgender being a projected status

The Supreme Court heard arguments October 2019 regarding sexual orientation, transgender, and protected status. Justices were troubled over whether original Civil Rights Act, forbidding discrimination based on "sex," included "sexual orientation"; in a companion case, justices seemed more open to ________.

claire miller

The fading bias against girls should cheer all who desire a more egalitarian society. But there are risks to society if what replaces it is a bias against boys." We are pathologizing boyhood; 20%-25% are misdiagnosed, but the subjectivity of the DSM-V suggests it could be highest

several factors to consider regarding autism diagnoses in boys

Video game/smartphone technology (boys play more) Big Pharma (ADHD drugs such as Adderall and Vyvanse alone $10.4 billion annually in sales) boys, and social control Big Medicine (discourages talk therapies in favor of quick -fix drugs) Side Effects of these high -powered stimulants include facial tics, suicidal ideation, increased aggressiveness Standardized Testing (which encourages schools to diagnose and/or remove problem students, i.e. boy Elementary schools are particularly unforgiving with boys acting up (female teachers are less tolerant of boy behavior, but there are few male elementary school teachers) Diagnoses increase as you go up the SES ladder; disproportionately a white diagnosis; middle class parents want to advantage their sons by putting them on meds, whether they believe in the diagnosis We confuse attention with reaction: parents and teachers (society generally) are quick to punish boys who act up, but rarely reward boys for good behavior

homophobia

Yet there is still prejudice, discrimination and intolerance towards same sex couples AKA ____, in the U.S. Wording is important in surveys: nearly 60% say they feel "homosexuality" is morally wrong, yet less than 50% feel being "gay or lesbian" is morally wrong

marrying

Yet, while women strive to marry "up" (marry someone who makes more, is more educated, etc.), men prefer to marry "down." Men "would rather marry secretaries or their children's nannies," generally less educated than they are, which has led to a plethora of professional women without husbands and kids. 55% of 35-year old career women did not have children (compared to 19% of same age men). "Ms." was to neutralize the stature of women, so as not be defined by marital status, but Millennial brides are more eager than ever to take their husbands name and "brag on the Mrs. moniker". In 1980 45% of college educated women kept their birth names after marriage, vs.15% in 2018. Hyphenating surnames fell from 21% in 1980 to 6% in 2019.

4 10

___ in ___ children in the U.S. will live below the poverty line at some point before their 18th birthday. Children poverty rate is: 18% in 2019

75 10

___% of the country fights over ___% of the wealth in the U.S.

anti semitism hate crimes white nationalism acts of racial hatred

___,____,___, ___ are on the rise today

attraction behavior cultural creation

____ and ____ are a2 different concepts. Sexual orientation is a ______. orientation and attraction are something a person feels, but we choose the people with whom we are intimate

whites fragility

____ believes they can be objective about race, but that POC are shaped by race. ___ holds racism in place

india U.S.

____ prided itself on the rigid caste system, while the ____ probes itself on being a class system

social mobility

a change in position within the social hierarchy could be: intra-generational or intergenerational

SES

a composite measure of income, education and occupational prestige

race

a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

meritocracy

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

discrimination

action; treating categories of people differently

merlon strain theory

active bigot, timid bigot, fair weather liberal, all weather liberal

class

affects everything from health, values, and politics, to family, gender, race, and ethnicity

genocide against NA segregation of AA assimilation of European immigrants goal of pluralism with latino and other immigrants today.

all 4 patterns of interaction have played out in the U.S.:

why race matters

all of these negate the importance of race and POC

sexual orientation

an individual's preference in terms of sexual partners. Four types of sexual orientation: Heterosexuality (preference for the opposite sex), Homosexuality (preference for the same sex), Bisexuality (preference for both sexes), Asexuality (preference for neither sex). Pansexuality (preference for individuals regardless of gender or physical attributes)

non hispanic white americans

approximately 200 million (60%, 2019) of the U.S. population falls into a white ethnic category, with German Americans claiming the highest ethnicity (22%) followed by Irish (15%), WASP's (including English, Scots, Welsh ancestry, 12%), Italian (6%), French (4%). White non Hispanic MFI = $70,642 2019 and completion of a 4 year degree 37%; lower percent in poverty (8% 2019) Wealth dropped 16% in recession (2008- 2010)

middle eastern americans

approximately 3.5 million (1.2% pop.), includes Persian (Iranians, 20%) and Arabic descent: Lebanese (32%), Egyptians (12%) and Syrians (10%). Higher than average incomes (MFI, $62,000, 2019), low poverty rates (12%) and high college attainment (47%). Why such high college attainment but not significantly higher incomes or lower poverty rates? (hint: racial profiling)

African Americans

approximately 39 million (13% of U.S. pop); counted as 3/5 of a person in the original Constitution; Thirteenth Amendment of 1865 outlawed slavery, 14th amendment of 1868 conferred citizenship status; 1960's Civil Rights laws marked unprecedented gains, as did 1980's and 1990's economically and educationally. MFI = $41,361 in 2019; poverty rate 22%; college degree 24%. Wealth dropped 53% in recession '08-'10

hispanic americans

approximately 50 million (or 17% of U.S. pop); includes Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban ethnicity; mirror African Americans in MFI ($51,450 in 2019) and poverty rates (18.3%), yet significantly less attainment in college degrees (16%). Wealth dropped 66% in recession '08-'10

native americans

approximately 6.7 million in population (2% of U.S. pop; 1/3 live on one of 326 Federal and non-Federal Reservations); highest rates of alcoholism and suicide; U.S. citizenship status 1924; today sovereign status, dual citizenship (U.S. and tribal nations). Median Family Income (MFI), $42,000 in 2019 (vs. Entire U.S. MFI of $63,179 in 2019); poverty rate of 26% (vs. entire U.S. 12% poverty rate in 2019) completion of four year college 14% (vs. entire U.S. rate of 33%). Reservations today serve as a form of modern banishment

comparable worth of women's jobs

are kindergarten or elementary school teachers less important than college and university presidents? By 1980, women earned the majority of Bachelor's degrees; in 1992, the majority of postgraduate degrees. In 2018, women earned 60% of all Bachelor's degrees, 61% of Master's degrees and 51% of PhD's; near majorities in J.D.'s (49%), M.D.'s (49%), MBA's (44%), and D.D.S.'s (45%). However, college educated women still earn 23% less than college educated men

minority majority

before 2050, majority of population will be minority groups 51% of kids under 5 are minority

war on poverty

begun in the 1960's shifted the burden of poverty from the elderly (30% of whom were poor in the 1960's vs. 10% today) to women and children. The feminization of poverty is found in more than half of poor households being headed by single women

minority groups

categories of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, which are socially disadvantaged; must have distinctive identity and share a degree of subordination in society -not all are disadvantaged -usually trumps your master status -does not mean they are numerically less

intragenerational mobility

change in social position with in a lifetime

gender

culturally assigned differences to the biological categories of male and female

sex

culturally designated biological distinction between males and females

relative poverty

deprivation in relation to those who have more is more common in industrial countries, but more than 1 billion people globally live in a state of Absolute Poverty, killing more than 8 million a year, or nearly 20,000 people daily. Most absolute poverty is concentrated on the sub-Saharan African continent and in East Asia

same sex heterosexual households

despite one (Regenerus) study indicating anecdotal evidence that kids raised in ________ households do worse, the vast majority of research shows them to be as well adjusted as kids raised in ______.

fair weather liberal

discriminates when expedient, but not prejudiced

individual discrimination

discrimination carried out by one person against another

transgender

disregarding conventional ideas of how males or females should look or behave (including hormone therapy, gender reassignment surgery). Gender non-binary was historically an adult phenomenon, but now adolescents and children are transitioning, raising several ethical and medical questions regarding the "gender dysphoria" designation in the DSM-V (see also: medicalization of deviance discussion), as well as hormone therapies, puberty inhibitors, and age. Approximately 3/1000 adults identify as transgen

stereotypes

exaggerated description about entire categories of people

hypersegregation

exists among 1/5 of African Americans in inner cities

T.W. Adorno, Authoritarian Personality Theory

extreme prejudice is a personality trait; usually a product of socialization (parents have authoritarian inflexible personalities, passed on to their children)

burden of poverty

falls most heavily on women and children

asexuality and pansexuality bisexuality

fastest growing area of sex research today is on _____ and ____, and ______ is more common among teenagers and young adults on college campuses

U.S. poverty rates

fluctuate rapidly from year to year because poverty is fluid; people move in and out of poverty several times during the course of a lifetime. Between 2009-2011, 32% of the population experienced at least "one spell of poverty" lasting two or more months. Yet chronic poverty (continuous 36 months+) affects only 5% of the population

all weather liberal

from both prejudice and discrimination

functionalist sex role theory

gender roles complement both men and women, and allows the family unit to carry out various functions vital to the operation of society (women take care of the family, men connect the family to the outside world via labor force)

comparable worth

goes beyond "equal pay for equal work"; people should be paid based on the worth of the work they actually do rather than according to this historical double standard of gender

mass media

hoffman: advertising promotes subtle biases against women

family (class)

in 2019, families earning more than $100,000 annually will spend nearly $300,000 raising a child born in 2010 to the age of 18; those making $55,000 will spend nearly $200,000; families earning less than $40,000 will spend about $150,000; family life reproduces the class (or caste) structure from generation to generation. Privilege begets privilege; poverty begets pover

post racial belief system

insensitive cultural appropriations, "Obama was elected, that's the end of racism"

hooking up

is "any physical encounter, from kissing to intercourse, usually under the influence of alcohol, with no commitment attached." 75% of college students say they have "hooked up" by their senior year (mean 9.7 times men, 7.1 times women). When asked about the last hookup, 35% reported kissing, while 40% reported intercourse (25% indicated oral or manual stimulation). Dates and Dating tend to happen after a physical relationship starts, not before

official poverty line

is $25,000 (family of four), $12,500 annually for single persons, in 2019; approximately 39 million men, women and children (or 12% of the pop.) were living in poverty

both nature and nurture

is sexual orientation nature or nurture? Is it something we choose or we feel? sociology suggests:

peer groups

janet lever: eplayground socialization: boys favored team sports, aggression, "winning," "war"; girls did team sports too, but also cooperative games such as jump rope, hopscotch, "house". Oddly, girls are more welcome into the world of boy's games, but boys are still shunned from joining girl's games

gay baby boom generation

kids adopted or raised by same-sex couples, beginning in the late 1980's early 1990's. Millions of kids/young adults have been raised in a household where one or both parents was lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender over the past 30 years

absolute poverty

life threatening lack of resources; can't meet minimal requirements to purchase food; uncommon in U.S.

Steele's rare consciousness

minorities keep issues of race and the ethnicity inn the forefront to again concessions from the majority, particularly effective on college campuses ex: obama

intergenerational mobility

mobility in relation to parents

intra

most social mobility in the U.S. is ___-class as opposed to inter-class, yet the rags to riches in the 1930s, and TV shows like the voice of the Bachelor reaffirm the cultural myth-making that anyone can make it

LGBTQIA+

movement that made greater strides towards inclusion, tolerance, acceptance, and eliminating de cure discrimination, but de facto discrimination remains. the communities represented are not monolithic in beliefs. Intramovement conflict exists

beauty myth

naomi wolf: -Society teaches women to measure themselves in terms of physical appearance, yet the standards of beauty (ABC's "The Bachelor") are unattainable for most women. -Society teaches women to value relationships with men, whom they attract with their beauty. Beauty-minded women avoid challenging male power. -Society teaches men to possess beautiful women, which objectifies women and turns them into dolls rather than human beings. -Summary: Beauty (young blond white) is the key to personal happiness for women, just as possessing a beautiful woman is key to a man's happiness.

secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

63 37 2/3

of the poor over the age of 18, ___% are women, ___% are men, ____ of poor are white, but AA and LA are disproportionately poor

age

older generations against the Obergefell decision (62% of Silent Gen, 55% of Baby Boomers said decision was wrong), while younger generations supported the decision (59% of Gen X, 70% of Millennials).

quantifiable difference in norm/values sets amongst the poor

or may be a consequence, rather than a cause, of poverty. "Present time orientation" in lower classes versus "Future time orientation" in middle or upper cla

shared households 44

percentage of this population is important ___% of that age groups lives either with parents (60%) or roommates (40%) if this group was living alone, poverty rates for 25-24 might reach __%_

gender stratification in workplace

permeates the workplace even in professions like teaching (K-12 teachers are 77% women and 80% white): Kindergarten teachers: 98% women Elementary school teachers: 81% women Secondary school teachers: 55% women College & Univ. professors: 45% women College & Univ. presidents: 21% women

segregation

physical and social separation of categories of people -de jure (by law) and de facto (still happens today)

majority/minority patterns of interaction

pluralism, assimilation, segregation, genocide

conflict theory

power elite in society use and fuel prejudice as a tool of oppression to keep other "in their places"

prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience; a rigid irrational generalization about an entire category of people

cultural theory

prejudice is a product of the culture; everyone has some degree of prejudice because we live in a "culture of prejudice"

active bigot

prejudiced and openly discriminatory

timid bigot

prejudiced person who does not discriminate

assimilation

process by which gradually adopt patterns of the dominate culture; "melting pot" or "becoming white" -miscegenation laws

malthusian poverty trap

reducing levels of inequality will result in the masses expanding, thereby perpetuating poverty even more; Rousseau, who blamed private property for all social problems, would disagree). The United States is a highly stratified society

attitudes

regarding sexuality have become more tolerant and accepting (3/4 feel that gays and lesbians deserve equal workplace opportunities) and a majority (55%) support the 2015 Supreme Court decision which legalized same-sex marriage

hegemonic masculinity

shapes the socialization experiences of boys and girls from birth. Family: Jessie Bernard: "Pink & Blue World of Babies". The female world revolves around passivity and emotion, while the male world revolves around action and independence

sexism

similar to Racism, the idea that one sex is innately or biologically inferior or superior to the other. Institutional and Individual . Conflict theory: we focus on the individual acts and largely ignore the costs and prevalence of institutional sexism in society. #MeToo has been effective, but largely focused on individual not institutional acts of sexism and harassment

feminism

social equality for men and women in opposition to patriarchy, violence and sexism. Liberal feminism adheres to these basic themes; Socialist Feminism says capitalism is the culprit; Black Feminism: liberal feminism was largely about white, middle-class women; multiracial feminism examines gender, class and race

patriarchy

social organization in which males dominate females; universal among world societies

matriarchy

social organization where females dominate males; rare beyond strictly tribal societies

race and ethnicity

social stratification in the U.S., the process by which people are ranked by society from top to bottom

ethnicity

socially constructed category of people who shared the same cultural heritage

pluralism

state in which racial and ethnic minorities we distinct but have social parity; goal of multiculturalism U.S. strives

estate system

stratification based on feudalism; nobles owned the land which they leased to the peasants who worked and lived on it

class system

stratification based on individual achievement

caste system

stratification based on various ascribed characteristics determined at birth

political party

support by Democrats (66%) and Independents (61%) outweighed Republicans (32%

religion

support for Obergefell highest among the unaffiliated (82%), Protestants (62%) and Catholics (57%); lowest among Baptists (34%) and Evangelicals (24%).

gender

support higher among woes (58%) over men (53%)

social stratification

system by which we rank categories of people in a hierarchal fashion, based on race, ethnicity, social class, and gender

genocide

systematic annihilation of one category of people by another; Holocaust in 1930s, Cambodia inn 1970s, Serbia, Rwanda inn 1990s, Sudan in 2000s, and Syria today

glass escalator

the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs

racism

the belief that one category is better than another ex: social darwinism, miscegenation laws

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

institutional discrimination

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society

transphobia

the discrimination and prejudice directed towards transgender persons is particularly rampant in adolescence, when gender identity is under construction, and is also rampant in the larger society (bathroom

post modern gender

the fragmented identity and "blurring of sex and gender boundaries" makes eliminating "gender" itself possible

fundamental attribute error

the overestimation that the individual is stronger than the social reigns supreme

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame ex: some groups (usually minorities) are blamed for their own short coming of others

inverse relationship in pay

there is a ____ _____ as pay and prestige increases, the percentage of women decreases in a profession which is seen largely as female dominated ("glass escalator":men in female -dominated jobs still do better

education income occupational prestige

there is a clear correlation between __,___, and ___

health (class)

those in the working and lower classes have less access to quality health care; rates of disease, cancer, hypertension, etc. are higher amongst those persons. In 2019, 27 million Americans (9% of the population) were without health insurance; 6 million of whom are children under 18

intersex

those who are born with some domination of male and female genitalia (1-2 in every 1,000 live births) Medical experts maintain a "dimorphic" or binary model of sex by tweaking babies who blur the boundaries through controversial "corrective genital surgery.

wealth

total value of money and assets minus outstanding debt. wealthiest top 5% of facilities control 60% of all private property in the U.S., while the top 25% controls almost 90% of the total

residential segregation

tuber developed a scale using census tracts which measured neighborhood composition 0= good 100= completely segregated 56.5% in 1960s 58% in 2017 ex: Tuscon, Vegas, Charleston are very diverse

gender stratification

unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women. -Women earn .77 cents for every dollar a man earns (2019). Three main reasons why women earn less than men: kind of work they do, the family, and discrimination ("glass ceiling") Sixty percent of all women work (70% of whom work full -time); 60% of all married couples depend on two incomes. Concerning married women, 61% with children under the age of 6 work, while 77% of married women with children 6-18 work

income

wages, salaries and earnings from investments

discriminate

we _____ often, both intra and inter as well, based on skin tone, gender, age, height, disability, and looks (ingroups and outgroups)

conflict theory (discrimination)

we focus on the person acting, while largely ignoring the institutional acts, yet institutional discrimination nis far more prevalent and costly to society

values and politics (class)

wealthier are more conservative fiscally, lower classes are more liberal; on social issues we find conservative values more among the working and middle classes; the extremes of upper and lower classes tend to be more liberal on social issues

gender socialization

what it is to be male and female is largely a creation of society Gender Identity traits: not only do we distinguish between the sexes, we define them in opposing terms

caste

when it comes to ancestry, genes, race and ethnicity, the U.S. is more of a ____ system than a class system.

race

whites support it (58%) over African-Americans (39%). same sex marriage

wealth debt

you can inherit ___ or ___